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This paper examines how flouts and violations of conversational maxims are represented in translation and how this influences the different types of translational equivalence. A number of scenes from audiovisual media where there is a gap between one character's intended meaning and another's reply were examined by comparing the employment of conversational maxims in the source and target text. Additionally, the relation between the employed translation strategies, equivalence type, and the representation of the maxims was analyzed. The results showed that audiovisual translators tend to reduce ambiguity through strategies like addition and explicitation, which alters the features of the maxims found in the source text. Moreover, linguistic differences also make retaining ambiguity a challenge. Furthermore, while functional equivalence is often seen as the ideal type to convey the sense of a text, in cases where the text contains double meanings, the rendition of sense is no longer straightforward. As a result, translators must employ compensational strategies to maintain the ambiguity or explain its existence. The study concludes that the translators must pay attention to nuance to choose the best equivalents and phrasings for each given situation since even slight changes may change the implicatures of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. Hepatopathy is one of the serious effects of DM Melatonin (MT) is a potent endogenous antioxidant that can control insulin output. However, little information is available about the potential association between melatonin and hepatic alpha-fetoprotein expression in diabetes., Objective: This study was conducted to assess the influence of MT on diabetes-related hepatic injuries and to determine how β-cells of the pancreas in diabetic rats respond to MT administration., Materials and Methods: Forty rats were assigned to four groups at random (ten animals per group). Group I served as a normal control group. Group II was induced with DM, and a single dose of freshly prepared streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally injected. In Group III, rats received 10 mg/kg/day of intraperitoneal melatonin (IP MT) intraperitoneally over a period of 4 weeks. In Group IV (DM + MT), following the induction of diabetes, rats received MT (the same as in Group III). Fasting blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and serum insulin levels were assessed at the end of the experimental period. Serum liver function tests were performed. The pancreas and liver were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically for insulin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) antibodies, respectively., Results: MT was found to significantly modulate the raised blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels induced by diabetes, as well as the decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, MT attenuated diabetic degenerative changes in the pancreas and the hepatic histological structure, increased the β-cell percentage area, and decreased AFP expression in the liver tissue. It attenuated diabetes-induced hepatic injury by restoring pancreatic β-cells; its antioxidant effect also reduced hepatocyte injury., Conclusion: Collectively, the present study confirmed the potential benefits of MT in downregulating the increased hepatic alpha-fetoprotein expression and in restoring pancreatic β-cells in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model, suggesting its promising role in the treatment of diabetes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Alsharif, Hamad, Alblihd, Ali, Mohammed, Theyab, Al-Amer, Almuqati, Almalki, Albarakati, Alzahrani, Albrakati, Albarakati, Abass, Lokman and Elmahallawy.)