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Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is most commonly associated with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus is thought to play a huge role in the pathogenesis of KS. The diagnosis and management of KS can be quite challenging, and Physicians need high index of suspicion to diagnose KS as it can be mistaken for other skin pathologies. We present a case of a young male who developed KS on the penis as the initial manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and AIDS. Initially, he presented with a painful non-resolving ulcer on the glans penis for 2 weeks. He tested positive for HIV and his HIV viral load was more than 200,000 copies with CD4 count being only 8 per microliter. Histopathological examination of the lesion along with immunohistological staining were positive for KS. The patient was not adherent to his antiretroviral therapy (ART), and his condition deteriorated. Literature review showed only 16 cases of HIV positive patients presenting with KS involving the penile area, with only 4 of them being the initial manifestation of HIV and AIDS. A combination of systemic chemotherapy and ART is often needed for visceral or metastatic KS. There is a huge need to increase awareness about HIV and related complications among health care providers and the general population.

Background: Carbon monoxide poisoning (COP) represents a significant burden and potential cause of death. However, there are only a few studies about COP in Saudi Arabia despite its noticeable impact on the community. Objective: This systematic review aimed to estimate the prevalence of COP at the level of Middle Eastern and North African region based on WHO distribution, with a particular interest to extrapolate the case fatality rate (CFR) and complications rates among COP victims. Methods: By reviewing the databases (Cochrane Library, Pubmed, EMBASE, and CINAHL) in a strategic approach, the relevant studies were retrieved and reviewed independently. Studies were included based on a predefined set of criteria. The quality of each study was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Outcome measures included the incidence (the primary outcome), gender, age, mortality and complications rate, seasonal variations, geographical area, source, and mechanism of exposure. Results: From 2489 citations, only thirteen studies met the eligibility criteria from five different countries. The date of publication of included studies ranged from 2000 to 2017. The mean sample size was 1483 victims. Most of the victims were females (64.24%). The mean age of the victims was 29.6 years old. The overall incidence of COP was estimated to be equal to 13.37 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Most of the COP events happened in the winter. Gas heaters were the most frequent source. Conclusion: COP is still a significant burden though it is potentially preventable. Policies and obligations need reevaluation, and public awareness should be raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]