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The ongoing industrial revolution emphasizes the importance of precise machinery monitoring. Among these machines, induction motors (IMs) stand out due to their large numbers, which imply a significant part of industrial energy consumption. To achieve accurate in-service IM monitoring, robust modelling is required, with a particular emphasis on in situ constraints. In this study, we create a precise digital model for squirrel cage induction motors (SCIMs) that can be used in Industry 4.0 digital twin applications. To achieve this, we survey the existing literature, describe the main modelling techniques, identify the best models in terms of ease of implementation, and ensure the accuracy of our digital representation. We develop four methods, namely finite element analysis (FEA), thermal modelling, circuit-based models, and quantum-based fuzzy logic control, as a crucial first step in implementing digital twin (DT) technology for IMs. The quantum fuzzy logic is based on the transition from classical equations to the quantum equation determining the speed of the motor in the quantum world by passing through the Schrödinger equation. We propose the DT level of integration architecture for IMs based on the industry 4.0 reference architecture model. Finally, the main tools used to successfully implement DT for IMs are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, manganese-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Mn–TiO2), strontium-doped titanium dioxide (Sr–TiO2), and co-doped with both manganese and strontium (Mn–Sr–TiO2) were synthesized using the sol–gel method. The resulting powders underwent comprehensive characterization employing techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–DRS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR). X-ray diffraction pattern analysis confirmed the presence of the anatase phase in the catalyst. According to the Scherrer equation, the crystallite size was estimated to be 12 nm for pure TiO2 and 10 nm for co-doped TiO2. Importantly, co-doping induced a reduction in the band gap energy, decreasing from 3.3 to 3.05 eV. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized materials was evaluated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB), revealing that co-doping facilitated the degradation of 95% of the target compound (MB) within 2 h. The synergistic interaction of manganese and strontium ions played a crucial role in reducing the band gap of TiO2 and delaying the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes. This synergistic interplay between manganese and strontium enhanced photocatalysis, reducing the total organic carbon (TOC) content from 35.6 to 5.5 mg/l after 2 h of UV light exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uninterrupted operation of induction motors is crucial for industries, ensuring reliability and continuous functionality. To achieve this, we propose an innovative approach that utilizes an efficiency model-based digital shadow system for in situ failure detection and diagnosis (FDD) in induction motors (IMs). The shadow model accurately estimates IM losses and efficiency across various operational conditions. Our proposed method utilizes efficiency as the primary indicator for fault detection, while losses serve as condition indicators for fault diagnosis based on real-time motor parameters and loss sources. We introduce a bond graph as a fault diagnosis network, linking loss sources, motor parameters, and faults. This interconnected approach is the key aspect of our proposed diagnostic method and aims to be used in fault diagnosis as a general method. A case study of a broken rotor bar is used to validate the proposed method using a dataset of five motors. Among these, one motor operates without failure, while the remaining four exhibit broken rotor faults categorized as 1, 2, 3, and 4. The proposed method achieves 99.99% precision in identifying one to four defective rotor bars in IMs. Comparative analysis demonstrates good performance compared to vibration-based FDD approaches. Moreover, our methodology is computationally efficient and aligned with Industry 4.0 requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation introduces a novel diatomite-TiO2/ZnS photocatalyst tailored to address the challenges posed by organic dye pollution while concurrently providing antibacterial activity. The methodology commences with diatomite purification, followed by the deposition of nanoparticles forming a heterojunction system between ZnS and TiO2 on the diatomite surface, culminating in the development of the nanocomposite. Notably, the optical absorption edge of the diatomite-TiO2/ZnS nanocomposite resides within the UV light spectrum. Subsequent heat treatment at 500 °C heightens the system's responsiveness to UV radiation. The nanocomposite exhibits exceptional efficacy in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye. The optimal catalyst, DTZS 500, achieves a remarkable 98% degradation of rhodamine B within 180 min, boasting a pseudo-first-order constant of 0.03299 min−1, which is twice that of P25. Furthermore, nearly complete mineralization of organic matter is evidenced by chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements. These superior performances are ascribed to the well-dispersed TiO2 and ZnS on the diatomite surface, the adsorption properties of diatomite, and the effective separation of photo-generated electron–hole pairs facilitated by the formation of a heterojunction system between TiO2 and ZnS. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibits notable antibacterial effects against S. aureus, as evidenced by substantial inhibition zones measuring 38 mm in diameter. This study thus presents a promising avenue towards the provision of highly efficient and economical solutions for water treatment, encompassing both photocatalysis and bacterial disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inactivation kinetics of total coliforms to increase the pathogenic removal efficiency in a full‐scale ozonation contactor in a wastewater treatment plant in Algeria is investigated. An enhanced ozone contactor design is proposed and 3D multiphase computational fluid dynamics simulations were conducted to optimize the operating parameters, including flow rates, ozone concentrations considering the treatment performance, and total operating cost. The existing design has several limitations, including poor mass‐transfer efficiency and uneven distribution of dissolved ozone. To address these issues, the optimized design includes new injection‐point settings and an increased number of diffusers. The optimized design achieved a significant improvement in mass transfer efficiency. The ozone treatment effectively reduced the total coliform counts in the wastewater samples compared to the existing design. The Chick‐Watson model predicted inactivation kinetics, with a reduction of up to 99.997 %. The practical implications of this research can significantly improve the inactivation kinetics of ozone treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a cost-effective methodology to synthesize Ag@MCM-41 composites, utilizing petroleum sludge ash as a precursor. These nanomaterials exhibit well-structured arrangements and hold tremendous promise for applications in both photocatalysis and antimicrobial activities within the context of water treatment. The catalysts were subjected to thorough characterization using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess their structural and optical properties. The XRD analysis corroborated the successful synthesis of orderly nanomaterials, while reflections corresponding to metallic silver planes convincingly demonstrated the effective integration of silver nanoparticles onto the MCM-41 surface, while simultaneously preserving its refined and ordered mesostructure. Subsequently, the photocatalytic performance of the composites was meticulously evaluated, and the results indicated exceptional degradation rates for MB, RhB, and MO dyes, by 15Ag@MCM-41. This degradation kinetic adhered to a pseudo-first-order model. Furthermore, the nanocomposite displayed remarkable photocatalytic stability across three reuse cycles, with a slight reduction in degradation efficiency observed during the third cycle. In addition to their notable photocatalytic attributes, all Ag@MCM-41 ratios demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, as substantiated by the presence of an inhibition zone with a diameter of approximately 14 mm and 12 mm respectively. The nanocomposites we have developed in our current study hold significant promise within the realm of water treatment. They have the potential to serve as a low-cost tool for addressing two crucial aspects: the degradation of pollutants, such as dyes, from water effluents, and the inhibition of microorganisms in water systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a contribution to development of material based on transition metal oxides with application in electrochemical devices. A pyrochlore-like solid solution with general chemical formula Bi1.2Ce0.3Sb1.5CuO7 was synthesised. The pyrochlore structure was determined by X-ray powder diffraction. The pressed pyrochlore powder sample was analysed by scanning electron microscopy to show effect of substitution fraction of cerium and to determine its grain size and morphology. Energy dispersive of X-rays was performed to confirm effective substitution of bismuth for cerium. The EDX analysis was supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy which also gave information on respective oxidation states of cations. Several modes of vibration due to metal-oxygen bonds of pyrochlore-like material were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results suggested that this compound contained major component of pyrochlore and minor component of CeO2. The dielectric measurements carried out at frequency 1 MHz in temperature range –40°C–90°C proved that pyrochlore compound possessed dielectric constants ranging between 12 and 28. Furthermore, owing to its high electrical conductivity, synthesised material has been utilised as bioanode in a microbial fuel cell. This bio-electrochemical device converted organic wastes into electricity using microorganisms as biocatalysts. It displayed greater electron transfer from electroactive biofilm towards the bioanode by improving its electrical energy output. The presence of pyrochlore in electrode allowed a power density of 25 mW/m2. It was almost the same as that obtained with a graphite carbon modified by the conducting polymer polypyrrole. The MFC with pyrochlore solid oxide was advantageously more stable having longer lifetime and indicating its suitability to substitute the polypyrrole at the bioanode. Besides, the colour of the coffee mac leachate in the anolyte (anode compartment) became less dark, which means that the maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed and converted into electric energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and original approach based on a one-pot non-aqueous sol–gel solvothermal process was developed to synthesize 2D Tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoplatelets with an average size ranging from 30 to 50 nm, and a correspondingly high surface area. The structural, morphological, functional group, optical properties of the materials, and the properties of the adsorption surfaces were all investigated; the degree of surface hydroxyls (–OH groups) has been examined. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy techniques indicated the formation of di-hexyl ether as a result of the solvothermal reaction. The optical absorption, measured using UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, revealed a narrow bandgap (Eg = 2.18 and 2.48 eV for WO3-24 and WO3-48, respectively) compared to that of for bulk WO3 (2.7 eV), attributable to oxygen vacancies. The as-prepared WO3 nanoplatelets displayed excellent photocatalytic performance for degrading Rhodamine B under visible light-emitting diode light with up 99% degradation rate that was achieved in 120 min. Thus, the enhanced Rhodamine B photodegradation in the presence of WO3-24 along with H2O2 was assigned to the reactive oxygen species such as ·OH and RhB*+, involving in the strong synergistic effect between WO3 and H2O2, effectively separating of photocarriers and, as a consequence, boosting the photocatalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]