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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate and visualize the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects of different oral care products using an infected and inflamed 3D tissue-engineered gingival mucosal model. Methods: A 3D full-thickness oral mucosal model was engineered inside tissue culture inserts using collagen hydrogels populated with human gingival fibroblasts and THP-1 monocytes and layered with oral epithelial cell lines. Oral saliva bacteria were cultured and added to the surface of the models and inflammation was further simulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli. The 3D models were exposed to three different types of toothpastes, a chlorhexidine antiseptic mouthwash, different antibiotics, and a mechanical rinse with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to biological evaluation using the PrestoBlue tissue viability assay, histology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal microscopy, and measurement of the release of the inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 with ELISA. Results: Multiple-endpoint analyses of the infected oral mucosal models treated with different anti-bacterial agents showed consistent outcomes in terms of tissue viability, histology, OCT, and confocal microscopy findings. In terms of anti-inflammatory testings, the positive control group showed the highest level of inflammation compared with all other groups. Depending on the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of the test groups, different levels of inflammation were observed in the test groups. Conclusions: The inflamed 3D oral mucosal model developed in this study has the potential to be used as a suitable in vitro model for testing the biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties of oral care products including mouthwashes and toothpastes. The results of this study indicate that the chlorhexidine mouthwash has both anti-bacterial and cytotoxic effects on the 3D oral mucosal model. Hyaluronic-acid-containing toothpaste has significant anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects on the 3D oral mucosal model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine whether there is an association between periodontal disease and each of root caries and coronal caries among adults (aged 35 and over), using a nationally representative sample of adults in England, Northern Ireland and Wales. Material and Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, data from the Adult Dental Health Survey 2009 were used. Adults aged 35 years or older who had periodontal and caries assessment were included. Two sets of negative binomial regression were conducted for each of coronal caries and root caries adjusting for periodontal diseases, dental visits, country, sex, age, education, job classification, oral hygiene and smoking. Results: Overall, 4738 were included in the analysis. Periodontal disease was significantly associated with each of coronal and root caries. In the fully adjusted model, those with PD/ LoA ≥ 4 mm had 1.03 rate ratio (RR) for coronal caries (95% CI: 1.01‐1.05). In the model pertaining to root caries, the RR for those with periodontitis was 1.23 (95% CI: 1.16‐1.30). Smoking, sex, age and oral hygiene were the variables that showed a consistent and significant association with coronal and root caries. Conclusion: Individuals with periodontal diseases appeared to be at higher risk of coronal and root caries. While root exposure could be a plausible explanation for the relationship between periodontitis and root caries, the association with coronal caries could be attributed to the irritation of carious cavities, or common risk factors such as poor oral hygiene, or co‐occurrence of different health risk behaviours related to both caries and periodontitis and socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]