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We present a synthesis of PIXL elemental data and SHERLOC Raman spectra collected on two targets investigated by the Perseverance rover during the first year of its exploration of Jezero Crater, Mars. The Bellegarde target (in the Máaz formation) and Dourbes target (in the Séítah formation) exhibit distinctive mineralogies that are an ideal case study for in situ analysis by SHERLOC and PIXL. Each instrument alone produces valuable data about the chemistry and spatial distribution of mineral phases at the sub-millimeter scale. However, combining data from both instruments provides a more robust interpretation that overcomes the limitations of either instrument, for example: 1) Detection of correlated calcium and sulfur in Bellegarde by PIXL is corroborated by the co-located detection of calcium sulfate by SHERLOC. 2) Detection of sodium and chlorine in Dourbes is consistent with either chloride or oxychlorine salts, but SHERLOC does not detect perchlorate or chlorate. 3) A Raman peak at 1120 cm−1 in Dourbes could be sulfate or pyroxene, but elemental abundances from PIXL at that location are a better match to pyroxene. This study emphasizes the importance of analyzing co-located data from both instruments together, to obtain a more complete picture of sub-millimeter-scale mineralogy measured in situ in Jezero crater, Mars, by the Perseverance rover.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of different risk factors and symptoms on the performance characteristics of the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) BladderChek® test (Matritech Inc., Newton, MA, USA) for the detection of bladder cancer, as this is a point-of-care assay that measures NMPs in voided urine. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 23 academic, private practice and veterans’ facilities in 10 states prospectively enrolled consecutive patients from September 2001 to May 2002. Participants included 1328 patients at elevated risk of bladder cancer from factors such as a history of smoking or symptoms including haematuria and/or dysuria. Patients at risk of malignancy of the urinary tract provided a voided urine sample for analysis of NMP22 protein and cytology before cystoscopy. RESULTS Of the 1328 patients: no urinary disease, benign disease and malignancy were found in 545 (41%), 704 (53%) and 79 (6%) patients, respectively. Overall, the positive predictive value (PPV) for detection of bladder cancer was 20.3% (45/222) and negative predictive value (NPV) was 96.9% (1072/1106). The PPV was higher in men (24.0%) than women (13.2%). In men, the PPV increased with smoking (35.4%), gross haematuria (51.2%) and a combination of both factors (70.6%). The impact on the PPV of smoking (9.7%) and gross haematuria (28.6%) was less dramatic in women. The PPV increased from 16.8% in patients aged 65 years. The NPV remained almost always >95% except in men with gross haematuria where it decreased to 77% in smokers and 94% in non-smokers. CONCLUSION The PPV of the BladderChek test improves in patients at higher risk of bladder cancer reaching 77% in men presenting with gross haematuria who are aged >65 years and smoke. The NPV is highest in women aged

Total growth of transplanted human or rodent tumors in the subrenal capsule of mice was much improved by treatment with cyclosporine (CSA, cyclosporin A). Tumor size increased rapidly between days 6 and 12 after implantation, CSA injected on days 1-5 or 2-8 prevented tumor regression. In contrast, immunologic regression occurred after 6 days in absence of the drug. Tumor growth was comparable in CSA-treated mice, athymic nude mice with human tumors, or normal mice with syngeneic rodent tumors. Studies with rodent tumors in syngeneic mice showed that the CSA treatments had no antitumor effect. Inflammatory infiltration was seen on days 6-12 after tumor implantation into control mice. Immunoperoxidase staining showed murine T cells to be prominent in the infiltrate. In contrast, tumors in CSA-treated mice contained minimal inflammatory infiltrate even 12 days after implantation. Allogeneic tumors in CSA-treated mice caused neovascularization, metastases, and local invasion into the kidney. cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum showed highly significant activity against human tumors in CSA-treated mice during the period 6-10 days after tumor implantation but showed no statistically significant antitumor activity 0-6 days after implantation in mice not treated with CSA. We suggest that in CSA-treated mice the subrenal capsule assay for tumor growth provides a rapid, economical model for investigations in vivo of mouse or human tumor biology, for drug screening with a standard tumor, or for determination of optimal treatment of particular human tumors.