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For any simple connected graph G of order n, having eigen spectrum μ 1 ≥ μ 2 ≥ ⋯ ≥ μ n with middle eigenvalues μ H and μ L, where H = ⌊(n + 1)/2⌋ and L = ⌈(n + 1)/2⌉, the HOMO–LUMO gap is defined as as ΔG = μ H = μ L. In this article, a simple upper bound for the HOMO–LUMO gap corresponding to a special class of connected bipartite graphs is estimated. As an application, the upper bounds for the HOMO–LUMO gap of certain classes of nanotubes and nanotori are estimated. more...

This analysis aimed to explore the blood-based non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid flow in elliptical stenosed artery with single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoparticles. The Carreau fluid model is incorporated to assess the non-Newtonian rheology of blood-based nanofluid for mild stenosis. In particular, the carotid artery is responsible for delivering blood to the brain. If normal blood circulation is disrupted or in the case of severe stenosis, blockage of the carotid artery can lead to the development of brain disability or stroke, which in turn can lead to death. The idealized mathematical equation is transformed into a nondimensional form and solved analytically via the perturbation method through a novel polynomial technique. These analytical solutions are explored and explained graphically. The system's disorder and variability are assessed by completing an entropy production analysis. The disruption in blood flow due to the presence of nanoparticles causes uncertainty in the flow nature. This uncertainty is dealt with by fuzzy analysis of temperature distribution by accounting for the nanoparticle volume fractions as triangular fuzzy numbers. It is noticed that stenosis shapes and height greatly impact the flow characteristics. The nanoparticles' percentage in fluid affected the temperature profile. The non-Newtonian characteristics of blood are found to be more dominant along the minor axis, and an effectively higher disorder is produced in this direction. It is observed that the temperature of nanofluid emerged as a triangular fuzzy number of symmetric shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Integral inequalities with generalized convexity play a vital role in both theoretical and applied mathematics. The theory of integral inequalities is one of the branches of mathematics that is now developing at the quickest rate due to its wide range of applications. We define a new Hermite–Hadamard inequality for the novel class of coordinated ƛ-pre-invex fuzzy number-valued mappings (C-ƛ-pre-invex F N V M s) and examine the idea of C-ƛ-pre-invex F N V M s in this paper. Furthermore, using C-ƛ-pre-invex F N V M s, we construct several new integral inequalities for fuzzy double Riemann integrals. Several well-known results, as well as recently discovered results, are included in these findings as special circumstances. We think that the findings in this work are new and will help to stimulate more research in this area in the future. Additionally, unique choices lead to new outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

This research venture comprehends a theoretical examination of non‐Newtonian fluid flowing peristaltic via an elliptical channel. Furthermore, the Prandtl fluid method for this elliptic duct problem is thoroughly considered. This mathematical inquiry adopts a non‐Newtonian Prandtl fluid model. A polynomial methodology is used to analyze partial differential equations that appear in nondimensional form and deliver an exact analytical solution for the temperature and velocity profile. This study is the first to utilize a novel order polynomial of degree eight having eleven constants to precisely solve the temperature equation for Prandtl fluid flow via an elliptic domain. A comprehensive graphical analysis is also provided to understand the mathematical conclusions fully. The graphs of the velocity profiles clearly show that the non‐Newtonian effects are more potent along the minor axis of the elliptical duct. The streamlined graphs accentuating the trapping phenomenon show specific closed contours close to the boundary wall of the peristaltic duct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Data security is one of the biggest concerns in the modern world due to advancements in technology, and cryptography ensures that the privacy, integrity, and authenticity of such information are safeguarded in today's digitally connected world. In this article, we introduce a new technique for the construction of non-linear components in block ciphers. The proposed S-box generation process is a transformational procedure through which the elements of a finite field are mapped onto highly nonlinear permutations. This transformation is achieved through a series of algebraic and combinatorial operations. It involves group actions on some pairs of two Galois fields to create an initial S-box P r   S b o x , which induces a rich algebraic structure. The post S-box P o   S b o x , which is derived from heuristic group-based optimization, leads to high nonlinearity and other important cryptographic parameters. The proposed S-box demonstrates resilience against various attacks, making the system resistant to statistical vulnerabilities. The investigation reveals remarkable attributes, including a nonlinearity score of 112, an average Strict Avalanche Criterion score of 0.504, and LAP (Linear Approximation Probability) score of 0.062, surpassing well-established S-boxes that exhibit desired cryptographic properties. This novel methodology suggests an encouraging approach for enhancing the security framework of block ciphers. In addition, we also proposed a three-step image encryption technique comprising of Row Permutation, Bitwise XOR, and block-wise substitution using P o   S b o x . These operations contribute to adding more levels of randomness, which improves the dispersion across the cipher image and makes it equally intense. Therefore, we were able to establish that the approach works to mitigate against statistical and cryptanalytic attacks. The PSNR, UACI, MSE, NCC, AD, SC, MD, and NAE data comparisons with existing methods are also provided to prove the efficiency of the encryption algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper, we have introduced some viscosity-type inertial iterative methods for solving fixed point and variational inclusion problems in Hilbert spaces. Our methods calculated the viscosity approximation, fixed point iteration, and inertial extrapolation jointly in the starting of every iteration. Assuming some suitable assumptions, we demonstrated the strong convergence theorems without computing the resolvent of the associated monotone operators. We used some numerical examples to illustrate the efficiency of our iterative approaches and compared them with the related work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

However, long-term avoidance of animal foods can lead to inadequate intake of essential nutrients like iron and vitamin B-12, critical for maintaining blood health. Iron deficiency is a widespread nutritional problem, especially in vegetarian diets, due to the reduced bioavailability of non-heme iron in plant foods. This study aimed to provide a detailed comparison of anemia frequency and other hematological parameters between vegetarian and omnivorous diets, thereby offering insights into the nutritional adequacy and health outcomes of these dietary habits. Methods: The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, utilizing a prospective cohort from the UK Biobank. Participants aged 40-69 years were investigated for anemia prevalence in vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Data collection included informed consent procedures, a touchscreen questionnaire addressing sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, and a computer-assisted personal interview. Blood samples were collected for complete blood cell counts and hematological assays. Statistical analysis involved linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, menopausal status, and smoking status. Results: The study found that vegetarians and other low or non-meat eaters had slightly lower age-adjusted hemoglobin concentrations and were more likely to be anemic compared to regular meat eaters. However, a well-balanced vegetarian diet did not significantly differ in iron-deficiency anemia incidence compared to omnivores. The study also noted differences in white blood cell parameters and platelet characteristics between diet groups, suggesting potential differences in immune function. Conclusion: The research concluded that a well-planned vegetarian diet does not increase the risk of iron-deficiency anemia compared to omnivorous diets. The key is dietary quality and appropriate planning, ensuring sufficient iron intake to prevent deficiency and support overall health. The findings contribute to the discussion about the adequacy of vegetarian diets and their role in preventing chronic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The present manuscript is devoted to investigating some existence and uniqueness results on fixed points by employing generalized contractions in the context of metric space endued with a weak class of transitive relation. Our results improve, modify, enrich and unify several existing fixed point theorems, The results proved in this study are utilized to find a unique solution of certain fractional boundary value problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. The present study investigated the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and drug prescribing patterns in ACS patients at Riyadh hospitals in Saudi Arabia. This study was a 12-month prospective cross-sectional study that included 356 patients with ACS. The current study showed that younger male (67.42%) and urban (75.84%) patients suffered more from ACS. Moreover, most patients with NSTEMI (51.69%) experienced Grade 1 dyspnea (33.43%) and NYHA Stage 2 (29.80%); however, STEMI patients were at greater mortality risk. The HRQOL questionnaire showed that ACS patients were significantly impaired in all QOL domains (emotional [23.0%, p = 0.001], physical [24.4%, p = 0.003], and social [27.2%, p = 0.002]). Furthermore, the most commonly prescribed medications were statins (93%), antiplatelets (84%), anticoagulants (79%), coronary vasodilators (65%), and beta-blockers (63%). Additionally, 64% of patients received PCIs or CABGs, with the majority of cases receiving PCIs (49%), whereas 9% received dual anticoagulant therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to educate healthcare teams about the relevance of QOL in ACS control and prevention and the new ACS management recommendations. ACS is also growing among younger people, requiring greater attention and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

In this paper, we study an abstract system of fractional delay differential equations of order [Math Processing Error] 1 < q < 2 with a hemivariational inequality in Banach spaces. To establish the existence of a solution to the abstract inequality, we employ the Rothe technique in conjunction with the surjectivity of multivalued pseudomonotone operators and features of the Clarke generalized gradient. Further, to show the existence of the fractional differential equation, we use the fractional cosine family and fixed point theorem. Finally, we include an example to elaborate the effectiveness of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Gentamicin causes kidney injury due to its accumulation in proximal tubule epithelial cells via the megalin/cubilin/CLC-5 complex. Recently, shikonin has been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and chloride channel-inhibiting effects. The current study investigated the alleviation of gentamicin-induced renal injury by shikonin while preserving its bactericidal effect. Nine-week-old Wistar rats were administered 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg/day shikonin orally, one hour after the i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg/day gentamicin for seven days. Shikonin significantly and dose-dependently alleviated gentamicin-induced renal injury, as revealed by restoring normal kidney function and histological architecture. Furthermore, shikonin restored renal endocytic function, as indicated by suppressing the elevated renal megalin, cubilin, and CLC-5 and enhancing the reduced NHE3 levels and mRNA expressions induced by gentamicin. These potentials could be attributed to the modulation of the renal SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR-4/NF-κB/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt cascades, which enhanced the renal antioxidant system and suppressed renal inflammation and apoptosis, as indicated by enhancements of SIRT1, Nrf2, HO-1, GSH, SOD, TAC, Iκb-α, Bcl-2, PI3K, and Akt levels and mRNA expressions, with reduction of TLR-4, NF-κB, MAPK, IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, iNOS, NO, cytochrome c, caspase-3, Bax levels, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Therefore, shikonin is a promising therapeutic agent for alleviating gentamicin-induced renal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Ensuring security for lightweight cryptosystems in mobile cloud computing is challenging. Encryption speed and battery consumption must be maintained while securing mobile devices, the server, and the communication channel. This study proposes a lightweight security protocol called FEATHER which implements MICKEY 2.0 to generate keystream in the cloud server and to perform mobile device decryption and encryption. FEATHER can be used to implement secure parameters and lightweight mechanisms for communication among mobile devices and between them and a cloud server. FEATHER is faster than the existing CLOAK protocol and consumes less battery power. FEATHER also allows more mobile devices to communicate at the same time during very short time periods, maintain security for more applications with minimum computation ability. FEATHER meets mobile cloud computing requirements of speed, identity, and confidentiality assurances, compatibility with mobile devices, and effective communication between cloud servers and mobile devices using an unsafe communication channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

The Shrinking Generator (SG) is a popular synchronous, lightweight stream cipher that uses minimal computing power. However, its strengths and weaknesses have not been studied in detail. This paper proposes a statistical testing framework to assess attacks on the SG. The framework consists of a d-monomial test that is adapted to SG by applying the algebraic normal form (ANF) representation of Boolean functions, a test that uses the maximal degree monomial test to determine whether the ANF follows the proper mixing of bit values, and a proposed unique window size (UWS) scheme to test the randomness properties of the keystream. The proposed framework shows significant weaknesses in the SG output in terms of dependence between the controlling linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) and non-linearity of the resulting keystream. The maximal degree monomial test provides a better understanding of the optimal points of SG, demonstrating when it is at its best and worst according to the first couple of results. This paper uses UWS to illustrate the effect of the LFSR choice on possibly distinguishing attacks on the SG. The results confirm that the proposed UWS scheme is a viable measure of the cryptographic strength of a stream cipher. Due to the importance of predictability and effective tools, we used neural network models to simulate the input data for the pseudo-random binary sequences. Through the calculation of UWS, we obtained solid results for the predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...