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This article presents an integrated current mode configurable analog block (CAB) system for field-programmable analog array (FPAA). The proposed architecture is based on the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor level design where MOSFET transistors operating in the saturation region are adopted. The proposed CAB architecture is designed to implement six of the widely used current mode operations in analog processing systems: addition, subtraction, integration, multiplication, division, and pass operation. The functionality of the proposed CAB is demonstrated through these six operations, where each operation is chosen based on the user’s selection in the CAB interface system. The architecture of the CAB system proposes an optimized way of designing and integrating only three functional cells with the interface circuitry to achieve the six operations. Furthermore, optimized programming and digital tuning circuitry are implemented in the architecture to control and interface with the functional cells. Moreover, these designed programming and tuning circuitries play an essential role in optimizing the performance of the proposed design. Simulation of the proposed CMOS Transistor Based CAB system is carried out using Tanner EDA Tools in 0.35 μm standard CMOS technology. The design uses a V power supply and results in maximum 3 dB bandwidth of 34.9 MHz and an approximate size of 0.0537 . This demonstrates the advantages of the design over the current state-of-the-art designs presented for comparison in this article. Consequently, the proposed design has a clear aspect of simplicity, low power consumption, and high bandwidth operation, which makes it a suitable candidate for mobile telecommunications applications.

This paper presents a new design of a scattering transformation-based wide-area damping controller for static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to enhance power system stability in the presence of communication latency. The proposed control approach is comprised of a classical structure in addition to two scattering transformation ports. These ports are inserted between the power system and the wide-area damping controller (WADC) to regulate the signal exchange. Since the WADC is a centralized controller, the time delay imperfections are considered in the design stage. The proposed controller design is formulated as an optimization problem where the controller parameters are optimized using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed controller improves the system damping performance due to the achieved time delay compensation. The proposed controller’s effectiveness is demonstrated by implementing the controller in several case studies under different disturbance scenarios. The proposed controller performance is benchmarked with the classical WADC based on the lead-lag structure. The results confirm the robustness of the proposed WADC against time delay uncertainty. The proposed controller’s efficacy is confirmed to reduce the time delay, resulting in better power system stability.

T cell Ig and mucin domain (TIM)-4 is involved in immune regulation. However, the pathological function of TIM-4 has not been understood and remains to be clarified in various disease models. In this study, DBA/1 mice were treated with anti–TIM-4 mAb during the induction or effector phase of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Anti–TIM-4 treatment in the induction phase exacerbated the development of CIA. In vitro experiments suggest that CD4 T cells bind to TIM-4 on APCs, which induces inhibitory effect to CD4 T cells. In contrast, therapeutic treatment with anti–TIM-4 mAb just before or after the onset or even at later stage of CIA significantly suppressed the development and progression by reducing proinflammatory cytokines in the ankle joints without affecting T or B cell responses. Consistently, clinical arthritis scores of collagen Ab-induced arthritis, which is not mediated by T or B cells, were significantly reduced in anti–TIM-4–treated mice with a concomitant decrease of proinflammatory cytokines in the joints. In vitro, macrophages secreted proinflammatory cytokines in response to TIM-4-Ig protein and LPS, which were reduced by the anti–TIM-4 mAb. The anti–TIM-4 mAb also inhibited the differentiation and bone-resorbing activity of osteoclasts. These results indicate that TIM-4 has two distinct functions depending on the stage of arthritis. The therapeutic effect of anti–TIM-4 mAb on arthritis is mediated by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production by inflammatory cells, osteoclast differentiation, and bone resorption, suggesting that TIM-4 might be an appropriate target for the therapeutic treatment of arthritis.

Through a controlled vaccination study with artificial challenge, the present study was designed to evaluate the protective value of formalin, saponin or binary ethyleneimine inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum adjuvanted bacterins, in comparison with the efficacy of the live Mycoplasma gallisepticum "F" strain vaccine. Protective values of tested vaccines were compared by measuring antibody titers in sera of chicken at different intervals post vaccination by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), serum plate agglutination test and by scoring of sinus lesions after challenge with the virulent Mycoplasma gallisepticum "R" strain. The highest antibodies titer (P0.01) were recorded in the group of chicken vaccinated with the binary ethyleneimine inactivated vaccine that peaked at two weeks post-vaccination and remained elevated till the end of experiment. Meanwhile, the saponin-inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum elicited a comparable humoral immune response with that elicited by the binary ethyleneimine vaccine, the least immunizing effect was observed in the formalin inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterins immunized chicken. Challenge of vaccinated birds was performed by intrasinus injection of 1 x 10(9) colony forming units of virulent "R" strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. While, similar degree of protection was afforded by binary ethyleneimine and saponin inactivated bacterins as well as the live "F" strain vaccine, the formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterin showed lesser degree of protection. The obtained results indicated that inactivated bacterins could elicit a protective response in chicken, thus offering a new trend in the control and eradication of Mycoplasma gallisepticum from chicken flocks.