79 results on '"Alan Muir"'
Search Results
2. The Roles of the S3MPC: Monitoring, Validation and Evolution of Sentinel-3 Altimetry Observations
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Graham D. Quartly, Francesco Nencioli, Matthias Raynal, Pascal Bonnefond, Pablo Nilo Garcia, Albert Garcia-Mondéjar, Adrián Flores de la Cruz, Jean-Francois Crétaux, Nicolas Taburet, Marie-Laure Frery, Mathilde Cancet, Alan Muir, David Brockley, Malcolm McMillan, Saleh Abdalla, Sara Fleury, Emeline Cadier, Qi Gao, Maria Jose Escorihuela, Mònica Roca, Muriel Bergé-Nguyen, Olivier Laurain, Jérôme Bruniquel, Pierre Féménias, and Bruno Lucas
- Subjects
altimeter ,calibration ,validation ,Copernicus/Sentinel-3 ,microwave radiometer ,ocean ,Science - Abstract
The Sentinel-3 Mission Performance Centre (S3MPC) is tasked by the European Space Agency (ESA) to monitor the health of the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites and ensure a high data quality to the users. This paper deals exclusively with the effort devoted to the altimeter and microwave radiometer, both components of the Surface Topography Mission (STM). The altimeters on Sentinel-3A and -3B are the first to operate in delay-Doppler or SAR mode over all Earth surfaces, which enables better spatial resolution of the signal in the along-track direction and improved noise reduction through multi-looking, whilst the radiometer is a two-channel nadir-viewing system. There are regular routine assessments of the instruments through investigation of telemetered housekeeping data, calibrations over selected sites and comparisons of geophysical retrievals with models, in situ data and other satellite systems. These are performed both to monitor the daily production, assessing the uncertainties and errors on the estimates, and also to characterize the long-term performance for climate science applications. This is critical because an undetected drift in performance could be misconstrued as a climate variation. As the data are used by the Copernicus Services (e.g., CMEMS, Global Land Monitoring Services) and by the research community over open ocean, coastal waters, sea ice, land ice, rivers and lakes, the validation activities encompass all these domains, with regular reports openly available. The S3MPC is also in charge of preparing improvements to the processing, and of the development and tuning of algorithms to improve their accuracy. This paper is thus the first refereed publication to bring together the analysis of SAR altimetry across all these different domains to highlight the benefits and existing challenges.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. New approaches to processing radar altimetry waveforms over complex ice sheet topography
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Qi Huang, Malcolm McMillan, Alan Muir, Joe Phillips, and Thomas Slater
- Abstract
Sea level rise is among the most pressing environmental, social and economic challenges facing humanity, and requires timely and reliable information for adaptation and mitigation. The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica currently contribute approximately one third of global sea level rise, yet monitoring their coastal regions, which are often populated by numerous, highly dynamic outlet glaciers remains a challenge. One of the principal methods for monitoring ice sheet change is that of satellite radar altimetry, which provides a near continuous 30-year record of surface elevation and volume change. However, this technique can suffer from incomplete measurements and larger uncertainties over rugged coastal topography, where the instrument may fail to track the ice surface, or may record multiple distinct reflections within the illuminated ground footprint. In these situations, current Level 2 processing approaches can be sub-optimal, leading to inaccuracies being introduced into the resulting elevation measurements. Therefore, this study aims to explore new approaches to retrieving elevation measurements, comprising (1) multipeak waveform retracking and (2) a refined slope correction approach over complex regions. The developed approaches offer the potential for multiple elevation retrievals from a single waveform, and in turn the opportunity to increase both the reliability and quantity of elevation measurements.Within the study, these processing techniques were developed and evaluated across Russell Glacier and the whole Greenland as two typical test cases, based upon Sentinel-3 SAR altimeter acquisitions over ice sheet regions that exhibit complex topography. Laser altimeters including Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) and Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (IceSat-2) data were used as independent validation sources. Ice sheet wide analysis showed that the developed approaches were capable of delivering equally high accuracy for multiple elevation retrievals with comparable dispersion (~ 1 m) but much lower bias (~ 0.5 m) and outliers (~ 4%) compared to standard Level-2 products (~ 4 m bias and ~ 20% outliers). The developed approaches have the potential to further extend the capability of satellite radar altimetry over complex glaciological targets, and to improve the accuracy and coverage of altimeter measurements across these regions.
- Published
- 2023
4. Alfred Maurice Binnie, F. Eng. 6 February 1901-31 December 1986
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Wood, Alan Muir
- Published
- 1997
5. A Kalman filtering approach for producing ice sheet surface elevation change time series using satellite altimetry data
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Robert Wassink, Mal McMillan, Jennifer Maddalena, Thomas Slater, Amber Leeson, and Alan Muir
- Abstract
Producing accurate time series of surface elevation change is vital to our understanding of ice sheet contributions to sea level rise. Such estimates are derived from a variety of sources, including automatic weather station measurements, regional climate models, and satellite altimeter observations. For satellite altimetry, a common approach for computing elevation changes is to fit a simple polynomial model to repeated measurements, from an individual satellite mission, within small (typically < 10km) ice sheet regions. However, since there now exists multiple altimeters in orbit synchronously, we instead aim to employ techniques that are more capable of fusing measurements from multiple sensors whilst also respecting any differences in uncertainties. One such technique is Kalman filtering/smoothing, which also provides opportunities for assimilating this data with ice sheet models. Four-dimensional local ensemble transform Kalman filtering (4D-LETKF) is a Bayesian approach capable of estimating large spatiotemporally chaotic systems and has already seen use in the fields of meteorology and oceanography for assimilating observations into complex forecasting models. Therefore, we explore applying a similar approach to cryosphere datasets to generate time series of surface elevation change. Our method uses satellite altimeter observations, which provide a continuous continental-scale record of ice sheet elevation measurements. The chosen state transition model is the identity matrix, predicting no change from one day to the next, allowing the observations to drive the results. Ensembles are not required because of the model’s simplicity but will be explored in the future to enable more advanced predictive models. Here, we present the method development for this novel application of the 4D-LETKF, demonstrating these techniques on CryoSat-2 radar altimetry measurements over the Greenland ice sheet from ESA’s Cryo-TEMPO Baseline-B dataset. Our next steps are to fuse other current and historical missions to produce a single collective gridded time series of surface elevation change over ice sheets. As such, we hope this study can provide the first steps towards more formal data assimilation of Earth observation data into physical ice sheet models.
- Published
- 2023
6. Extending the Arctic sea ice freeboard and sea level record with the Sentinel-3 radar altimeters
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Alan Muir, Julienne Stroeve, Thomas W. K. Armitage, Isobel Lawrence, Michel Tsamados, Andrew Shepherd, Andy Ridout, Salvatore Dinardo, and R. Tilling
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Meteorology ,Freeboard ,Anomaly (natural sciences) ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Geophysics ,Arctic ,Space and Planetary Science ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Sea ice ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Satellite ,Altimeter ,Radar ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Geology ,Sea level ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In February 2016 and April 2018 the European Space Agency launched the Sentinel-3A and 3B satellites respectively, as part of the European Commission’s multi-satellite Copernicus Programme. Here we process Sentinel-3A waveform data to estimate Arctic sea level anomaly and radar freeboard from November 2017 to April 2018. We compare our results to those from the CryoSat-2 satellite, and find an intermission bias on sea-level anomaly of 2 cm. We also find a mean radar freeboard difference of 1 cm, which we attribute to the use of empirical retrackers to retrieve lead and floe elevations. Ahead of Sentinel-3B waveform data being made available, we use orbit files to estimate the improvement in sampling resolution afforded by the addition of Sentinel-3A and 3B data to the CryoSat-2 dataset. By combining data from the three satellites, grid resolution or time-sampling can be almost tripled compared with using CryoSat-2 data alone.
- Published
- 2021
7. Extending the record of Antarctic ice shelf thickness change, from 1992 to 2017
- Author
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Alan Muir, Anna E. Hogg, Lin Gilbert, Andrew Shepherd, and Malcolm McMillan
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Thinning ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,East antarctica ,01 natural sciences ,Ice shelf ,Sea surface temperature ,Geophysics ,Oceanography ,Space and Planetary Science ,Peninsula ,0103 physical sciences ,High spatial resolution ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Common spatial pattern ,Altimeter ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Over the past two decades, Antarctic ice shelves have retreated, thinned and suffered catastrophic collapse. In this study we extended the 25-year long record of ice shelf thickness change in Antarctica, from 2010 to 2017. In the Amundsen Sea Sector where widespread ice shelf thinning dominates the signal, a 51% slowdown in the rate of ice loss over the last 7-years can be attributed to a coincident decrease in ocean temperatures in the region since 2010. Overall, ice shelves in Antarctica have thickened by an average of 1.3 m between 2010 and 2017 as ice losses from West Antarctica are compensated by ice gains in East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, reversing the negative trend of the previous two decades. The detailed spatial pattern of ice shelf thickness change across Antarctica, demonstrates the need for future investment in high spatial resolution observations and techniques.
- Published
- 2021
8. A Comparison of Recent Elevation Change Estimates of the Devon Ice Cap as Measured by the ICESat and EnviSAT Satellite Altimeters.
- Author
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Eero Rinne, Andrew Shepherd, Alan Muir, and Duncan J. Wingham
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Brief communication: Ice sheet elevation measurements from the Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B tandem phase
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Alan Muir, Malcolm McMillan, and Craig Donlon
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QE1-996.5 ,geography ,Accuracy and precision ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Tandem ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Elevation ,Geology ,Terrain ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental sciences ,Phase (matter) ,GE1-350 ,Satellite ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Over the coming decade, the quartet of Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellite altimeters will provide a continuous record of ice sheet elevation change. Ensuring consistency of measurement between the four satellites requires rigorous in-flight inter-comparison. To facilitate this, Sentinel-3B was initially flown in a unique tandem formation with Sentinel-3A, enabling near-instantaneous, co-located measurements of surface elevation to be acquired. Here, we analyse tandem measurements of ice sheet elevation, to show that both instruments operate with statistically equivalent accuracy and precision, even over complex ice margin terrain. This analysis demonstrates that both satellites can be used interchangeably to study ice sheet evolution.
- Published
- 2021
10. Trends in Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation and Mass
- Author
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Kate Briggs, Malcolm McMillan, Thomas Slater, Lin Gilbert, Anna E. Hogg, Aud Venke Sundal, Hannes Konrad, M. Engdahl, Andrew Shepherd, and Alan Muir
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ice stream ,Antarctic ice sheet ,Glacier ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Snow ,01 natural sciences ,Geophysics ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Climate model ,Physical geography ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,Sea level ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Fluctuations in Antarctic Ice Sheet elevation and mass occur over a variety of time scales, owing to changes in snowfall and ice flow. Here we disentangle these signals by combining 25 years of satellite radar altimeter observations and a regional climate model. From these measurements, patterns of change that are strongly associated with glaciological events emerge. While the majority of the ice sheet has remained stable, 24% of West Antarctica is now in a state of dynamical imbalance. Thinning of the Pine Island and Thwaites glacier basins reaches 122 m in places, and their rates of ice loss are now five times greater than at the start of our survey. By partitioning elevation changes into areas of snow and ice variability, we estimate that East and West Antarctica have contributed -1.1 ± 0.4 and +5.7 ± 0.8 mm to global sea level between 1992 and 2017.
- Published
- 2019
11. Sentinel-3 Delay-Doppler altimetry over Antarctica
- Author
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Marco Restano, Andrew Shepherd, Pierre Thibaut, Jérôme Benveniste, Monica Roca, Alan Muir, Malcolm McMillan, Américo Ambrózio, Jérémie Aublanc, and Roger Escolà
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Accuracy and precision ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Antarctic ice sheet ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Operational system ,symbols.namesake ,Subglacial lake ,Altimeter ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Elevation ,Geodesy ,lcsh:Geology ,symbols ,Ice sheet ,Doppler effect ,Geology - Abstract
The launch of Sentinel-3A in February 2016 represented the beginning of a new long-term series of operational satellite radar altimeters, which will provide Delay-Doppler altimetry measurements over ice sheets for decades to come. Given the potential benefits that these satellites can offer to a range of glaciological applications, it is important to establish their capacity to monitor ice sheet elevation and elevation change. Here, we present the first analysis of Sentinel-3 Delay-Doppler altimetry over the Antarctic ice sheet, and assess the accuracy and precision of retrievals of ice sheet elevation across a range of topographic regimes. Over the low-slope regions of the ice sheet interior, we find that the instrument achieves both an accuracy and a precision of the order of 10 cm, with ∼98 % of the data validated being within 50 cm of co-located airborne measurements. Across the steeper and more complex topography of the ice sheet margin, the accuracy decreases, although analysis at two coastal sites with densely surveyed airborne campaigns shows that ∼60 %–85 % of validated data are still within 1 m of co-located airborne elevation measurements. We then explore the utility of the Sentinel-3A Delay-Doppler altimeter for mapping ice sheet elevation change. We show that with only 2 years of available data, it is possible to resolve known signals of ice dynamic imbalance and to detect evidence of subglacial lake drainage activity. Our analysis demonstrates a new, long-term source of measurements of ice sheet elevation and elevation change, and the early potential of this operational system for monitoring ice sheet imbalance for decades to come.
- Published
- 2019
12. Geoffrey Morse Binnie. 13 November 1908-5 April 1989
- Author
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Wood, Alan Muir
- Published
- 1990
13. Brief Communication: Ice Sheet Elevation Measurements from the Sentinel-3A / 3B Tandem Phase
- Author
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Malcolm McMillan, Craig Donlon, and Alan Muir
- Subjects
Accuracy and precision ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Tandem ,Elevation ,Terrain ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Phase (matter) ,Satellite ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Over the coming decade, the quartet of Sentinel-3 satellite altimeters will provide a continuous record of ice sheet elevation change. To ensure consistency of measurement between each of the four satellites, requires rigorous in-flight inter-comparison. To facilitate this, Sentinel-3B was initially flown in a unique tandem formation with Sentinel-3A, enabling near-instantaneous, co-located measurements to be acquired. Here, we analyse tandem measurements of ice sheet elevation, to show that both instruments operate with statistically equivalent accuracy and precision, even over complex ice margin terrain. This analysis demonstrates that both satellites can be used interchangeably to study ice sheet evolution.
- Published
- 2020
14. The Roles of the S3MPC: Monitoring, Validation and Evolution of Sentinel-3 Altimetry Observations
- Author
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Adrian Flores de la Cruz, Graham D. Quartly, Sara Fleury, Matthias Raynal, Qi Gao, O. Laurain, Pierre Féménias, Albert Garcia-Mondejar, Maria Jose Escorihuela, Pablo Nilo Garcia, Jerome Bruniquel, Emeline Cadier, Marie Laure Frery, Francesco Nencioli, Monica Roca, Pascal Bonnefond, Saleh Abdalla, Alan Muir, David Brockley, Mathilde Cancet, Jean Francois Cretaux, Nicolas Taburet, Muriel Berge-Nguyen, Bruno Manuel Lucas, Malcolm McMillan, Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,altimeter ,microwave radiometer ,Sea ice ,Cryosphere ,Copernicus/Sentinel-3 ,Altimeter ,lcsh:Science ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing ,validation ,[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,geography ,Radiometer ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Microwave radiometer ,Mode (statistics) ,calibration ,ocean ,13. Climate action ,Data quality ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Satellite ,lcsh:Q ,coastal zone ,cryosphere ,radar transponders ,model comparison ,buoys ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] - Abstract
International audience; The Sentinel-3 Mission Performance Centre (S3MPC) is tasked by the European Space Agency (ESA) to monitor the health of the Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellites and ensure a high data quality to the users. This paper deals exclusively with the effort devoted to the altimeter and microwave radiometer, both components of the Surface Topography Mission (STM). The altimeters on Sentinel-3A and -3B are the first to operate in delay-Doppler or SAR mode over all Earth surfaces, which enables better spatial resolution of the signal in the along-track direction and improved noise reduction through multi-looking, whilst the radiometer is a two-channel nadir-viewing system. There are regular routine assessments of the instruments through investigation of telemetered housekeeping data, calibrations over selected sites and comparisons of geophysical retrievals with models, in situ data and other satellite systems. These are performed both to monitor the daily production, assessing the uncertainties and errors on the estimates, and also to characterize the long-term performance for climate science applications. This is critical because an undetected drift in performance could be misconstrued as a climate variation. As the data are used by the Copernicus Services (e.g., CMEMS, Global Land Monitoring Services) and by the research community over open ocean, coastal waters, sea ice, land ice, rivers and lakes, the validation activities encompass all these domains, with regular reports openly available. The S3MPC is also in charge of preparing improvements to the processing, and of the development and tuning of algorithms to improve their accuracy. This paper is thus the first refereed publication to bring together the analysis of SAR altimetry across all these different domains to highlight the benefits and existing challenges.
- Published
- 2020
15. CryoSat instrument performance and ice product quality status
- Author
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Erica Webb, David Brockley, Pierre Féménias, Julia Gaudelli, Michele Scagliola, Monica Roca, Amanda Hall, Jerome Bouffard, Rubinder Mannan, Alan Muir, Tommaso Parrinello, Steven Baker, Albert Garcia-Mondejar, and Marco Fornari
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Meteorology ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Glacier ,01 natural sciences ,Geophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Data quality ,0103 physical sciences ,Sea ice ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Cryosphere ,Satellite ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,Baseline (configuration management) ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Over the past 20 years, satellite radar altimetry has shown its ability to revolutionise our understanding of the ocean and climate. Previously, these advances were largely limited to ice-free regions, neglecting large portions of the Polar Regions. Launched in 2010, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) polar-orbiting CryoSat satellite was specifically designed to measure changes in the thickness of polar sea ice and the elevation of the ice sheets and mountain glaciers. To reach this goal, the CryoSat products have to meet the highest performance standards, achieved through continual improvements of the associated Instrument Processing Facilities. Since April 2015, the CryoSat ice products are generated with Baseline-C, which represented a major processor upgrade. Several improvements were implemented in this new Baseline, most notably the release of freeboard data within the Level 2 products. The Baseline-C upgrade has brought significant improvements to the quality of Level-1B and Level-2 products relative to the previous Baseline-B products, which in turn is expected to have a positive impact on the scientific exploitation of CryoSat measurements over land ice and sea ice. This paper provides an overview of the CryoSat ice data quality assessment and evolutions, covering all quality control and calibration activities performed by ESA and its partners. Also discussed are the forthcoming evolutions of the processing chains and improvements anticipated in the next processing Baseline.
- Published
- 2018
16. CryoSat-2 swath interferometric altimetry for mapping ice elevation and elevation change
- Author
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Andrew Shepherd, Alan Muir, Steven Baker, Albert Garcia-Mondejar, Luca Foresta, Monica Roca, Mark R. Drinkwater, Maria-José Escorihuela, and Noel Gourmelen
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Elevation ,Aerospace Engineering ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Glacier ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Ice shelf ,Glacier mass balance ,Geophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Subglacial lake ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Cryosphere ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing - Abstract
For more than 25 years, satellite radar altimetry has provided continuous information on the state of the cryosphere and on its contribution to global sea-level rise. The technique typically delivers maps of ice-sheet elevation and elevation change with 3–10 km spatial resolution and seasonal to monthly temporal resolution. Here we show how the interferometric mode of CryoSat-2 can be used to map broad (5 km-wide) swaths of surface elevation with fine (500 m) spatial resolution from each satellite pass, providing a step-change in the capability of satellite altimetry for glaciology. These swaths of elevation data contain up to two orders of magnitude more surface elevation measurements than standard altimeter products, which provide single elevation measurements based on the range to the Point-Of-Closest-Approach (POCA) in the vicinity of the sub-satellite ground track. The swath elevations allow a more dense, statistically robust time series of elevation change to be formed with temporal resolution of a factor 5 higher than for POCA. The mean differences between airborne altimeter and CryoSat-2 derived ice sheet elevations and elevation rates range from −0.93 ± 1.17 m and 0.29 ± 1.25 m a−1, respectively, at the POCA, to −1.50 ± 1.73 m and 0.04 ± 1.04 m a−1, respectively, across the entire swath. We demonstrate the potential of these data by creating and evaluating elevation models of: (i) the Austfonna Ice Cap (Svalbard), (ii) western Greenland, and (iii) Law Dome (East Antarctica); and maps of ice elevation change of: (iv) the Amundsen Sea sector (West Antarctica), (v) Icelandic ice caps, and (vi) above an active subglacial lake system at Thwaites Glacier (Antarctica), each at 500 m spatial posting – around 10 times finer than possible using traditional approaches based on standard altimetry products.
- Published
- 2018
17. Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017
- Author
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Ted Scambos, Richard I. Cullather, Helmut Rott, David N. Wiese, Valentina R. Barletta, Isabella Velicogna, Brice Noël, Jeremie Mouginot, Edward Hanna, Melchior van Wessem, W. Richard Peltier, Thomas Nagler, Alejandro Blazquez, Eric Rignot, Jennifer Bonin, Nadege Pie, Veit Helm, Bernd Scheuchl, Louise Sandberg-Sørensen, Brian Gunter, Ines Otosaka, Ben Smith, Denis Felikson, Benoit S. Lecavalier, Bryant D. Loomis, Cécile Agosta, Peter L. Langen, Wouter van der Wal, Christopher Harig, René Forsberg, Philip Moore, Giorgio Spada, Ernst Schrama, Alex S. Gardner, T. C. Sutterley, Matthieu Talpe, Daniele Melini, Xavier Fettweis, Andreas Groh, Gerhard Krinner, Bert Wouters, Sebastian H. Mernild, Kate Briggs, Andreas P. Ahlstrøm, Erik R. Ivins, Shfaqat Abbas Khan, Johan Nilsson, Hannes Konrad, Nicole Schlegel, Sebastian B. Simonsen, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Greg Babonis, Malcolm McMillan, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Ingo Sasgen, Lev Tarasov, Ki-Weon Seo, Lin Gilbert, Geruo A, Yara Mohajerani, Scott B. Luthcke, Gorka Moyano, Andrew Shepherd, Thomas Slater, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Roelof Rietbroek, Alexander Horvath, Hubert Gallée, Tony Payne, Willem Jan van de Berg, Martin Horwath, Alan Muir, Ian Joughin, Beata Csatho, Himanshu Save, Mark E. Pattle, Sophie Nowicki, Ludwig Schröder, Grace A. Nield, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Andrew Shepherd, Erik Ivin, Eric Rignot, Ben Smith, Michiel VDBroeke, Isabella Velicogna, Pippa Whitehouse, Kate Brigg, Ian Joughin, Gerhard Krinner, Sophie Nowicki, Tony Payne, Ted Scambo, Nicole Schlegel, Geruo A, Cécile Agosta, Andreas Ahlstrøm, Greg Baboni, Valentina Barletta, Alejandro Blazquez, Jennifer Bonin, Beata Csatho, Richard Cullather, Denis Felikson, Xavier Fettwei, Rene Forsberg, Hubert Gallee, Alex Gardner, Lin Gilbert, Andreas Groh, Brian Gunter, Edward Hanna, Christopher Harig, Veit Helm, Alexander Horvath, Martin Horwath, Shfaqat Khan, Kristian Kjeldsen, Hannes Konrad, Peter Langen, Benoit Lecavalier, Bryant Loomi, Scott Luthcke, Malcolm McMillan, Daniele Melini, Sebastian Mernild, Yara Mohajerani, Philip Moore, Jeremie Mouginot, Gorka Moyano, Alan Muir, Thomas Nagler, Grace Nield, Johan Nilsson, Brice Noel, Ines Otosaka, Mark Pattle, William Peltier, Nadege Pie, Roelof Rietbroek, Helmut Rott, LouiseSandberg Sørensen, Ingo Sasgen, Himanshu Save, Bernd Scheuchl, Ernst Schrama, Ludwig Schröder, KiWeon Seo, Sebastian Simonsen, Tom Slater, Giorgio Spada, Tyler Sutterley, Matthieu Talpe, Lev Tarasov, Willem JVdeBerg, Wouter vanderWal, Melchior van Wessem, BramhaDutt Vishwakarma, David Wiese, Bert Wouters, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Climate change ,Antarctic ice sheet ,NN ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Glacier mass balance ,Peninsula ,Taverne ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,F890 Geographical and Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified ,Sea level ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,geography ,Multidisciplinary ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Post-glacial rebound ,Balance (accounting) ,13. Climate action ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,Physical geography ,Tonne - Abstract
The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance to show that it lost 2,720 ± 1,390 billion tonnes of ice between 1992 and 2017, which corresponds to an increase in mean sea level of 7.6 ± 3.9 millimetres (errors are one standard deviation). Over this period, ocean-driven melting has caused rates of ice loss from West Antarctica to increase from 53 ± 29 billion to 159 ± 26 billion tonnes per year; ice-shelf collapse has increased the rate of ice loss from the Antarctic Peninsula from 7 ± 13 billion to 33 ± 16 billion tonnes per year. We find large variations in and among model estimates of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment for East Antarctica, with its average rate of mass gain over the period 1992–2017 (5 ± 46 billion tonnes per year) being the least certain.
- Published
- 2018
18. A new digital elevation model of Antarctica derived from CryoSat-2 altimetry
- Author
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Hannes Konrad, Lin Gilbert, Tommaso Parrinello, Malcolm McMillan, Thomas Slater, Andrew Shepherd, Anna E. Hogg, and Alan Muir
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Mode (statistics) ,Elevation ,Antarctic ice sheet ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Geodesy ,01 natural sciences ,Ice shelf ,lcsh:Geology ,Kriging ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,Digital elevation model ,Geology ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,Remote sensing - Abstract
We present a new digital elevation model (DEM) of the Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelves based on 2.5×108 observations recorded by the CryoSat-2 satellite radar altimeter between July 2010 and July 2016. The DEM is formed from spatio-temporal fits to elevation measurements accumulated within 1, 2, and 5 km grid cells, and is posted at the modal resolution of 1 km. Altogether, 94 % of the grounded ice sheet and 98 % of the floating ice shelves are observed, and the remaining grid cells north of 88∘ S are interpolated using ordinary kriging. The median and root mean square difference between the DEM and 2.3×107 airborne laser altimeter measurements acquired during NASA Operation IceBridge campaigns are −0.30 and 13.50 m, respectively. The DEM uncertainty rises in regions of high slope, especially where elevation measurements were acquired in low-resolution mode; taking this into account, we estimate the average accuracy to be 9.5 m – a value that is comparable to or better than that of other models derived from satellite radar and laser altimetry.
- Published
- 2019
19. 15 Concrete in tunnels
- Author
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Wood, Alan Muir, primary
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. A high-resolution record of Greenland mass balance
- Author
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Brice Noël, Alan Muir, Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg, Lin Gilbert, Malcolm McMillan, Andreas Groh, Anna E. Hogg, Peter Kuipers Munneke, Kate Briggs, Andrew Shepherd, Amber Leeson, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Thomas W. K. Armitage, Willem Jan van de Berg, and Martin Horwath
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ice stream ,Elevation ,Greenland ice sheet ,Glacier ,Snowpack ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Geophysics ,Climatology ,Temporal resolution ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Altimeter ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
We map recent Greenland Ice Sheet elevation change at high spatial (5 km) and temporal (monthly) resolution using CryoSat-2 altimetry. After correcting for the impact of changing snowpack properties associated with unprecedented surface melting in 2012, we find good agreement (3 cm/yr bias) with airborne measurements. With the aid of regional climate and firn modeling, we compute high spatial and temporal resolution records of Greenland mass evolution, which correlate (R = 0.96) with monthly satellite gravimetry and reveal glacier dynamic imbalance. During 2011–2014, Greenland mass loss averaged 269 ± 51 Gt/yr. Atmospherically driven losses were widespread, with surface melt variability driving large fluctuations in the annual mass deficit. Terminus regions of five dynamically thinning glaciers, which constitute less than 1% of Greenland’s area, contributed more than 12% of the net ice loss. This high-resolution record demonstrates that mass deficits extending over small spatial and temporal scales have made a relatively large contribution to recent ice sheet imbalance.
- Published
- 2016
21. A new digital elevation model of Antarctica derived from CryoSat-2 altimetry
- Author
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Thomas Slater, Andrew Shepherd, Malcolm McMillan, Alan Muir, Lin Gilbert, Anna E. Hogg, Hannes Konrad, and Tommaso Parrinello
- Abstract
We present a new Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Antarctic ice sheet and ice shelves based on 2.5 × 108 observations recorded by the CryoSat-2 satellite radar altimeter between July 2010 and July 2016. The DEM is formed from spatio-temporal fits to elevation measurements accumulated within 1, 2 and 5 km grid cells, and is posted at the modal resolution of 1 km. Altogether, 94 % of the grounded ice sheet and 98 % of the floating ice shelves are observed, and the remaining grid cells North of 88° S are interpolated using ordinary kriging. The median and root mean square difference between the DEM and 2.3 × 107 airborne laser altimeter measurements acquired during NASA Operation IceBridge campaigns are −0.30 m and 13.50 m, respectively. The DEM uncertainty rises in regions of high slope – especially where elevation measurements were acquired in Low Resolution Mode – and, taking this into account, we estimate the average accuracy to be 9.5 m – a value that is comparable to or better than that of other models derived from satellite radar and laser altimetry.
- Published
- 2018
22. Net retreat of Antarctic glacier grounding lines
- Author
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Thomas Slater, Malcolm McMillan, Hannes Konrad, Lin Gilbert, Andrew Shepherd, Anna E. Hogg, and Alan Muir
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Grounding line ,Thinning ,Glacier ,Last Glacial Maximum ,STREAMS ,Forcing (mathematics) ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Satellite altimeter ,Peninsula ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,14. Life underwater ,Physical geography ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Grounding lines are a key indicator of ice-sheet instability, because changes in their position reflect imbalance with the surrounding ocean and affect the flow of inland ice. Although the grounding lines of several Antarctic glaciers have retreated rapidly due to ocean-driven melting, records are too scarce to assess the scale of the imbalance. Here, we combine satellite altimeter observations of ice-elevation change and measurements of ice geometry to track grounding-line movement around the entire continent, tripling the coverage of previous surveys. Between 2010 and 2016, 22%, 3% and 10% of surveyed grounding lines in West Antarctica, East Antarctica and at the Antarctic Peninsula retreated at rates faster than 25 m yr−1 (the typical pace since the Last Glacial Maximum) and the continent has lost 1,463 km2 ± 791 km2 of grounded-ice area. Although by far the fastest rates of retreat occurred in the Amundsen Sea sector, we show that the Pine Island Glacier grounding line has stabilized, probably as a consequence of abated ocean forcing. On average, Antarctica’s fast-flowing ice streams retreat by 110 metres per metre of ice thinning. Grounding lines in parts of West Antarctica, East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula retreated faster than typical post-glacial pace, according to satellite observations and ice geometry measurements.
- Published
- 2018
23. ESA ice sheet CCI: derivation of the optimal method for surface elevation change detection of the Greenland ice sheet – round robin results
- Author
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Roderik Lindenbergh, K. Khvorostovsky, Francesca Ticconi, René Forsberg, Alan Muir, Thomas Flament, Nadege Pie, R. T. W. L. Hurkmans, Brian Gunter, Andrew Shepherd, Joanna Fredenslund Levinsen, Marcel Kleinherenbrink, Geir Moholdt, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, and Denis Felikson
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Drainage basin ,Elevation ,Greenland ice sheet ,law.invention ,Data set ,law ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Satellite ,Radar ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,Change detection ,Remote sensing - Abstract
For more than two decades, radar altimetry missions have provided continuous elevation estimates of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS). Here, we propose a method for using such data to estimate ice-sheet-wide surface elevation changes (SECs). The final data set will be based on observations acquired from the European Space Agency’s Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), European Remote Sensing (ERS)-1 and -2, CryoSat-2, and, in the longer term, Sentinel-3 satellites. In order to find the best-performing method, an intercomparison exercise has been carried out in which the scientific community was asked to provide their best SEC estimates as well as feedback sheets describing the applied method. Due to the hitherto few radar-based SEC analyses as well as the higher accuracy of laser data, the participants were asked to use either ENVISAT radar or ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) laser altimetry over the Jakobshavn Isbræ drainage basin. The submissions were validated against airborne laser-scanner data, and intercomparisons were carried out to analyse the potential of the applied methods and to find whether the two altimeters were capable of resolving the same signal. The analyses found great potential of the applied repeat-track and cross-over techniques, and, for the first time over Greenland, that repeat-track analyses from radar altimetry agreed well with laser data. Since topography-related errors can be neglected in cross-over analyses, it is expected that the most accurate, ice-sheet-wide SEC estimates are obtained by combining the cross-over and repeat-track techniques. It is thus possible to exploit the high accuracy of the former and the large spatial data coverage of the latter. Based on CryoSat’s different operation modes, and the increased spatial and temporal data coverage, this shows good potential for a future inclusion of CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3 data to continuously obtain accurate SEC estimates both in the interior and margin ice sheet.
- Published
- 2015
24. Tunnels in soil and weak rock
- Author
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Wood, Sir Alan Muir, primary
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Ensuring that the Sentinel-3A altimeter provides climate-quality data
- Author
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Marie-Laure Frery, Alan Muir, Pierre Féménias, Francesco Nencioli, Saleh Abdalla, David Brockley, Jean-François Crétaux, Pablo Nilo Garcia, Stéphane Calmant, Monica Roca, Mathilde Cancet, Andrew Shepherd, Pascal Bonnefond, Graham D. Quartly, Remko Scharroo, Matthias Raynal, Steven Baker, and S. Labroue
- Subjects
Metocean ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Microwave radiometer ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Elevation ,02 engineering and technology ,Sea-surface height ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,law ,Wave height ,Environmental science ,Altimeter ,Radar ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing ,Transponder - Abstract
Sentinel-3A, launched in February 2016, is part of ESA's long-term commitment to climate monitoring from space. Its suite of instruments for measuring surface topography includes a Microwave Radiometer (MWR) and SRAL, the first delay-Doppler instrument to provide global coverage. SRAL promises fine spatial resolution and reduced noise levels that should together lead to improved performance over all Earth surfaces. The Sentinel-3 Mission Performance Centre (S3MPC) has been developing the methodology to evaluate the accuracy of retrievals, monitor any changes and develop solutions to known problems. The S3MPC monitors internal temperatures, path delays and the shape of the generated pulses to assess the instruments health. The MWR records over known reference surfaces are compared with those from other spaceborne instruments. Over the ocean the SRAL's return pulses are analysed to give range to the sea surface, wave height and signal strength (which can be interpreted as wind speed). The metocean data are regularly contrasted with records from in situ measurements and the output from meteorological models, which rapidly highlights the effects of any changes in processing. Range information is used to give surface elevation, which is assessed in three ways. First, flights over a dedicated radar transponder provide an estimate of path delay to within ~10 mm (r.m.s.). Second, measurements are compared to GPS-levelled surfaces near Corsica and over Lake Issyk-kul. Third, there are consistency checks between ascending and descending passes and with other missions. Further waveform analysis techniques are being developed to improve the retrieval of information over sea-ice, land-ice and inland waters.
- Published
- 2017
26. Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2
- Author
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Malcolm McMillan, Aud Venke Sundal, Kate Briggs, Anna E. Hogg, Duncan J. Wingham, Andrew Shepherd, Alan Muir, and Andrew Ridout
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ice stream ,Antarctic ice sheet ,Glacier ,Future sea level ,Antarctic sea ice ,Geophysics ,Ice cap climate ,Climatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Cryosphere ,Ice sheet ,Geology - Abstract
We use 3 years of Cryosat-2 radar altimeter data to develop the first comprehensive assessment of Antarctic ice sheet elevation change. This new data set provides near-continuous (96%) coverage of the entire continent, extending to within 215 km of the South Pole and leading to a fivefold increase in the sampling of coastal regions where the vast majority of all ice losses occur. Between 2010 and 2013, West Antarctica, East Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changed in mass by −134 ± 27, −3 ± 36, and −23 ± 18 Gt yr−1, respectively. In West Antarctica, signals of imbalance are present in areas that were poorly surveyed by past missions, contributing additional losses that bring altimeter observations closer to estimates based on other geodetic techniques. However, the average rate of ice thinning in West Antarctica has also continued to rise, and mass losses from this sector are now 31% greater than over the period 2005–2010.
- Published
- 2014
27. A safety cultured tunnelling
- Author
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Wood, Alan Muir
- Subjects
Tunneling -- Safety and security measures ,Tunneling -- Methods ,Business ,Construction and materials industries - Published
- 2007
28. II. FUNDAMENTALS: UNDERNEATH AND BEHIND THE CITY
- Author
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WOOD, ALAN MUIR
- Published
- 1985
29. A Comparison of Recent Elevation Change Estimates of the Devon Ice Cap as Measured by the ICESat and EnviSAT Satellite Altimeters
- Author
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Duncan J. Wingham, E. J. Rinne, Andrew Shepherd, and Alan Muir
- Subjects
geography ,Observational error ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Correlation coefficient ,Glacier ,Geodesy ,law.invention ,Glaciology ,Arctic ,Radar altimeter ,law ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Satellite ,sense organs ,Altimeter ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Geology - Abstract
We have used surface elevation measurements acquired by the Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) and EnviSAT Radar Altimeter 2 (RA-2) satellite altimeters to assess the elevation change of the 13 700-km2 Devon Ice Cap (DIC) in Arctic Canada between 2002 and 2008. We present algorithms for the retrieval of elevation change rates over ice caps using data acquired from these satellites. A comparison of GLAS elevation data to those acquired by the RA-2 shows reasonable agreement between the two instruments; the root mean square elevation change difference was 56 cm, and the correlation coefficient between the two data sets was 0.68. Using only RA-2 elevation measurements, which are spatially and temporally more continuous, we determined the elevation change rate of the areas of the DIC where the surface geometry allows the RA-2 retracker to maintain lock. This includes most of the DIC, excluding large parts of the eastern half of the ice cap. The elevation change rate was found to be insignificant given a statistical estimate of the measurement error (-0.09 ± 0.29 m/a). We also present an assessment of the regional variations of the DIC elevation change, including a significant -0.71 ± 0.49 m/a elevation change rate of the 1980-km2 western arm. Furthermore, we present evidence of a localized 2-m drop in the surface elevation of the South Croker Bay Glacier during summer 2007. This drop is apparent within both satellite data sets, and we interpret this signal to reflect a sudden speedup of the glacier.
- Published
- 2011
30. Thomas Young and the Brunels: masters of masonry analysis
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
Reino unido ,Grande bretagne ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Art ,Masonry ,River thames ,Maidenhead Locator System ,Visual arts ,Performance art ,business ,Cartography ,Royaume uni ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,media_common - Abstract
Recent examples of inappropriate analysis of masonry structures, leading to their unnecessary designation as unsafe, suggest modern engineers could benefit from a wider appreciation of elementary principles. The 1820s procedure of Thomas Young – perhaps best remembered for his modulus of elasticity – is a good place to start. This paper sets out the principles of Young’s visionary approach and how it was adopted and developed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for his record-breaking Maidenhead Bridge over the River Thames in England. It also speculates how Brunel’s father Marc Isambard may have further developed the method for assessing his Thames Tunnel design.
- Published
- 2009
31. The glaciers climate change initiative: Methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products
- Author
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John Peter Merryman Boncori, Tom Van Niel, Seongsu Jeong, Frank Paul, Noel Gourmelen, Adrian Luckman, Jeffrey A. VanLooy, Killian Scharrer, Etienne Berthier, Tom Rune Lauknes, Geir Moholdt, Tazio Strozzi, Suzanne Bevan, Tobias Bolch, Francesca Ticconi, Melanie Rankl, Julia Neelmeijer, Thomas Nagler, Alan Muir, Christopher Nuth, Andrew Shepherd, Torborg Heid, Rakesh Bhambri, Andreas Kääb, Matthias Kunz, University of Zurich, and Paul, Frank
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,1903 Computers in Earth Sciences ,Elevation ,Soil Science ,Climate change ,Geology ,Terrain ,Glacier ,10122 Institute of Geography ,Range (statistics) ,Satellite ,Altimeter ,910 Geography & travel ,Computers in Earth Sciences ,Digital elevation model ,1111 Soil Science ,1907 Geology ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Glaciers and their changes through time are increasingly obtained from a wide range of satellite sensors. Due to the often remote location of glaciers in inaccessible and high-mountain terrain, satellite observations frequently provide the only available measurements. Furthermore, satellite data provide observations of glacier characteristics that are difficult to monitor using ground-based measurements, thus complementing the latter. In the Glaciers_cci project of the European Space Agency (ESA), three of these characteristics are investigated in detail: glacier area, elevation change and surface velocity. We use (a) data from optical sensors to derive glacier outlines, (b) digital elevation models from at least two points in time, (c) repeat altimetry for determining elevation changes, and (d) data from repeat optical and microwave sensors for calculating surface velocity. For the latter, the two sensor types provide complementary information in terms of spatio-temporal coverage. While (c) and (d) can be generated mostly automatically, (a) and (b) require the intervention of an analyst. Largely based on the results of various round robin experiments (multi-analyst benchmark studies) for each of the products, we suggest and describe the most suitable algorithms for product creation and provide recommendations concerning their practical implementation and the required post-processing. For some of the products (area, velocity) post-processing can influence product quality more than the main-processing algorithm.
- Published
- 2015
32. Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet
- Author
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Gareth J. Marshall, Andrew Shepherd, Duncan J. Wingham, and Alan Muir
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,General Mathematics ,Ice stream ,General Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Antarctic ice sheet ,Future sea level ,Antarctic sea ice ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Ice-sheet model ,Oceanography ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Sea ice ,Cryosphere ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise has long been uncertain. While regional variability in ice dynamics has been revealed, a picture of mass changes throughout the continental ice sheet is lacking. Here, we use satellite radar altimetry to measure the elevation change of 72% of the grounded ice sheet during the period 1992–2003. Depending on the density of the snow giving rise to the observed elevation fluctuations, the ice sheet mass trend falls in the range −5–+85 Gt yr −1 . We find that data from climate model reanalyses are not able to characterise the contemporary snowfall fluctuation with useful accuracy and our best estimate of the overall mass trend—growth of 27±29 Gt yr −1 —is based on an assessment of the expected snowfall variability. Mass gains from accumulating snow, particularly on the Antarctic Peninsula and within East Antarctica, exceed the ice dynamic mass loss from West Antarctica. The result exacerbates the difficulty of explaining twentieth century sea-level rise.
- Published
- 2006
33. Rapid discharge connects Antarctic subglacial lakes
- Author
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Duncan J. Wingham, Alan Muir, Andrew Shepherd, and Martin J. Siegert
- Subjects
geography ,Multidisciplinary ,Oceanography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Shelf ice ,Ice stream ,Lake Vostok ,Subglacial eruption ,Subglacial lake ,Antarctic ice sheet ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,Subglacial stream - Abstract
A hidden subglacial world consisting of more than 140 lakes lies beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. It is widely assumed that these lakes are a static ecosystem, cut off from each other and the rest of the world. Far from it, according to a 16-month study of surface elevation changes in the region. Changes indicating a rapid discharge of water from one lake to another were detected, and it is possible that the entire subglacial drainage basin is flushed through periodically by massive water transfers. Observation of surface elevation changes over 16 months in an area of the East Antarctic ice sheet overlying subglacial lakes suggests a rapid discharge of one lake to at least two other lakes, involving a water volume of 1.8 km3 — in conflict with previous expectations that subglacial lakes have long residence times and slow circulations. The existence of many subglacial lakes1 provides clear evidence for the widespread presence of water beneath the East Antarctic ice sheet, but the hydrology beneath this ice mass is poorly understood2. Such knowledge is critical to understanding ice flow, basal water transfer to the ice margin, glacial landform development and subglacial lake habitats. Here we present ice-sheet surface elevation changes in central East Antarctica that we interpret to represent rapid discharge from a subglacial lake. Our observations indicate that during a period of 16 months, 1.8 km3 of water was transferred over 290 km to at least two other subglacial lakes. While viscous deformation of the ice roof above may moderate discharge, the intrinsic instability of such a system3 suggests that discharge events are a common mode of basal drainage4. If large lakes, such as Lake Vostok or Lake Concordia1, are pressurizing, it is possible that substantial discharges could reach the coast5,6. Our observations conflict with expectations that subglacial lakes have long residence times and slow circulations2,7,8, and we suggest that entire subglacial drainage basins may be flushed periodically. The rapid transfer of water between lakes would result in large-scale solute and microbe relocation, and drainage system contamination from in situ exploration is, therefore, a distinct risk.
- Published
- 2006
34. ESA's Ice Sheets CCI: validation and inter-comparison of surface elevation changes derived from laser and radar altimetry over Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland – Round Robin results
- Author
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Andrew Shepherd, Marcel Kleinherenbrink, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, Roderik Lindenbergh, Nadege Pie, Alan Muir, Denis Felikson, Brian Gunter, Francesca Ticconi, Thomas Flament, René Forsberg, R. T. W. L. Hurkmans, Joanna Fredenslund Levinsen, Geir Moholdt, and K. Khvorostovsky
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Elevation ,Climate change ,Greenland ice sheet ,Laser ,law.invention ,law ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Altimeter ,Radar ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,Radar altimetry ,Remote sensing - Abstract
In order to increase the understanding of the changing climate, the European Space Agency has launched the Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI), a program which joins scientists and space agencies into 13 projects either affecting or affected by the concurrent changes. This work is part of the Ice Sheets CCI and four parameters are to be determined for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), each resulting in a dataset made available to the public: Surface Elevation Changes (SEC), surface velocities, grounding line locations, and calving front locations. All CCI projects have completed a so-called Round Robin exercise in which the scientific community was asked to provide their best estimate of the sought parameters as well as a feedback sheet describing their work. By inter-comparing and validating the results, obtained from research institutions world-wide, it is possible to develop the most optimal method for determining each parameter. This work describes the SEC Round Robin and the subsequent conclusions leading to the creation of a method for determining GrIS SEC values. The participants used either Envisat radar or ICESat laser altimetry over Jakobshavn Isbræ drainage basin, and the submissions led to inter-comparisons of radar vs. altimetry as well as cross-over vs. repeat-track analyses. Due to the high accuracy of the former and the high spatial resolution of the latter, a method, which combines the two techniques will provide the most accurate SEC estimates. The data supporting the final GrIS analysis stem from the radar altimeters on-board Envisat, ERS-1 and ERS-2. The accuracy of laser data exceeds that of radar altimetry; the Round Robin analysis has, however, proven the latter equally capable of dealing with surface topography thereby making such data applicable in SEC analyses extending all the way from the interior ice sheet to margin regions. This shows good potential for a~future inclusion of ESA CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3 radar data in the analysis, and thus for obtaining reliable SEC estimates throughout the entire GrIS.
- Published
- 2013
35. A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass balance
- Author
-
Duncan A. Young, Julien P. Nicolas, Natalia Galin, Martin Horwath, David H. Bromwich, Andrew Shepherd, Michiel R. van den Broeke, Valentina R. Barletta, Ian Joughin, Michael J. Bentley, John Wahr, Jeremie Mouginot, Duncan J. Wingham, Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg, Hamish D. Pritchard, Willem Jan van de Berg, Jilu Li, Antony J. Payne, Ted Scambos, Jan T. M. Lenaerts, René Forsberg, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, S. S. Jacobs, Pippa L. Whitehouse, Isabella Velicogna, Scott B. Luthcke, Ernst Schrama, Glenn A. Milne, Eric Rignot, Rakia Meister, Malcolm McMillan, Ben Smith, Donghui Yi, Alan Muir, Aud Venke Sundal, Helmut Rott, Srinivas Bettadpur, Erik R. Ivins, Kate Briggs, Bernd Scheuchl, John Paden, Geruo A, H. Jay Zwally, Jan H. van Angelen, David G. Vaughan, Adrian Luckman, and Matt A. King
- Subjects
geography ,Multidisciplinary ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Mass distribution ,Meteorology ,Climate Change ,Greenland ,Antarctic Regions ,Climate change ,Glacier ,Post-glacial rebound ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Snow ,Geodesy ,01 natural sciences ,Glacier mass balance ,13. Climate action ,Geographic Information Systems ,Ice Cover ,Gravimetry ,Ice sheet ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Warming and Melting Mass loss from the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica account for a large fraction of global sea-level rise. Part of this loss is because of the effects of warmer air temperatures, and another because of the rising ocean temperatures to which they are being exposed. Joughin et al. (p. 1172 ) review how ocean-ice interactions are impacting ice sheets and discuss the possible ways that exposure of floating ice shelves and grounded ice margins are subject to the influences of warming ocean currents. Estimates of the mass balance of the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have differed greatly—in some cases, not even agreeing about whether there is a net loss or a net gain—making it more difficult to project accurately future sea-level change. Shepherd et al. (p. 1183 ) combined data sets produced by satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry to construct a more robust ice-sheet mass balance for the period between 1992 and 2011. All major regions of the two ice sheets appear to be losing mass, except for East Antarctica. All told, mass loss from the polar ice sheets is contributing about 0.6 millimeters per year (roughly 20% of the total) to the current rate of global sea-level rise.
- Published
- 2012
36. Brown, William Christopher (1928–2005), civil engineer
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Published
- 2009
37. Abbeystead Outfall Works: Background to Repairs and Modifications ? and Lessons Learned
- Author
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Sir Alan Muir Wood, J. L. Beaver, R. J. Ireland, W. E. Orr, and D. P. Beagley
- Subjects
Reino unido ,Engineering ,Environmental Engineering ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Outfall ,Forensic engineering ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,business ,Pollution ,Royaume uni ,Loss of life ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
The explosion at the Abbeystead valve house in May 1984, with its attendant loss of life and injury, forcibly drew the attention of the public to the dangers of methane and other natural gases
- Published
- 1991
38. The channel tunnel—View of a teredo
- Author
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Sir Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
Scheme (programming language) ,Engineering ,Operations research ,business.industry ,Channel tunnel ,Building and Construction ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,business ,Telecommunications ,computer ,Communication channel ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
The author draws on more than 30 years of involvement in the Channel Tunnel project in recounting the history of the evolution of the Tunnel scheme and describing financial and managerial aspects of the present project. Based on his experience with and observations of the English Channel project as it has proceeded thus far, he identifies important considerations for the planning of future civil engineering “mega-projects.”
- Published
- 1991
39. INTRODUCTION
- Author
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Wood, Alan Muir, primary
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Brunel, Sir (Marc) Isambard (1769–1849), civil engineer
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Published
- 2004
41. Book Reviews: Self-confident engineer
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
Kingdom ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Law ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Knight ,Art history ,Redress ,Biography ,Sociology ,Temptation ,Adjudication ,media_common - Abstract
Adrian Vaughan, Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Engineering Knight Errant . John Murray, paperback, 1993, £12.99 (first published 1991). ISBN 0-7195-5282-6. The extensive Brunel archive, held mostly by the Institution of Civil Engineers in London and the University of Bristol, has provided so rich a mine of material that biographers have felt little need to seek other sources. Adrian Vaughan has set out to redress this condition; he tells us that he was provoked by a passage in the ‘standard biography’ by L.T.C. Rolt ( Isambard Kingdom Brunel , Penguin Books), ‘No strikes or labour disputes marred the building of the Great Western’ (railway), which he knew to be untrue. His book has therefore a somewhat wider aim than that to which it may be compared, Thomas Telford's Temptation by Charles Hadfield (Cleobury Mortimer 1993), largely concerned with adjudication on Telford v Jessop.
- Published
- 1994
42. 15 Concrete in tunnels
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Published
- 2001
43. Design of the tunnel project
- Author
-
Alan Muir Wood
- Published
- 2000
44. Design
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
Computer science ,Mechanical engineering ,Element (category theory) - Published
- 2000
45. Design of construction
- Author
-
Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,business ,Construction engineering ,Design technology - Published
- 2000
46. Background to modern tunnelling
- Author
-
Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
Physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Quantum tunnelling - Published
- 2000
47. Coda
- Author
-
Alan Muir Wood
- Subjects
medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Geology ,Seismology ,Collapse (medical) ,Coda - Published
- 2000
48. Studies and Investigations
- Author
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Alan Muir Wood
- Published
- 2000
49. Tunnelling
- Author
-
Alan Muir Wood
- Published
- 2000
50. Thomas Young and the Brunels: masters of masonry analysis
- Author
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Wood, Alan Muir, primary
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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