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Peer victimisation has been associated with depressive symptoms during adolescence, however not all peer victimised adolescents will exhibit such symptoms. This study tested whether having a genetic predisposition to developing depression increased the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms in peer victimised youth. To date, no study has explored such gene-environment interaction using a polygenic risk score for depression (PRS-depression) in the context of peer victimisation and depressive symptoms in adolescence.The sample included 748 participants born in 1997/98 from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development with genotype data and prospectively collected information on peer victimisation (12-13 years) obtained from both self- and teacher-reports, as well as self-reported depressive symptoms (15-17 years). The PRS-depression was based on the genome-wide association meta-analysis of broad depression by Howard et al. (2019).Self- and teacher-reported peer victimisation in early adolescence were both associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence (β = 0.34, p .001; β = 0.14, p = .001 respectively), and this association remained significant when accounting for PRS-depression (β = 0.33, p .001; β = 0.13, p = .002 respectively). PRS-depression was independently associated with depressive symptoms, but there was no significant PRS-depression by peer victimisation interaction (self-reported and teacher-reported). PRS-depression was correlated with self-reported, but not teacher-reported, peer victimisation.Our findings suggested that a partial measure of an individual's genetic predisposition to depression, as measured by PRS-depression, and being exposed to peer victimisation (self- and teacher-reported) were independently associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence. Furthermore, PRS-depression did not exacerbate the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents who had been peer victimised. Lastly, we found evidence of a gene-environment correlation between PRS-depression and self-reported peer victimisation. Future studies are needed to replicate this finding and to further understand the role of genetic predispositions in experiencing depressive symptoms following peer victimisation.

Background Bullying victimisation has been associated with increased risk of suicide ideation and attempt throughout the lifespan, but no study has yet examined whether it translates to a greater risk of death by suicide. We aimed to determine the association of bullying victimisation with suicide mortality. Methods Participants were drawn from the 1958 British birth cohort, a prospective follow-up of all births in 1 week in Britain in 1958. We conducted logistic regressions on 14 946 participants whose mothers reported bullying victimisation at 7 and 11 years with linked information on suicide deaths through the National Health Service Central Register. Results Fifty-five participants (48 males) had died by suicide between the age 18 and 52 years. Bullying victimisation was associated with suicide mortality; a one standard deviation increases in bullying victimisation linked to an increased odds for suicide mortality [odds ratio (OR) 1.29; 1.02–1.64] during adulthood. The OR attenuated by 11% after adjustment for individual (e.g. behavioural and emotional problems) and familial characteristics (e.g. adverse childhood experiences, 1.18; 0.92–1.51). Analysis of bullying victimisation frequency categories yields similar results: compared with individuals who had not been bullied, those who had been frequently bullied had an increased odds for suicide mortality (OR 1.89; 0.99–3.62). Conclusion Our study suggests that individuals who have been frequently bullied have a small increased risk of dying by suicide, when no other risk factors is considered. Suicide prevention might start in childhood, with bullying included in a range of inter-correlated vulnerabilities encompassing behavioural and emotional difficulties and adverse experiences within the family.

BackgroundSuicide is a leading cause of mortality in youth, yet the course of suicide attempts is poorly documented. We explored the vulnerable transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood to identify group trajectories and risk factors.MethodsThe National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth is a prospective representative cohort of Canadian children. We followed participants aged 7–11 years in 1994–95 to age 23 (2008–09). We modelled self-reported past-year suicide attempts (ages 12 to 23 years) using growth mixture models. We analysed risk factors from self- and parent-report questionnaires at pre-adolescence (ages 10–11) and early adolescence (ages 12–13) using multinomial logistic regressions. Analyses were adjusted for sample non-response and attrition.ResultsIn 2233 participants answering questions on teen and adult suicide attempts, we identified three trajectories: never attempted (96.0%), adolescence-limited (2.0%) and persisting into adulthood (2.0%). Adolescent girls aged 12–13 with depression/anxiety symptoms, and with mothers experiencing depression had higher risks of adolescence-limited than never-attempted [relative risk RR 9.27 (95% confidence interval: 1.73–49.82); 2.03 (1.02–3.32), for each standard deviation increase; 1.07 (1.00–1.15); respectively]. Preteen ADHD symptoms increased the risk of attempts persisting into adulthood as compared to never-attempted [RR 2.05 (1.29–3.28) for each standard deviation increase]. Suicide death of schoolmate/acquaintance increased risks of an adulthood trajectory as compared to never-attempted and adolescence-limited [RR 8.41 (3.04–23.27) and 6.63 (1.29–34.06), respectively].ConclusionIn half the participants attempting suicide, attempts continued into adulthood. We stress the need for preventive strategies in early adolescence and differential clinical/educational interventions as identified for each trajectory.

Upon infection, the phenoloxidase system in arthropods is rapidly mobilized and constitutes a major defense system against invaders. The activation of the key enzymes prophenoloxidase (PPO) and their action in immunity through melanization and encapsulation of foreign bodies in hemolymph has been described in many insects. On the other hand, little is known about PPOs involvement in other essential functions related to insect development. In this paper, we investigated the function of the two PPOs of the crop pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (PPO1 and PPO2). We show that PPOs are mainly expressed in hemocytes with the PPO2 expressed at higher levels than the PPO1. In addition, these two genes are expressed in the same tissue and at the same stages of insect development. Through the generation of loss-of-function mutants by CRISPR/Cas9 method, we show that the presence of PPOs is essential for the normal development of the pupa and the survival of the insect.

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Maternal depressive symptoms are a robust risk factor for poor cognitive outcomes in children, yet the role of gene-environment interplay in this association is not well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate gene-environment interaction in the association between maternal depressive symptoms and children's cognitive school readiness. Data come from a population-based birth cohort of 538 twin pairs. Maternal depressive symptoms were self-reported (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) when children were aged 6 and 18 months (a mean score was used). Children's cognitive school readiness was assessed using the Lollipop Test when children were aged 5 years. Analyses were conducted with structural equation modeling. Maternal depressive symptoms were correlated with children's cognitive school readiness (r = -0.10). Shared environmental factors explained most of the variance in children's cognitive school readiness (52%). The remaining variance was accounted for by genetic (30%) and nonshared environmental factors (18%). As the level of maternal depressive symptoms increased, the relative contribution of nonshared environmental factors to the variance in children's cognitive school readiness increased (0.14 [95% CI: 0.04 to 0.24]), whereas the relative contribution of genetic factors decreased (-0.28 [-0.64 to 0.08]). In contexts of elevated maternal depressive symptoms, environmental - and potentially modifiable - factors may be especially important for shaping children's cognitive outcomes. This suggests that interventions to improve the early childhood environment of children exposed to maternal depressive symptoms may improve their cognitive outcomes.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the meal context and the food offering in Quebec public nursing homes for non-autonomous seniors, particularly with respect to first-generation immigrants. Design/methodology/approach A focused ethnography approach was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three distinct groups: non-Quebec-born residents (n=26), their families (n=24) and frontline care staff (n=51). Structured non-participative observations were made in facilities. Findings First-generation immigrants, however, long ago they arrived in Quebec, adapted with difficulty and often not at all to the food offering. Resident’s appetite for food offer was a problem for reasons related primarily to food quality, mealtime schedules, medication intake, physical and mental condition, and adaptation to institutional life. Family/friends often brought in food. Care staff tasks were becoming increasingly tedious and routinized, impacting quality of care. Practical implications Institutions should render procedures and processes more flexible and adapt their food offering to the growing diversity of their client groups. For residents, the meal experience is profoundly transformed in nursing homes in terms of form, conditions, rituals and meaning. A better understanding of lived situations shaped by a more refined cultural sensitivity would go a long way toward achieving a better quality of life not only for residents but also for their families and friends. Care aides, on whose shoulders rests the responsibility of ensuring that meals are safe and pleasant moments for socializing and maintaining social dispositions, are ambivalent about their work. Originality/value The paper is based on an original study. To the authors’ knowledge, the literature on the meal context and food offering in Quebec public nursing homes, regardless of population type, was non-existent. Analyzing and interpreting the results by crossing the discourses of immigrant residents, their family and friends, and frontline care staff made it possible to reveal different aspects of the phenomenon, which, if considered together, shed light on the meal context in public nursing homes.

The \(\mathbf{S} \)uperfluid \(\mathbf{H} \)igh \(\mathbf{RE} \)ynolds von \(\mathbf{K} \)arman experiment (SHREK) has been designed to study the fundamental characteristics of turbulence at very high Reynolds number flows using a medium of normal helium (HeI) or superfluid helium (HeII). The velocity fluctuations were measured by the technique of hot-wire anemometry in classical liquid helium at T = 2.2K and P = 3bar. The dimensionless dissipated power per unit mass estimated from the hot-wire measurements has found to reach an asymptotic value with respect to Reynolds number for each of the configuration of von Karman flow. The turbulence cascade is one of the non-equilibrium thermodynamic process, which can be expressed by solving the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) using the experimental hot-wire data. Using the solution of FPE in terms of drift and diffusion coefficient, the total entropy change \(\Delta S_{tot}\) is estimated from the system entropy change \(\Delta S_{sys}\) and the medium entropy change \(\Delta S_{med}\) for each of the turbulence cascade trajectory starting from integral length scale L down to Taylor microscale \(\lambda \). The validity of the integral fluctuation theorem is proved. Experimentally, the validity of the increase of entropy principle is addressed for the SHREK experimental data with respect to \(Re_{\lambda }\) up to \(\mathcal {O}(10^{4})\).

Ultrahigh intensity lasers face thermal management issues that limit their repetition rates. The key challenge is to efficiently evacuate the heat deposited in the amplifier by the optical pumping without impacting the output laser beam quality. The amplifier can have a multislab geometry where the laser beam crosses successive amplifying slabs and the cooling channels that separate them. This work investigates numerically how a cryogenic cooling of the amplifier by turbulent channel flows may affect the wavefront of the laser beam. To this end, large eddy simulations (LESs) representative of the amplifier cooling are performed using TrioCFD, a code developed by the CEA. First, validation simulations are carried out for heated channel flows, allowing comparisons to direct numerical simulation (DNS) results from the literature. Then, LESs of an open turbulent channel flow cooling two slabs are conducted using conjugated heat transfer between the solid and the fluid. The phase distortions, mean and fluctuations, induced by the inhomogeneous and turbulent temperature field are computed directly from the LES. A moderate although non-negligible effect of the turbulence on the laser wavefront was found. This optical effect increases when the slab heating increases. A comparison to the Sutton model, widely used in aero-optic studies, was performed, and its applicability was found limited for this problem. For the first time, TrioCFD is used to address the question of the beam impact of the cooling of laser amplifiers, and it has proven to be a valuable tool for such application.

Alors que nous avons la certitude désormais que continuer le programme civilisationnel de la croissance n’est plus possible, pourquoi nous est-il en même temps impossible de ne pas le poursuivre ? La théorie de l’accélération nous aide à le comprendre. Si seule une catastrophe peut conduire à l’arrêt du « camion fou » de la croissance illimitée, alors la catastrophe de la COVID-19 pourrait être le « miracle » qui, en générant la possibilité de ce qui était impossible, ouvrirait une voie vers une « réinvention de la société » et un « changement de paradigme sociétal ». En prenant la mesure de tout ce qui, dans cet épisode de la COVID-19, pourrait, au contraire, renforcer le programme visant à nous rendre le monde entièrement « disponible », nous examinons en quoi ce moment particulier peut prendre valeur d’avertissement par rapport à une catastrophe écologique prévisible, appliquant ensuite la réflexion au domaine du tourisme. Enfin, il s’agit d’esquisser les changements institutionnels, les « gestes-barrières », mais aussi les « gestes-passerelles » qui permettraient une transformation du tourisme afin qu’il devienne vraiment compatible avec la durabilité., Whereas we do know with certainty that continuing the civilizational program of growth is no longer possible, why is it impossible at the same time not to keep on with it? The acceleration theory helps us understand this gridlock. If only a catastrophe can manage to stop the “careering juggernaut” of unlimited growth, then the COVID-19 disaster could be the “miracle” which, by rendering possible what was unthinkable, would open a way toward a reinvention of society, toward a societal paradigm shift. By taking the measure of everything in this episode of COVID-19 that, on the contrary, would help to strengthen the program of making the world fully “available,” we examine how this particular time can serve as a warning to a foreseeable ecological disaster, and then apply it to the tourism sector. Finally, we outline the institutional changes, the “barrier gestures,” but also the “bridge gestures” which would allow a transformation of tourism in order to make it truly compatible with sustainability.

The French collaborative Trio4CLF project aims to understand and control the cryogenic cooling of amplifiers for high power (~1 PetaWatt) and high repetition rate (1-10 Hertz) lasers. In such amplifiers, the fluid evacuates the thermal power absorbed by the solid amplifying plates. A precise knowledge of the heat exchange and thus of the turbulent fluid flow in the amplifier is requested to evaluate its impact on the laser beam quality. As a first step, a Large Eddy Simulation is carried out in air without heating to study the development of the turbulent flow. The CFD code used is TrioCFD, a code developed by the CEA. For validation purpose, the simulation is carried out in the experimental setup configuration: a closed-loop wind tunnel called TRANSAT. Two horizontal plates, separated by 0.05 m, are put in the airflow to represent the amplifier plates. Turbulent boundary layers develop from the plates edges. Numerically, the entrance flow is a homogeneous planar flow with a constant velocity at 10 m/s. The results of this Large Eddy Simulation are presented in this paper as a study of the development of the turbulent boundary layers created by the plates., Le projet collaboratif français Trio4CLF a pour objectif de comprendre et de maitriser le refroidissement cryogénique d'amplificateurs de lasers à haute puissance (~1 PétaWatt) et à haut taux de répétition (1-10 Hertz). Dans de tels amplificateurs, le fluide évacue la puissance thermique déposée dans les plaques amplificatrices solides. Une connaissance fine de l'échange de chaleur et donc de l'écoulement turbulent est nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact du refroidissement sur la qualité du faisceau laser. Dans un premier temps, une Simulation des Grandes Échelles est conduite en air et sans chauffage afin d'étudier le développement de l'écoulement turbulent. Le code de CFD utilisé est TrioCFD, un code développé par le CEA. À des fins de validation, la simulation est menée dans la configuration de l'installation expérimentale : une soufflerie à boucle fermée appelée TRANSAT. Deux plaques séparées de 0,05 m sont placées horizontalement dans l'écoulement d'air de façon à représenter les plaques amplificatrices. Des couches limites turbulentes se développent à partir du bord d'attaque des plaques. Numériquement, l'écoulement d'entrée est un écoulement homogène plan de vitesse constante 10 m/s. Les résultats de cette Simulation des Grandes Échelles sont présentés ici sous la forme de l'étude du développement des couches limites turbulentes créées par les plaques.

The French collaborative Trio4CLF project aims to understand and control the cryogenic cooling of amplifiers for high power (~1 PetaWatt) and high repetition rate (1-10 Hertz) lasers. In such amplifiers, the fluid (low temperature gaseous helium) evacuates the thermal power absorbed by the solid amplifying plates. A precise knowledge of the heat exchange and of the turbulent fluid flow in the amplifier is requested to evaluate its impact on the laser beam quality. Large Eddy Simulations representative of the amplifier cooling are performed using TrioCFD, a code developed by the CEA. First, validation simulations are carried out for heated periodic channel flows, allowing comparisons with Direct Numerical Simulation results from the literature. They are conducted using conjugate heat transfer calculation between the fluid and the solid. The channel flow is turbulent, with a bulk Reynolds number (based and the bulk velocity and the total height of the channel) of about 14000. Large Eddy Simulation of a heated open turbulent cryogenic helium flow with developing thermal boundary layers is then presented., The 14th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics (HEFAT), Jul 2019, Wicklow, Ireland

Spodoptera frugiperda est un insecte ravageur de culture polyphage qui créé d’importants dégâts sur le continent américain. Depuis quelques années, elle est devenue invasive en Afrique et en Asie et pourrait bientôt atteindre l’Europe. Pour mieux contrôler ce ravageur, de nouveaux moyens de lutte doivent être proposés aux agriculteurs. L’UMR DGIMI étudie les mécanismes d’interactions entre cette noctuelle, son cortège de pathogènes/parasites et sa plante hôte. Nous essayons notamment d’identifier des facteurs clefs impliqués dans les défenses immunitaires des insectes ou dans leur adaptation à la plante. Le RNAi n’étant pas fonctionnel chez les lépidoptères, nous ne disposions pas jusqu’alors d’outils de validation fonctionnelle de gènes in vivo chez Spodoptera frugiperda. Dans ce poster, nous vous présentons la mise en place de l’outil d’édition de génome CRISPR/Cas9 chez Spodoptera frugiperda. Nous avons généré deux lignées d’insectes portant chacune une mutation perte-de-fonction dans l’un des deux gènes pro-phénoloxidase (Sf-PPO1 et Sf-PPO2). L’activité de l’enzyme active issue du clivage de PPO, la phénoloxidase, est fortement diminuée dans l’hémolymphe des deux lignées mutantes comparée à celle observée dans l’hémolymphe de larves sauvages. L’outil « CRISPR/Cas9 » est donc fonctionnel chez Spodoptera frugiperda et les deux lignées obtenues vont maintenant nous permettre de mieux caractériser le rôle de chacune des PPO dans l’interaction de cet insecte avec les différents pathogènes étudiés au sein de l’unité DGIMI.

L’article se divise en deux sections complémentaires. La première présente le phénomène d’attachement des immigrants de première génération à leurs modèles alimentaires et culinaires prémigratoires en insistant sur le fait que permanence et rupture sont des logiques concomitantes dans un processus de transformation des pratiques. L’article met en lumière le fait que les immigrants, dans leurs pratiques pour (re)construire un chez-soi prolongeant l’espace privé, participent à la structuration de l’espace des quartiers dans lesquels ils habitent. Ils contribuent ainsi à (se) fabriquer un « art de vivre » qui passe, entre autres, par des sensations et des émotions produites par les nourritures et qui, plus largement, crée un espace social alimentaire transculturel. La seconde partie, conçue comme une exemplification de type ethnographique, présente sous forme de vignettes trois commerces d’alimentation destinés entre autres à des clientèles issues de l’immigration, situés dans deux quartiers montréalais où se concentrent ces populations. L’analyse montre qu’ici aussi, la logique de la transculturalité vient nuancer les anciens modèles d’intégration des minorités à la majorité., The article is divided into two sections: the first part examines how first-generation immigrants are reluctant to break away from pre-migratory culinary and dietary traditions. The seemingly contradictory binary of stability and disruption is in fact less antagonistic than it seems: both are essential to transformation. The article exemplifies how in seeking to (re)create a sense home, immigrants contribute to the restructuring of public neighbourhoods. In so doing, they are effectively creating a multisensory experience that travels through food. The result is a transcultural and transculinary social space. The second part of the article uses ethnographic scaffolding to present three food markets intended for migrant clienteles and that are located in two Montreal neighbourhoods where migrant populations are predominant. The analysis confirms that transculturalism is also at play here and that older or more traditional understandings of integration are, in turn, nuanced.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate how peer alcohol use moderates genetic and environmental influences on three different developmental trajectories of alcohol use during adolescence: low (continuously low levels of use), early-onset fast-escalating (initiated use early, the level of use increased quickly), and normative increasing (started at a low level and increased steadily) using biometric modeling. Methods Data were from a longitudinal study on a sample of population-based adolescent twins (N = 842, 52.7% female, 84% European Caucasian). Adolescents self-reported past-year alcohol use at age 13, 14, 15, and 17 years. Adolescents' nominated friends reported their own past-year alcohol use at age 13, 15, and 17 years. Results Genetic and environmental influences on adolescents' alcohol use trajectories were differentially moderated by friends' alcohol use in different trajectories. Gene-environment interaction was implicated in the low and early-onset trajectories, such that genetic contributions were amplified when friends used more alcohol. Environment-environment interaction was involved in the normative increasing and early-onset trajectories, such that person-specific environmental contributions were amplified when friends' alcohol use increased. Conclusions Adolescent alcohol use remains a major public health issue, with peer alcohol use being a major risk factor. These findings suggest that close supervision to reduce deviant peer affiliation as well as preventions targeting peer group norms of alcohol use might be especially beneficial for adolescents following the normative increasing and early-onset trajectories.

Introduction By and large, studies have reported moderate contributions of genetic factors to cortisol secreted in the early morning and even smaller estimates later in the day. In contrast, the cortisol awakening response (CAR) has shown much stronger heritability estimates, which prompted the hypothesis that the etiology of cortisol secretion may vary according to the time of day. A direct test of this possibility has, however, not yet been performed. Objective To describe the specific and common etiology of the CAR, awakening level and cortisol change from morning to evening in an age-homogenous sample of twin adolescents. Methods A total of 592 participants of the Quebec Newborn Twin Study, a population-based 1995–1998 cohort of families with twins in Canada, have collected saliva at awakening, 30 min later, at the end of afternoon and in the evening over four collection days. Results Multivariate Cholesky models showed both specific and common sources of variance between the CAR, awakening and cortisol diurnal change. The CAR had the strongest heritability estimates, which, for the most part, did not overlap with the other indicators. Conversely, similar magnitudes of genetic and environmental contributions were detected at awakening and for diurnal change, which partially overlapped. Conclusion Our study unraveled differences between the latent etiologies of the CAR and the rest of the diurnal cycle, which may contribute to identify regulatory genes and environments and detangle how these indicators each relate to physical and mental health.

Exposure to deviant friends has been found to be a powerful source of influence on children’s and adolescents’ aggressive behavior. However, the contribution of deviant friends may have been overestimated because of a possible non-accounted gene-environment correlation (rGE). In this study, we used a cross-lagged design to test whether friends’ physical aggression at age 10 predicts an increase in participants’ physical aggression from age 10 to age 13 years. Participants were 201 pairs of monozygotic twins who are part of the Quebec Longitudinal Twin Study. We performed two sets of analyses. In the first set of analyses, using twins as singletons, we found that teacher-rated friends’ physical aggression predicted an increase in each twin’s self-reported physical aggression from age 10 to age 13, above and beyond auto-regressive and concurrent links. Second, we used within-pair differences in regard to friends’ physical aggression to predict an increase in within-pair differences in physical aggression, thus accounting for family-wide influences, including a likely rGE at age 10. No significant association was found, however. These results suggest that part of the influence attributed to friends in past studies may have been due to common underlying genetic effects on both physical aggression and association with physically aggressive friends.

TheSteinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophilaassociation is a nematobacterial complex (NBC) used in biological control of insect crop pests. The ability of this dual pathogen to infest and kill an insect strongly depends on the dialogue between the host’s immune system and each partner of the complex. Even though this dialogue has been extensively studied from the two partners’ points of view in several insect models, still little is known about the structure and the molecular aspects of the insects’ immune response to the dual infection. Here, we used the lepidopteran pestSpodoptera frugiperdaas a model to analyze the respective impact of each NBC partner in the spatiotemporal immune responses that are induced after infestation. To this aim, we first analyzed the expression variations of the insect’s immune genes in the fat bodies and hemocytes of infested larvae by using previously obtained RNAseq data. We then selected representative immune genes for RT-qPCR investigations of the temporal variations of their expressions after infestation and of their induction levels after independent injections of each partner. We found that the fat body and the hemocytes both produce potent and stable immune responses to the infestation by the NBC, which correspond to combinations of bacterium- and nematode-induced ones. Consistent with the nature of each pathogen, we showed thatX. nematophilamainly induces genes classically involved in antibacterial responses, whereasS. carpocapsaeis responsible for the induction of lectins and of genes expected to be involved in melanization and cellular encapsulation. In addition, we found that two clusters of unknown genes dramatically induced by the NBC also present partner-specific induction profiles, which paves the way for their functional characterization. Finally, we discuss putative relationships between the variations of the expression of some immune genes and the NBC’s immunosuppressive strategies.Author summaryEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are living in the soil and prey upon insect larvae. They enter the insect by the natural orifices, and reach the hemocoel through the intestinal epithelium. There, they release their symbiotic bacteria that will develop within the insect and eventually kill it. Nematodes can then feed and reproduce on the insect cadaver. By using transcriptomic approaches, we previously showed that Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillars of the fall armywormSpodoptera frugiperda) produce a strong immune response in reaction to infestation by EPNs. However, we do not know if this immune reaction is triggered by the nematode itself -Steinernema carpacapsae- or its symbiotic bacteria -Xenorhabdus nematophila. To answer this question, we present in this work a careful annotation of immunity genes inS. frugiperdaand surveyed their activation by quantitative PCR in reaction to an injection of the bacteria alone, the axenic nematode or the associated complex. We found that the immune genes are selectively activated by either the bacteria or the nematode and we discuss the implication of which pathway are involved in the defense against various pathogens. We also show that a cluster of newly discovered genes, present only in Lepidoptera, is activated by the nematode only and could represent nematicide genes.

Gambling participation and low academic performance are related during adolescence, but the causal mechanisms underlying this link are unclear. It is possible that gambling participation impairs academic performance. Alternatively, the link between gambling participation and low academic performance could be explained by common underlying risk factors such as impulsivity and socio-family adversity. It could also be explained by other current correlated problem behaviors such as substance use. The goal of the present study was to examine whether concurrent and longitudinal links between gambling participation and low academic performance exist from age 14 to age 17 years, net of common antecedent factors and current substance use. A convenience sample of 766 adolescents (50.6% males) from a longitudinal twin sample participated in the study. Analyses revealed significant, albeit modest, concurrent links at both ages between gambling participation and academic performance. There was also a longitudinal link between gambling participation at age 14 and academic performance at age 17, which persisted after controlling for age 12 impulsivity and socio-family adversity as well as current substance use. Gambling participation predicts a decrease in academic performance during adolescence, net of concurrent and antecedent personal and familial risk factors.

A fundamental study of normal helium turbulence (He- I ) in von K\(\acute{a}\)rm\(\acute{a}\)n swirling flow generated with the help of one and only unique size facility called \(\mathbf {S}\)uperfluid \(\mathbf {H}\)igh \(\mathbf {RE}\)ynolds von \(\mathbf {K}\acute{a}\)rm\(\acute{a}\)n experiment (SHREK) available at CEA-Grenoble is presented here. This study comprises of measurements of instantaneous velocity using the hot wire anemometry technique for three different configurations of the flow such as co-rotation, clockwise counter rotation (hereafter called contra rotation) and counter-clockwise counter rotation (hereafter called anti-contra rotation). The maximum Taylor’s Reynolds Number, \(Re_{\lambda }\) for these measurements found to be up to 10000. A discussion on the aspect of intermittency is presented for the largest dataset available with the samples \(\mathcal {O}(10^{9})\). The probability density functions (PDF’s) of the velocity increments are discussed with its skewness and flatness along with the exponents of structure function up to certain order. These effects of various quantities of turbulence such as scales of turbulence, dissipation and \(Re_{\lambda }\) with respect to applied forcing is discussed. The scalings laws already established for classical turbulence are explored based on the present experimental data in cryogenic turbulence.

Due to its very low viscosity, cryogenic helium has been used for years to generate high Reynolds turbulent flows. The measurement of velocity fluctuations in such high Reynolds flows is however a challenging issue, as it is necessary to develop small size (typically micron-length), robust sensors, to measure the whole spectrum of fluctuations of the velocity, which may extend to hundreds of kHz and possibly higher. SBT has developed for years different facilities, in particular taking benefit of the refrigeration capacities available at CEA Grenoble. In this article we present the current status of developments of hot wire sensors at CEA. Different characterizations of Wollaston hot wires are shown, and measurements of velocity fluctuations in different conditions, in normal helium as well as in superfluid helium are shown., Comment: Proceedings of ICEC 27 - ICMC 2018, Oxford, England, September 3-7, 2018(submitted)

The reliquary of Saint Césaire of Arles (1429). The unpublished reliquary originating from a private collection, acquired in 1998 by the museum of sacred art of the Gard at Pont-Saint-Esprit, should be put in the context of a document published by Louis Stouff in relation to the fortuitous discovery of relics in the base of the altar of the chapel of Saint-Césaire-le-Vieux in the necropolis of the Alyscamps at Arles. In 1428, Dominique de Germayo, the hermit who served there, undertook work to restore the interior, on the advice of a benevolent voice that he heard in his sleep. He wanted to attract pilgrims and put an end to his financial troubles. In the base of the altar, he found a casket containing relics which he vainly tried to hide. The nuns of the abbey of Saint-Césaire retrieved it. In the course of an enquiry, and a rapid but detailed procedure, Foulque de Chonas, the presiding officer of the ecclesiastical court at Arles, authenticated its contents and permitted its veneration. To this end, in 1429 the nuns created a reliquary. They grouped together the scattered relics in their large convent. They all, whether bearing distinguishing marks or not, real or representative, belong to the beginning of Christianity and are celebrated, the pride of Arlesians, one of the pioneer churches of the Gauls. This reliquary appears as a diptych, in the form of a book opening with hinges, inspired by the binding boards of the gospels. The silver covering of this “opening picture” was destroyed at the Revolution. Separated for a while, the two wooden panels were brought together in 1839, in an iron casket calling to mind its original presentation. Each of these has eight carved hollows, protected by glass, and held together by a copper frame engraved with floral motifs. They received the relics, together with their authentication. In the centre of the figures, in high relief and in silver, the guardian bishops Césaire and Blaise take up the traditional iconography of seals and Arlesian money. The stamp of the smith is not known. The arrangement and style points most likely towards a workshop probably Languedocian., Le reliquaire inédit provenant d’une collection privée, acquis en 1998 par le musée d’art sacré du Gard à Pont-Saint-Esprit, est à mettre en relation avec un document publié par Louis Stouff relatant la découverte fortuite de reliques dans le socle de l’autel de la chapelle Saint-Césaire-le-Vieux de la nécropole des Alyscamps d’Arles. En 1428 Dominique de Germayo, l’ermite qui la desservait, y avait entrepris des travaux de réaménagement intérieur sur le conseil d’une voix bienveillante entendue dans son sommeil. Il voulait attirer les pèlerins et mettre fin à ses ennuis financiers. Dans le socle de l’autel, il trouva une cassette contenant des reliques qu’il essaya de cacher mais en vain. Les moniales de l’abbaye Saint-Césaire la récupérèrent. Au terme d’une enquête et d’une procédure rapide mais minutieuse, Foulque de Chonas l’official d’Arles authentifia son contenu et en permit la vénération. À cette fin, les religieuses firent réaliser un reliquaire en 1429. Elles y regroupèrent les reliques éparses de leur Grand Couvent. Toutes, qu’elles soient insignes ou non, réelles ou représentatives appartiennent aux débuts du christianisme et célèbrent, fierté des arlésiens, l’une des églises pionnières des Gaules. Ce reliquaire se présente comme un diptyque, sous la forme d’un livre ouvert sur charnières, inspiré des plats de reliure des évangéliaires. L’enveloppe en argent de cette « image ouvrante » a été détruite à la Révolution. Un temps séparés, les deux panneaux de bois ont été réunis en 1839 sous un coffret en fer rappelant la présentation d’origine. Chacun d’eux est creusé de huit logettes que protège un verre et réunies par un encadrement de cuivre gravé de motifs floraux. Elles ont reçu les reliques munies de leurs authentiques, Au centre les figures, en haut-relief et en argent, des évêques tutélaires Césaire et Biaise reprennent l’iconographie traditionnelle des sceaux et du monnayage arlésiens. Le poinçon de l’orfèvre reste inconnu. L’agencement et le style orientent vers un atelier vraisemblablement languedocien., Girard Alain. Le reliquaire de Saint-Césaire d’Arles (1429). In: Corps saints et reliques dans le Midi. Toulouse : Éditions Privat, 2018. pp. 181-204. (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 53)

Cet article analyse des résultats d’un questionnaire sur les pratiques alimentaires d’immigrants allophones de la grande région de Montréal. Nous abordons d’abord la question de l’attachement au style culinaire prémigratoire et les raisons qui l’expliquent en insistant sur les dimensions socioanthropologiques du goût et sur les marqueurs alimentaires. Malgré cet attachement, les répondants ont opéré des transformations dans la plupart des dimensions de leurs pratiques alimentaires et culinaires. Nous identifions des phénomènes de changements dans les préférences alimentaires et d’adaptation des recettes et des techniques culinaires attribuables aux contraintes financières et de temps. Nous montrons aussi les effets des contacts avec un espace alimentaire animé de dynamiques transculturelles et l’influence des enfants dans l’élargissement des répertoires culinaires familiaux. Enfin, nous analysons les effets de ces transformations sur la consommation de divers aliments. Les différences de consommation pour chacune des catégories d’aliments sont particulièrement éloquentes.

Highlights : Personality-targeted interventions reduce binge drinking in high-risk youth ; Youth with high (vs. low) externalising symptoms benefitted more from the intervention ; Personality-targeted interventions may effectively treat dually diagnosed youth ; The presence of high internalising symptoms didn't moderate intervention effects.

Using a genetically informed twin design, this study examined (a) whether, in line with gene-environment correlation (rGE), a genetic disposition for anxiety puts children at risk of being victimized by a close friend or by other peers, and (b) whether, in line with gene-environment interaction (GxE), victimization by a close friend or by other peers moderates the expression of a genetic disposition for anxiety. Participants were 268 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs (MZ males = 71, MZ females = 80, DZ males = 56, DZ females = 61; 87% of European descent) assessed via questionnaires in Grade 8 (M age = 14.06 years, SD = 3.60). Participants reported about their victimization by a close friend and by other peers and their anxiety level. Victimization by a close friend and victimization by other peers were uncorrelated. In line with rGE, genetic factors related to anxiety predicted victimization by other peers, whereas victimization by a close friend was not predicted by heritable characteristics. Moreover, in line with a suppression process of GxE, victimization by other peers reduced the role of genetic factors in explaining interindividual differences in anxiety. In contrast, in line with a diathesis-stress process of GxE, victimization by a close friend fostered the expression of a genetic disposition for anxiety. Victimization by a close friend seems to happen to adolescents regardless of their personal, heritable characteristics. If it does occur, however, it is a source of distress mostly for youth with a genetic vulnerability for anxiety.

Purpose Using a genetically informed design based on 192 Monozygotic and Dizygotic twin pairs assessed in kindergarten, this study examined whether the expression of genetic risk for physical aggression or for relational aggression varies depending on the peer group’s injunctive behaviour norms. Methods Physical aggression and relational aggression, as well as injunctive peer group norms in regard to these behaviours, were measured via peer nominations in the twins’ kindergarten classes. Results Peer groups varied considerably in terms of the level of acceptability of both physical and relational aggression. Bivariate Cholesky modeling revealed a significant gene-environment interaction, indicating that a strong genetic disposition for physical aggression was much more likely to be expressed when peer group injunctive norms were favourable to such behaviour. In contrast, genetic factors essentially played no role in explaining inter-individual differences when peer group norms discouraged physical aggression. Relational aggression was generally less explained by genetic influences and more by environmental influences regardless of peer group norms, but environmental influences became even more important when peer group norms favoured such behaviour. Conclusions These findings speak to the importance of the peer group in shaping aggression already in young children by either condoning or penalizing such behaviour.

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to measure changes in food habits of first‐generation immigrants in Montreal (Quebec, Canada), as well as their self‐declared state of health and physical activity level. A subset of the sample was found to be in a state of food insecurity (FI).Design/methodology/approachA supervised questionnaire was administered to 506 adult allophone immigrants attending French‐language courses, autumn 2011. A FI indicator was developed and applied to this sample. The authors discuss the concept of FI and issues about measurements of FI.FindingsIn total, 10 per cent of the sample was found to suffer from FI, which has a negative impact on fruit, vegetables, dairy product, fish and red meat consumption, and diet quality in general. FI shows a positive correlation with changes in state of health and lifestyle and the development of chronic disease such as type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Results also show that certain groups are more at risk, that FI prevalence decreases with the years of residence and that FI is a deep source of anxiety.Originality/valueFI should be monitored in a more systematic manner in recent immigrant populations and be specifically addressed in immigrant integration policies. The authors also stress that problems occurring because of FI are rooted in the incapacity and the failure of the social programs to protect very low income families from harmful consequences of poverty.

Using a genetically informed design, this study examined the additive and interactive effects of genetic risk, personal peer victimization experiences, and peer victimization experienced by others on children's aggression and depression symptoms. Of major interest was whether these effects varied depending on whether or not the victimized others were children's close friends. The sample comprised 197 monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twin pairs reared together (95 female pairs) assessed in Grade 4. Each twin's victimization experiences and victimization experienced by his or her friends and other classmates were measured using individuals' reports about their own levels of peer victimization. Aggression was assessed using peer nominations, and depression was measured using self-reports. Indicative of a possible social-learning mechanism or the emotional contagion of anger, multilevel regressions showed that personal victimization experiences were related to especially high levels of aggression when close friends where also highly victimized, albeit only in boys. Moreover, in line with social comparison theory, the effect of frequent personal victimization experiences on depressive feelings was much weaker when close friends were also highly victimized than when close friends were not or were only rarely victimized. Finally, a high level of peer victimization experienced by other classmates was related to a lower level of aggression in girls and boys, possibly because of a heightened sense of threat in classrooms where many suffer attacks from bullies. All of these results were independent of children's genetic risk for aggression or depression. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

This study assessed the genetic and environmental contributions to peer difficulties in the early school years. Twins' peer difficulties were assessed longitudinally in kindergarten (796 twins, Mage = 6.1 years), Grade 1 (948 twins, Mage = 7.1 years), and Grade 4 (868 twins, Mage = 10 years) through multiple informants. The multivariate results revealed that genetic factors accounted for a strong part of both yearly and stable peer difficulties. At the univariate level, the genetic contributions emerged progressively, as did a growing consensus among informants with respect to those who experienced peer difficulties. These results underline the need to intervene early and persistently, and to target the child and the peer context to prevent peer difficulties and their consequences.

Using a sample of 767 children (403 girls, 364 boys), this study aimed to (a) identify groups with distinct trajectories of peer victimization over a 6-year period from primary school through the transition to secondary school, and (b) examine the associated personal (i.e., aggression or internalizing problems) and familial (family status, socioeconomic status, the parent-child relationship) predictors. Peer victimization was assessed via self-reports from Grades 4 through 9 (ages 10 through 15 years), aggression and internalizing problems were assessed in Grade 4 via peer nominations, and the parent-child relationship was assessed in Grade 7 (i.e., right after the transition to secondary school) via parent-reports. Growth Mixture modeling revealed 1 group (62%) who experienced little victimization in primary school and even less in secondary school, another group (31%) who was victimized in primary but not or much less in secondary school, and a third group (7%) who was chronically victimized in both school contexts. Boys were more likely than girls to follow any elevated victimization trajectory. Chronic victimization across primary and secondary school was predicted by nonintact family status and a combination of both internalizing problems and aggression compared with nonvictimized youth. In contrast, transitory victimization during primary but not in secondary school was predicted by aggression, but not internalizing problems. Support as well as conflict in the parent-child relationship also showed significant, albeit distinct associations with the different peer victimization trajectories. (PsycINFO Database Record

This study examined (a) whether, in line with a gene-environment correlation (rGE), a genetic disposition for anxiety puts children at risk of having anxious friends or having no reciprocal friends; (b) to what extent these friendship experiences are related to anxiety symptoms, when controlling for sex and genetic disposition for this trait; and (c) the additive and interactive predictive links of the reciprocal best friend's anxiety symptoms and of friendship quality with children's anxiety symptoms. Using a genetically informed design based on 521 monozygotic and ic twins (264 girls; 87% of European descent) assessed in Grade 4 (M age = 10.04 years, SD = .26), anxiety symptoms and perceived friendship quality were measured with self-report questionnaires. Results indicated that, in line with rGE, children with a strong genetic disposition for anxiety were more likely to have anxious friends than nonanxious friends. Moreover, controlling for their genetic risk for anxiety, children with anxious friends showed higher levels of anxiety symptoms than children with nonanxious friends but did not differ from those without reciprocal friends. Additional analyses suggested a possible contagion of anxiety symptoms between reciprocal best friends when perceived negative features of friendship were high. These results underline the importance of teaching strategies such as problem solving that enhance friendship quality to limit the potential social contagion of anxiety symptoms.

The goal of this study was to examine how different types of social experiences in kindergarten relate to Grade 1 academic achievement, while controlling for possible genetic and shared environmental influences through the use of the monozygotic (MZ) twin difference method. Social experiences in kindergarten included relationship quality with the larger peer group (i.e., rejection and victimization), relationship quality with one's best friend, and relationship quality with the teacher. Control variables included parental hostility--coercion, child cognitive skills and externalizing problems, and equivalent social experiences in Grade 1. Participants consisted of 223 MZ twin pairs ages 6 years at Time 1 (T1) and 7 years at Time 2 (T2). Results showed that within-pair differences in peer rejection and in poor teacher--child relationship quality at T1 uniquely predicted differences in MZ twins' academic achievement at T2. Mechanisms that could account for the possible causal role of these social experiences in regard to children's school achievement are discussed.

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is an invasive species in North America that has a low susceptibility to indigenous natural enemies. We investigated the role of the immune system of H. axyridis in its resistance to North American population of the hymenopteran parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae Schrank. An ultrastructural study of adult H. axyridis hemocytes under electron and light microscopy identified five different cellular types: plasmatocytes, granular hemocytes I, granular hemocytes II, oenocytoids, and spherule cells. Only granular hemocytes II and plasmatocytes are involved in the nodulation of bacteria and encapsulation of parasitoid eggs. Injection of Sephadex beads in H. axyridis adults induces an innate immune response and results in complete encapsulation of ≈28% of the beads after 24 h and 81% after 5 d. When H. axyridis was parasitized by D. coccinellae, we observed a decrease in the encapsulation response, and this pattern was inversely related to the number of parasitoid eggs in the H. axyridis hemolymph. The injection of polydnaviruses by D. coccinellae females and the multiple target hypotheses could both explain the encapsulation rate decreasing with increasing parasitoid egg load. Our results suggest that the immune system of H. axyridis could favor its escape from internal developing natural enemies indigenous to North America.

Aggressive behavior in middle childhood is at least partly explained by genetic factors. Nevertheless, estimations of simple effects ignore possible gene–environment interactions (G × E) or gene–environment correlations (rGE) in the etiology of aggression. The present study aimed to simultaneously test for G × E and rGE processes between aggression, on the one hand, and peer victimization and the teacher–child relationship in school, on the other hand. The sample comprised 124 MZ pairs and 93 DZ pairs assessed in Grade 1 (mean age = 84.7 months). Consistent with rGE, children with a presumed genetic disposition for aggression were at an increased risk of peer victimization, whereas in line with G × E, a positive relationship with the teacher mitigated the genetically mediated expression of aggression.

This study used the monozygotic (MZ) twin difference method to examine whether differences in friends' aggression increased the differences in MZ twins' aggression and depressive symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 1 and whether perceived victimization by the friend played a mediating role in this context. Participants were 223 MZ twin pairs. Results showed that differences in kindergarten friends' aggression significantly predicted an increased difference in MZ twins' aggression from kindergarten (mean age = 6.7 years) to Grade 1 (mean age = 7.5 years) for both boys and girls. Differences in perceived victimization by the friend mediated this association, albeit only in boys. Differences in perceived victimization by the friend also predicted an increase in MZ twins' differences in depressive symptoms. These results support the importance of friendship experiences during early childhood.

Cet article porte sur les pratiques et représentations alimentaires ainsi que sur leurs processus de transformation, chez des populations migrantes issues du Maghreb et vivant à Montréal. Il relate les résultats d’entrevues de groupes réalisées auprès d’élèves de troisième cycle du primaire et de premier cycle du secondaire et auprès de leurs parents. Cette étude s’inscrit dans la continuité des recherches de Pierre Sercia (2007, 2004) portant sur l’intégration sociale des élèves fréquentant les écoles ethnoreligieuses. Les processus de transformations des pratiques alimentaires sont présentés comme des phénomènes de créolisation dans un espace social alimentaire multiculturel caractérisé par des logiques d’intégration, de fusion et de différenciation., This paper explores eating habits and representations along with the process of their transformation among migrant populations from the Maghreb living in Montreal. We interviewed children from the third level of primary school and teenagers from the first level of secondary school along with a few of their parents. This study continues the line of research developed by Pierre Sercia (2007, 2004), which focused on the social integration of immigrant students. The transformation process is defined as one of creolization in a multicultural alimentary social space and is characterized by the presence of integration, fusion and differentiation processes.

Background: Genetic risk for depressive behavior may increase the likelihood of exposure to environmental stressors (gene–environment correlation, rGE). By the same token, exposure to environmental stressors may moderate the effect of genes on depressive behavior (gene–environment interaction, G×E). Relating these processes to a peer-related stressor in childhood, the present study examined (1) whether genetic risk for depressive behavior in children is related to higher levels of rejection by the peer group (rGE) and (2) whether peer rejection moderates the effect of genetic factors on children’s depressive behavior (G×E). Methods: The sample comprised 336 twin pairs (MZ pairs = 196, same-sex DZ pairs = 140) assessed in kindergarten (mean age 72.7 months). Peer acceptance/rejection was measured via peer nominations. Depressive behavior was measured through teacher ratings. Results: Consistent with rGE, a moderate overlap of genetic effects was found between peer acceptance/rejection and depressive behavior. In line with G×E, genetic effects on depressive behavior varied across levels of peer acceptance/rejection. Conclusions: An increased genetic disposition for depressive behavior is related to a higher risk of peer rejection (rGE). However, genes play a lesser role in explaining individual differences in depressive behavior in rejected children than in accepted children (G×E).

We report here the isolation in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) of an immune-related protein (hereafter named Spod-11-tox), characterized by imperfectly conserved tandem repeats of 11 cysteine-stabitized alpha beta motifs (CS-alpha beta), the structural scaffold characteristic of invertebrate defensins and scorpion toxins. Spod-11-tox orthologs were only found in Lepidopteran species, suggesting that this new protein family (named X-tox) is specific to this insect order. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis suggests that X-tox proteins represent a new class of proteins restricted to Lepidoptera and likely derived from Lepidopteran defensins. In S. frugiperda, analysis of gene expression revealed that spod-11-tox is rapidly induced by infection. However, and conversely to what is known for most insect antimicrobial peptides (AMP), spod-11-tox is mainly expressed in blood cells. Moreover, recombinant Spod-11-tox produced in the Sf9 cell line does not show any antimicrobial activity. Altogether, these results suggest that although X-tox proteins are derived from defensins, they may play a different and stilt unknown rote in Lepidoptera immune response

Although peer victimization places children at serious risk for aggressive behavior, not all victimized children are aggressive. The diathesis–stress hypothesis of disease proposes that an environmental stressor such as peer victimization should to lead to maladjustment mostly in those individuals with preexisting genetic vulnerabilities. Accordingly, this study examined whether the link between peer victimization and child aggression is moderated by children's genetic risk for such behavior. Using a sample of 506 6-year-old twins, peer victimization was assessed through peer nominations and aggressive behavior was assessed through peer and teacher reports. Children's genetic risk for aggression was estimated as a function of their co-twin's aggression and the pair's zygosity. Genetic modeling showed that peer victimization is an environmentally driven variable that is unrelated to children's genetic disposition. Results also provided support for the notion of a gene–environment interaction between peer victimization and child's genetic risk for aggressive behavior, albeit only in girls. For boys, peer victimization was related to aggression regardless of the child's genetic risk for such behavior. Different socialization experiences in girls' compared to boys' peer groups may explain the different pattern of results for girls and boys.

International audience; We report preliminary results obtained using new local velocity probes in the Superfluid Helium high REynold number von Kármán flow (SHREK) experiment for different forcing conditions. The presentation will focus on the validation of the signals obtained from a hot-wire and a total head pressure tube in both normal and superfluid phases of liquid helium.