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Large data volumes make manually keeping and preserving health records for future reference problematic. Most unusual is the coronavirus epidemic's overcrowding of hospitals. The Secure Pattern Electronic Healthcare Records (SPEHR) scheme provides a powerful and lightweight secure storage system for cloud-based E healthcare services that meets remote healthcare security criteria. So we proposed a neutrosophic model with a multi criterion decision-making (MCDM) method for the analysis and evaluation of these criteria. The neutrosophic model is used to deal with vague and uncertain data. Then we integrated the neutrosophic model with the AHP method to rank and compute the weights of the criteria. Offering stakeholders a secure interface and avoiding unwanted access to cloud-stored data mitigates E-healthcare risks. The key derivation ensures end-to-end data. ciphering to prevent unauthorized use (KDF). This work provides robust security solutions for various environments. This work can meet security needs for people and secure-communicating organizations. We found the data privacy is the best criterion.

The referral cooperation hospital choice has been studied to better rationalize the allocation of healthcare assets and enhance the efficacy of resource utilization. Choosing hospitals to work within a collaborative referral arrangement is a crucial step in the patient-referral process. A referral cooperative hospital is chosen after careful consideration of these aspects to guarantee that patients will get the kind of detailed treatment that is appropriate for their condition. The concept of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is used due to various criteria. The VIKOR method is the MCDM method used in this paper to rank the referral cooperation hospitals. The VIKOR method is integrated with the single-valued neutrosophic set to overcome uncertain information. The single-valued neutrosophic VIKOR method is applied to a case study in Egypt. We achieved quality of care as the best criterion from the eleven criteria used.

BACKGROUND: Ethnic minorities, especially African Americans and Latinos, bear a disproportionate burden of colorectal cancer (CRC), as reflected in incidence, cancer stage, and mortality statistics. In all ethnic groups, first-degree relatives (FDRs) of CRC cases are at an elevated disease risk. However, underuse of CRC screening persists and is particularly evident among minority groups. The current study tested a stepped intervention to increase CRC screening among an ethnically diverse sample of FDRs of CRC cases. METHODS: A statewide cancer registry was used to recruit CRC cases and through them their FDRs. Relatives who were not current on CRC screening were randomized to intervention or usual-care control arms. The stepped intervention consisted of ethnically targeted and individually tailored print materials followed by telephone counseling for those unscreened at 6 months. RESULTS: The study sample of 1280 individuals consisted of 403 Latino, 284 African American, 242 Asian, and 351 white FDRs. Statistically significant effects were observed for the cumulative print plus telephone intervention at 12 months (26% in the intervention vs 18% in the control group) and the print intervention alone at 6 months (15% in the intervention vs 10% in the control group). The effect of the print intervention alone versus the cumulative interventions was not statistically significantly different. Stratified analyses indicated that the intervention was effective among white, Latino, and Asian individuals, but not among African-Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the intervention was effective in increasing screening rates. Oversampling racial/ethnic minorities allowed for the examination of effects within subgroups, revealing no effect among African American individuals. This finding illustrates the importance of including sufficient numbers of participants from diverse ethnic subgroups in intervention research to enable such stratified analyses. Cancer 2015;121:2951-2959.

For businesses that depend on reliable and secure IT systems, choosing the best location for a data center is of paramount importance. Data center accessibility, operational efficiency, cost, and security are all affected by their physical location. The procedure entails considering a wide range of elements to guarantee that the final site meets the needs of the business. This paper investigated the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to select the best data center location based on a set of criteria. The MCDM method is integrated with the single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) to deal with vague and inaccurate information. A neutrosophic set with truth, indeterminacy, and falsity membership functions all in the range [0, 1] is called a SVNS. This paper used SVNS with three MCDM methods such as entropy, TOPSIS, and MABAC techniques. The entropy technique is used to compute the weights of criteria, then the TOPSIS and MABAC methods are used to rank the locations. The case study is investigated in Egypt. This paper used ten criteria and eight alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large data volumes make manually keeping and preserving health records for future reference problematic. Most unusual is the coronavirus epidemic's overcrowding of hospitals. The Secure Pattern Electronic Healthcare Records (SPEHR) scheme provides a powerful and lightweight secure storage system for cloud-based Ehealthcare services that meets remote healthcare security criteria. So we proposed a neutrosophic model with a multicriterion decision-making (MCDM) method for the analysis and evaluation of these criteria. The neutrosophic model is used to deal with vague and uncertain data. Then we integrated the neutrosophic model with the AHP method to rank and compute the weights of the criteria. Offering stakeholders a secure interface and avoiding unwanted a ccess to cloud-stored data mitigates E-healthcare risks. The key derivation ensures end -to-end data. ciphering to prevent unauthorized use (KDF). This work provides robust security solutions for various environments. This work can meet security needs for people and secure-communicating organizations. We found the data privacy is the best criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The referral cooperation hospital choice has been studied to better rationalize the allocation of healthcare assets and enhance the efficacy of resource utilization. Choosing hospitals to work within a collaborative referral arrangement is a crucial step in the patient-referral process. A referral cooperative hospital is chosen after careful consideration of these aspects to guarantee that patients will get the kind of detailed treatment that is appropriate for their condition. The concept of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is used due to various criteria. The VIKOR method is the MCDM method used in this paper to rank the referral cooperation hospitals. The VIKOR method is integrated with the single-valued neutrosophic set to overcome uncertain information. The single-valued neutrosophic VIKOR method is applied to a case study in Egypt. We achieved quality of care as the best criterion from the eleven criteria used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass burning (BB) emissions negatively impact the biosphere and human lives. Orbital remote sensing and modelling are used to estimate BB emissions on regional to global scales, but these estimates are subject to errors related to the parameters, data, and methods available. For example, emission factors (mass emitted by species during BB per mass of dry matter burned) are based on land use and land cover (LULC) classifications that vary considerably across products. In this work, we evaluate how BB emissions vary in the PREP-CHEM-SRC emission estimator tool (version 1.8.3) when it is run with original LULC data from MDC12Q1 (collection 5.1) and newer LULC data from MapBiomas (collection 6.0). We compare the results using both datasets in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes during the 2002–2020 time series. A major reallocation of emissions occurs within Brazil when using the MapBiomas product, with emissions decreasing by 788 Gg (−1.91% year−1) in the Amazon and emissions increasing by 371 Gg (2.44% year−1) in the Cerrado. The differences identified are mostly associated with the better capture of the deforestation process in the Amazon and forest formations in Northern Cerrado with the MapBiomas product, as emissions in forest-related LULCs decreased by 5260 Gg in the Amazon biome and increased by 1676 Gg in the Cerrado biome. This is an important improvement to PREP-CHEM-SRC, which could be considered the tool to build South America’s official BB emission inventory and to provide a basis for setting emission reduction targets and assessing the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.

The karyotypes and chromosomal characteristics of three Acestrorhynchus Eigenmann et Kennedy, 1903 species were examined using conventional and molecular protocols. These species had invariably a diploid chromosome number 2n = 50. Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Block, 1794) and Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier, 1819) had the karyotype composed of 16 metacentric (m) + 28 submetacentric (sm) + 6 subtelocentric (st) chromosomes while Acestrorhynchus microlepis (Schomburgk, 1841) had the karyotype composed of 14m+30sm+6st elements. In this species, differences of the conventional and molecular markers between the populations of Catalão Lake (AM) and of Apeu Stream (PA) were found. Thus the individuals of Pará (Apeu) were named Acestrorhynchus prope microlepis. The distribution of the constitutive heterochromatin blocks was species-specific, with C-positive bands in the centromeric and telomeric regions of a number of different chromosomes, as well as in interstitial sites and completely heterochromatic arms. The phenotypes of nucleolus organizer region (NOR) were simple, i. e. in a terminal position on the p arm of pair No. 23 except in A. microlepis, in which it was located on the q arm. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed 18S rDNA sites on one chromosome pair in karyotype of A. falcirostris and A. prope microlepis (pair No. 23) and three pairs (Nos. 12, 23, 24) in A. falcatus and (Nos. 8, 23, 24) in A. microlepis; 5S rDNA sites were detected in one chromosome pair in all three species. The mapping of the telomeric sequences revealed terminal sequences in all the chromosomes, as well as the presence of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) in a number of chromosome pairs. The cytogenetic data recorded in the present study indicate that A. prope microlepis may be an unnamed species.

Abstract Mapping forest types and tree species at regional scales to provide information for ecologists and forest managers is a new challenge for the remote sensing community. Here, we assess the potential of a U‐net convolutional network, a recent deep learning algorithm, to identify and segment (1) natural forests and eucalyptus plantations, and (2) an indicator of forest disturbance, the tree species Cecropia hololeuca, in very high resolution images (0.3 m) from the WorldView‐3 satellite in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest region. The networks for forest types and Cecropia trees were trained with 7611 and 1568 red‐green‐blue (RGB) images, respectively, and their dense labeled masks. Eighty per cent of the images were used for training and 20% for validation. The U‐net network segmented forest types with an overall accuracy >95% and an intersection over union (IoU) of 0.96. For C. hololeuca, the overall accuracy was 97% and the IoU was 0.86. The predictions were produced over a 1600 km2 region using WorldView‐3 RGB bands pan‐sharpened at 0.3 m. Natural and eucalyptus forests compose 79 and 21% of the region's total forest cover (82 250 ha). Cecropia crowns covered 1% of the natural forest canopy. An index to describe the level of disturbance of the natural forest fragments based on the spatial distribution of Cecropia trees was developed. Our work demonstrates how a deep learning algorithm can support applications such as vegetation, tree species distributions and disturbance mapping on a regional scale.

The Atlantic rainforest of Brazil is one of the global terrestrial hotspots of biodiversity. Despite having undergone large scale deforestation, forest cover has shown signs of increases in the last decades. Here, to understand the degradation and regeneration history of Atlantic rainforest remnants near São Paulo, we combine a unique dataset of very high resolution images from Worldview-2 and Worldview-3 (0.5 and 0.3m spatial resolution, respectively), georeferenced aerial photographs from 1962 and use a deep learning method called U-net to map (i) the forest cover and changes and (ii) two pioneer tree species, Cecropia hololeuca and Tibouchina pulchra. For Tibouchina pulchra, all the individuals were mapped in February, when the trees undergo mass-flowering with purple and pink blossoms. Additionally, elevation data at 30m spatial resolution from NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and annual mean climate variables (Terraclimate datasets at ∼ 4km of spatial resolution) were used to analyse the forest and species distributions. We found that natural forests are currently more frequently found on south-facing slopes, likely because of geomorphology and past land use, and that Tibouchina is restricted to the wetter part of the region (southern part), which annually receives at least 1600 mm of precipitation. Tibouchina pulchra was found to clearly indicate forest regeneration as almost all individuals were found within or adjacent to forests regrown after 1962. By contrast, Cecropia hololeuca was found to indicate older disturbed forests, with all individuals almost exclusively found in forest fragments already present in 1962. At the regional scale, using the dominance maps of both species, we show that at least 4.3% of the current region's natural forests have regrown after 1962 (Tibouchina dominated, ∼ 4757 ha) and that ∼ 9% of the old natural forests have experienced significant disturbance (Cecropia dominated).

Rationale: Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) leads to an unacceptably high mortality. In this regard, the antiinflammatory properties of inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) may provide a therapeutic option.Objectives: This study explores the mechanisms of CO-dependent protection in a mouse model of VILI.Methods: Mice were ventilated (12 ml/kg, 1-8 h) with air in the absence or presence of CO (250 ppm). Airway pressures, blood pressure, and blood gases were monitored. Lung tissue was analyzed for inflammation, injury, and gene expression. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for protein, cell and neutrophil counts, and cytokines.Measurements and Main Results: Mechanical ventilation caused significant lung injury reflected by increases in protein concentration, total cell and neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as the induction of heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein-70 in lung tissue. In contrast, CO application prevented lung injury during ventilation, inhibited stress-gene up-regulation, and decreased lung neutrophil infiltration. These effects were preceded by the inhibition of ventilation-induced cytokine and chemokine production. Furthermore, CO prevented the early ventilation-dependent up-regulation of early growth response-1 (Egr-1). Egr-1-deficient mice did not sustain lung injury after ventilation, relative to wild-type mice, suggesting that Egr-1 acts as a key proinflammatory regulator in VILI. Moreover, inhibition of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, an antiinflammatory nuclear regulator, by GW9662 abolished the protective effects of CO.Conclusions: Mechanical ventilation causes profound lung injury and inflammatory responses. CO treatment conferred protection in this model dependent on PPAR-gamma and inhibition of Egr-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large amount of carbon stored in trees and soils of the Amazon rain forest is under pressure from land use as well as climate change. Therefore, various efforts to monitor greenhouse gas exchange between the Amazon forest and the atmosphere are now ongoing, including regular vertical profile (surface to 4.5 km) greenhouse gas measurements across the Amazon. These profile measurements can be used to calculate fluxes to and from the rain forest to the atmosphere at large spatial scales by considering the enhancement or depletion relative to the mole fraction of air entering the Amazon basin from the Atlantic, providing an important diagnostic of the state, changes and sensitivities of the forests. Previous studies have estimated greenhouse gas mole fractions of incoming air (‘background’) as a weighted mean of mole fractions measured at two background sites, Barbados (Northern Hemisphere) and Ascension (Southern hemisphere) in the Tropical Atlantic, where the weights were based on sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) measured locally (in the Amazon vertical profiles) and at the two background sites. However, this method requires the accuracy and precision of SF6 measurements to be significantly better than 0.1 parts per trillion (picomole mole−1), which is near the limit for the best SF6 measurements and assumes that there are no SF6 sources in the Amazon basin. We therefore present here an alternative method. Instead of using SF6, we use the geographical position of each air-mass back-trajectory when it intersects the limit connecting these two sites to estimate contributions from Barbados versus Ascension. We furthermore extend the approach to include an observation site further south, Cape Point, South Africa. We evaluate our method using CO2 vertical profile measurements at a coastal site in Brazil comparing with values obtained using this method where we find a high correlation (r2 = 0.77). Similarly, we obtain good agreement for CO2 background when comparing our results with those based on SF6, for the period 2010–2011 when the SF6 measurements had excellent precision and accuracy. We also found high correspondence between the methods for background values of CO, N2O and CH4. Finally, flux estimates based on our new method agree well with the CO2 flux estimates for 2010 and 2011 estimated using the SF6-based method. Together, our findings suggest that our trajectory-based method is a robust new way to derive background air concentrations for the purpose of greenhouse gas flux estimation using vertical profile data.

Our limited understanding of the climate controls on tropical forest seasonality is one of the biggest sources of uncertainty in modeling climate change impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Combining leaf production, litterfall and climate observations from satellite and ground data in the Amazon forest, we show that seasonal variation in leaf production is largely triggered by climate signals, specifically, insolation increase (70.4% of the total area) and precipitation increase (29.6%). Increase of insolation drives leaf growth in the absence of water limitation. For these non-water-limited forests, the simultaneous leaf flush occurs in a sufficient proportion of the trees to be observed from space. While tropical cycles are generally defined in terms of dry or wet season, we show that for a large part of Amazonia the increase in insolation triggers the visible progress of leaf growth, just like during spring in temperate forests. The dependence of leaf growth initiation on climate seasonality may result in a higher sensitivity of these ecosystems to changes in climate than previously thought.

In this study, the influence of variation in the shielding gas composition on the weld properties of steel ST 37-3 was investigated. Six different shielding gas compositions in addition to pure argon (Ar) and pure CO2 were studied in this work using flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process. For bead-on-plate (B.O.P) specimens pure Ar shielding gas has excellent arc stability; however, with increase of the CO2 percent in the shielding gas compositions, the arc stability becomes noisy (unstable arc) especially for pure CO2 . 75% Ar – 25% CO2 shielding gas composition has the optimum deposition rate among other shielding gases for B.O.P. Furthermore, for complete real welded joints, the absorbed energy in the Charpy impact toughness test of weld metal (W.M) decreases with increase of the CO2 percent in the shielding gas composition. Additionally, the hardness of W.M decreases with the increase of the CO2 percent in the shielding gas composition.

La falta de una definición clara y unánime del trastorno constituye uno de los principales problemas metodológicos en la evaluación del síndro m e premenstrual (SPM), dificultando enormemente la diferenciación entre los denominados cambios premenstruales negativos (CPM-) y el verdadero síndrome premenstrual (SPM). Algunos autores, con el objeto de solucionar este problema, han propuesto una serie de criterios para el correcto diagnóstico del SPM, criterios que hacen referencia a síntomas tanto emocionales como comportamentales relacionados con la fase premenstrual del ciclo ovárico y cuya severidad interfiere significativamente en la vida cotidiana de las mujeres que los padecen No obstante, por una parte, algunos autores han señalado que dichos criterios diagnósticos se refieren a una manifestación ideal del trastorno y, por otra, numerosos estudios han demostrado que el patrón general de ansiedad constituye uno de los principales factores implicados en el padecimiento del SPM. En el presente trabajo, realizado con una muestra de 133 mujeres se analiza la posible relación entre el patrón general de ansiedad así como de las respuestas emocionales manifestadas en las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual y los criterios diagnósticos del SPM.

This article reviews noteworthy investigations and society recommendations published in 2023 relevant to the care of critically ill cardiothoracic surgical patients. We reviewed 3,214 articles to identify 18 publications that add to the existing literature across a variety of topics including resuscitation, nutrition, antibiotic management, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), neurologic care following cardiac arrest, coagulopathy and transfusion, steroids in pulmonary infections, and updated guidelines in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Purpose: Timely diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy is important in preventing vision loss. This study aims to determine if remote retinal imaging enables earlier eye care access among newly-diagnosed diabetic patients., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Methods: Using the OptumLabs® Data Warehouse - a longitudinal, real-world dataset containing deidentified administrative claims and electronic health record (EHR) data, we included 968 846 adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and at least 1 year of continuous enrollment. We compared time from initial diabetes diagnosis to first eye exam by remote screening or in-person eye exam., Results: We found that at year 1 after diagnosis, 5459 (0.56%) patients underwent remote imaging and 208 023 (21.5%) underwent in-person exam. The mean (95% CI) time to eye exam was 3.48 (3.38-3.58) months for remote imaging and 4.22 (4.20-4.23) months for in-person visits (p < 0.0001). Interestingly, 27.5% of remote screenings were performed on the same day of diabetes diagnosis. Excluding same-day encounters, mean time to eye exam was 4.80 (4.68-4.91) months for remote imaging and 4.85 (4.83-4.86) months for in-person eyecare (p = 0.4)., Conclusions: Thus, teleophthalmology may enable earlier eye care access among patients with newly-diagnosed diabetes, primarily with same-day screenings. Increased adoption of teleretinal screening may enable earlier detection of diabetic retinopathy and prevent vision loss., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Glenn Yiu reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/100000002National Institutes of Health. Glenn Yiu reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/100006312BrightFocus Foundation. Glenn Yiu reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/100013884Macula Society. Glenn Yiu reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/100014576University of California Office of the President. Susan Alber reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/100000002National Institutes of Health. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with AbbVie Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Adverum Biotechnologies Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Alimera Sciences Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Bausch & Lomb Americas Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Boehringer Ingelheim Corp USA that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Clearside Biomedical Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Genentech Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Gyroscope Therapeutics that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Gyroscope Therapeutics that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Intergalactic Therapeutics Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with IRIDEX Corporation that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Myrobalan that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with NGM Biopharmaceuticals Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Novartis that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Ray Therapeutics that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with REGENXBIO Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Stealth BioTherapeutics Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Théa Pharma that includes: consulting or advisory. Glenn Yiu reports a relationship with Topcon Medical Systems Inc that includes: consulting or advisory. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Respiratory mucosal host defense relies on the production of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies, but we currently lack a fundamental understanding of how sIgA is induced by contact with microbes and how such immune responses may vary between humans. Defense of the nasal mucosal barrier through sIgA is critical to protect from infection and to maintain homeostasis of the microbiome, which influences respiratory disorders and hosts opportunistic pathogens., Methods: We applied IgA-seq analysis to nasal microbiota samples from male and female healthy volunteers, to identify which bacterial genera and species are targeted by sIgA on the level of the individual host. Furthermore, we used nasal sIgA from the same individuals in sIgA deposition experiments to validate the IgA-seq outcomes., Conclusions: We observed that the amount of sIgA secreted into the nasal mucosa by the host varied substantially and was negatively correlated with the bacterial density, suggesting that nasal sIgA limits the overall bacterial capacity to colonize. The interaction between mucosal sIgA antibodies and the nasal microbiota was highly individual with no obvious differences between potentially invasive and non-invasive bacterial species. Importantly, we could show that for the clinically relevant opportunistic pathogen and frequent nasal resident Staphylococcus aureus, sIgA reactivity was in part the result of epitope-independent interaction of sIgA with the antibody-binding protein SpA through binding of sIgA Fab regions. This study thereby offers a first comprehensive insight into the targeting of the nasal microbiota by sIgA antibodies. It thereby helps to better understand the shaping and homeostasis of the nasal microbiome by the host and may guide the development of effective mucosal vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Video Abstract., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is thought to be expressed only at embryonic stages in central neurons. Its down-regulation triggers neuronal differentiation in precursor and non-neuronal cells, an approach recently tested for generation of neurons de novo for amelioration of neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, PTBP1 is replaced by its paralog PTBP2 in mature central neurons. Unexpectedly, we found that both proteins are coexpressed in adult sensory and motor neurons, with PTBP2 restricted mainly to the nucleus, while PTBP1 also shows axonal localization. Levels of axonal PTBP1 increased markedly after peripheral nerve injury, and it associates in axons with mRNAs involved in injury responses and nerve regeneration, including importin β1 (KPNB1) and RHOA. Perturbation of PTBP1 affects local translation in axons, nociceptor neuron regeneration and both thermal and mechanical sensation. Thus, PTBP1 has functional roles in adult axons. Hence, caution is required before considering targeting of PTBP1 for therapeutic purposes.