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Born in Budapest in 1925, Andrs Keller was the only child of Jewish parents. He entered the University of Budapest in 1943 on a Jewish quota to study natural philosophy. Studies became increasingly difficult because of the activity of fascists in the university as Hungary was an ally of Nazi Germany and was expected to be seen to pursue an anti–Semitic policy. Perhaps inevitably, he had to join a Jewish labour battalion, which is where Jewish men of military service age were sent instead of into the armed forces. After several days at a drafting centre in a Budapest brickworks, he was taken east to Ruthenia, which was in Slovakia and is now in the Ukraine, and was put to work building airfields. His battalion was moved around and it is difficult to know exactly where he was sent and when. However, one possible fixed point is that he remembers his train alongside a train of German troops who were celebrating the assassination of Hitler (as they thought), which would indicate a date very soon after the 6 July 1944 plot; false rumours of its success had been circulated initially to aid in the hunt for those involved. The food was poor and they were overworked, so they supplemented their diet by cooking mushrooms on shovels. The Russians were advancing and almost completely encircled Ruthenia, leaving just one narrowing corridor towards the west. As the work battalion was being marched towards it, Keller and a friend jumped the column into nearby undergrowth and hid. For several days they lived off the land and then separated as Keller wanted to wait until the Russian front had passed by. He hid behind hay in the roof space of an abandoned barn and was nearly found when the barn was searched; however, the soldiers did not look behind the hay, they just prodded it and departed. Keller watched the Russian troops occupy the village led by a mounted cavalry officer followed by an ox cart. He heard later that only one of his group survived the winter of 1944/45. He tried to work his way westwards behind the front, but was soon picked up by the Russians near to Szatmr (now known by its Rumanian name of Satu–Mare), who sent him to a displaced persons' camp in Bessarabia in Rumania. Although the Russians were tolerant, they left the day–to–day running of the camp to the senior German prisoners, who made life particularly hard for a young Jew. Keller noted batches of prisoners being taken away in trains, and he suspected, correctly, that they were being taken deep into Soviet territory. He decided to escape, and on the next moonless night he managed to crawl under three rolls of barbed wire where they had been stretched across a depression in the ground, and then over a wooden palisade that collapsed under him and alerted the guards. However, the guards did nothing, Keller surmising that they had orders to stop escapers they could see, but no orders that told them what to do if the fence fell over. He ran into the night, unhurt, and started once again to trek back to Budapest. Initially he reached Bucharest, where he was helped by a Jewish resident called Goldfarb, and finally back to Budapest, which he reached in February 1945, shortly after the city's liberation by the Red Army. Most of the surviving remnant of Hungarian Jews was in Budapest, the majority of the prewar Jewish population of 600 000 having been deported to death camps during the spring of 1944. These included Keller's father, uncle and aunt, who were all sent to Buchenwald and never seen again. At that time his young cousin had been sent across Budapest to his mother, with the family gold hidden in the head of her doll, and together they survived the holocaust, as did his paternal grandparents.

We report on the mechanical properties of fibers consisting of pure carbon nanotube fibers directly spun from an aerogel formed during synthesis by chemical vapor deposition. The continuous withdrawal of product from the gas phase imparts a high commercial potential to the process, either for the production of particularly strong fibers or for the economic production of bulk quantities of carbon nanotubes. Tensile tests were performed on fibers produced from the dissociation of three different hydrocarbons, namely, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and hexane, with a range of iron (catalyst) concentrations. The conditions were chosen to lie within the range known to enable satisfactory continuous spinning, the iron concentration being varied within this range. Increasing proportions of single wall nanotubes were found as the iron concentration was decreased, conditions which also produced fibers of best strength and stiffness. The maximum tensile strength obtained was 1.46 GPa (equivalent to 0.70 N/tex assuming a density of 2.1 g/cm(3)). The experiments indicate that significant improvements in the mechanical properties can be accomplished by optimizing the process conditions.

Not much more than a decade ago, the plastics industry viewed itself as a mature branch of the heavy chemical industry. Its raison d'être was the mass production of four or five main-line polymers, and profits were equated to tonnage output, plant efficiency, and clever downstream processing such as film blowing. The chemistry was essentially simple and the monomer, of course, cheap. There was, however, a spark of new thinking. A trend was developing toward the design and manufacture of more complex, more expensive polymers, with special properties which could command a special price. Such products would sell advanced scientific know-how, not just engineering expertise which could all too easily be exported to the major oil producers in the form of a polymer plant.Designing particular molecules to achieve desired properties is now a major theme of polymer producers. There is a move toward increasing the aromatic content of polymer backbones to achieve greater levels of chemical and thermal stability, while the development of new cross-linking systems remains as chemically intensive as ever. It is, however, the introduction of liquid crystalline polymers which, above all, has exploited the principles of molecular design, while at the same time challenging our understanding in a new area of polymer science.A polymer is “liquid crystalline” where the chains are sufficiently rigid to remain mutually aligned in the liquid phase although the perfect positional periodicity of a crystal is no longer present. In other words there is a long-range orientational order without long-range positional order (Figure 1). Structurally, therefore, the phase is intermediate between a crystal and a liquid leading to the use of the term mesophase. Where the liquid crystalline phase forms on melting the polymer, it is known as thermotropic, but where it is achieved by solvent addition it is called Inotropic. Increasing temperature, or solvent concentration, will eventually lead to the reversion of the liquid crystal phase to the normal isotropic polymer melt.

This paper is an attempt to explain the morphology of the pectoral group of muscles, and is based on the dissection of over fifty mammals, and on descriptions of others in various journals, &c. The following are the chief conclusions :— 1. That portion of the lateral sheet of muscle, pushed outwards in the form of a cone by the grow th of the anterior limb-bud, which belongs to the ventral region, may be divided by radial lines of fission into three segments, viz., an anterior or manubrial, a mesial or gladiolar, and a posterior or abdominal.