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Ibrahim M Gosadi,1 Atheer A AlTalhi,2 Amal J Alfaifi,3 Rola A Khmees,4 Norah M Qassadi4 1Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dr.Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Family Medicine, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ibrahim M Gosadi, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 2349, Jazan, 82621, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 562137711, Email gossady@hotmil.comPurpose: The Saudi Ministry of Health’s electronic health (e-health) initiative aims to promote the higher use of electronic medical records and has established multiple health applications to facilitate access to healthcare. The current investigation measured the satisfaction and experience of physicians concerning e-health systems and identified the factors associated with their satisfaction level.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional investigation targeting physicians working in primary healthcare centers and hospitals in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire between July and September 2022, which was distributed via online platforms. The questionnaire included sections measuring the physicians’ demographic data and their experiences with e-health systems, including information technology (IT) support, training, software design, workload, physician and patient support, and data quality. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to assess associations between physicians’ satisfaction levels and the measured demographics.Results: A total of 445 physicians participated in the current investigation. The median age of the participants was 27, and more than half (58.4%) were male. The median level of the satisfaction score was 4 and varied between – 30 (indicating the lowest satisfaction level) and 23 (indicating the highest satisfaction level). Employment rank and work settings were statistically associated with the level of satisfaction (P values < 0.05). The participating physicians were overall satisfied with the e-health systems’ impact on their clinical workflow and ability to reduce their work hours but were less satisfied with the training required to use these systems.Conclusion: A good overall satisfaction level with the established e-health systems in the Jazan region was detected. Senior physicians and physicians working in primary healthcare settings exhibited lower satisfaction levels, indicating a need for further investigations to identify the challenges of using e-health systems in these settings, especially among senior physicians.Keywords: e-health, experience, satisfaction, physicians, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Abdulrahman Alfaifi,1 Abdulaziz Darraj,1 Maged El-Setouhy2,3 1Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Abdulrahman Alfaifi, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, PO 96, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 56 887 3773, Email Abalfaify1@gmail.comBackground: COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease that spreads quickly through droplets. It is highly contagious and could overwhelm the health system. Because of that, many governments established health quarantines for suspected infected people to minimize the spread of this disease.Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms and to address the associated risk factors among quarantined non-healthcare workers, quarantined healthcare workers, and medical staff in the Ministry of Health quarantine facility.Patients and Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study at the health quarantine in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. The total number of participants was 301 individuals. Furthermore, the study questionnaire was composed of three sections, the first two were the background and clinical characteristics, and the last one was DASS 21 scale. Also, we used SPSS software to analyze the data. Lastly, we implemented logistic regression to assess the predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.Results: The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among quarantined non-healthcare workers were 51.9%, 60.2%, and 40.6%, respectively. These prevalences were 25.0%, 29.8%, and 16.9% among quarantined healthcare workers and 20.5%, 20.5%, and 27.3% among the medical staff. The predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among the study participants were female gender, perceived COVID-19 stigma, presence of other relatives in quarantine, comorbidities, and abnormal sleep duration.Conclusion and Recommendations: Health quarantine is an environment that could negatively affect people’s mental health. The quarantined non-healthcare workers were the most affected study participants inside this environment. Therefore, the availability of mental health services there could minimize their depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Moreover, a home quarantine would be better to reduce these negative symptoms whenever possible.Keywords: depression, anxiety, stress, prevalence, risk factors

Wafa A Alsofiani,1 Bandar H Alessa,2 Fahad Alsabaan,3 Abdullah U Althemery,4 Aliah M Ghith,3 Abdullah A Alfaifi4 1Family Medicine and Diabetes Center, Prince Mansour Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia; 2Family Medicine Department, National Guard Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Abdullah A Alfaifi, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, Riyadh, 11942, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 11 588 6058, Fax + 966 11 588 8888, Email a.alfaifi@psau.edu.saPurpose: This research was intended to explore the effects of new-generation basal insulin (degludec U100 And glargine U300) versus long-acting basal insulin (glargine U100, detemir) on the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis episodes and diabetes treatment measures.Patients and methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective medical record analysis. The study population included adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) who were on the hospital records in 2020. Data were collected from 221 eligible participants through review of electronic medical records. Each record was scanned for basal insulin type, total daily insulin dose, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurrences, and glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels. Data were collected from 6 months before to 6 months after the initiation of ultra-long-acting insulin. Statistical analysis was conducted using R version 3.5.2. The normality of distribution for each independent variable was verified using Shapiro–Wilk tests. The independent paired t-test was used to compare insulin therapy measures between the two insulin regimens. The main outcome measures were the incidence of DKA episodes and clinical outcomes associated with diabetes.Results: The HbA1c did not change significantly before and after ultra-long-acting insulin therapy was initiated (9.9 vs 9.8, respectively; P > 0.05). Insulin total daily doses were significantly higher after shifting to ultra-long-acting insulin. Sub-analysis showed higher total daily insulin doses in glargine U300 users compared with degludec U100 users (P =0.0021). However, basal insulin doses did not change after treatment with ultra-long-acting insulin. No statistically significant difference in DKA occurrences was found before and after the start of ultra-long-acting insulin treatment.Conclusion: The frequency of DKA episodes was not affected by changing the treatment to ultra-long-acting insulin. Moreover, the results suggest that insulin dosage and types are not the only cause of uncontrolled diabetes. Additional efforts should be made to cover all factors affecting diabetes complication control.Keywords: diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin therapy, diabetic outcomes, long-acting therapy

Motivation plays a crucial role in adult learners' decisions to enroll in educational programs. This study aimed to evaluate the motivations for adult learners who enrolled at adult high schools in Riyadh as well as the potential gender and age differences for their motivations. The Education Participation Scale (EPS) A-Form was administered to adult learners, and 221 valid responses were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The results indicated that professional advancement, cognitive interest, and educational preparation were the primary motivations, while social contact was the least influential motivator. Furthermore, female respondents reported higher levels of motivation for educational preparation than male respondents, but no significant differences were observed for motivational orientations across age groups. To enhance participation in adult high-school programs, the General Department of Continuing Education should tailor its enrollment strategies that they appeal to the three main motivations for various groups.

Early childhood education is an institutional introduction of children to the world, making it essential for policymakers, educators and society to find the best way to provide such an introduction. Following a new policy in Saudi Arabia, daycare centres have been renamed 'hospitality centres', bringing a set of duties and rights rooted deep in the ethics of hospitality. However, empirical research on nursery provision is generally lacking in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study examined the experiences of children and caregivers in two children's hospitality centres in the capital city of Riyadh. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews and field observations, the authors observed and listened to the experiences of educators and children in two of the new hospitality centres. Open and focused coding of the interviews and structured observations helped to identify the way the ethics of hospitality manifested itself in the daily experiences of the caregivers/hosts and the children/guests. The results demonstrated the complexity of the situations in which the ethics of hospitality encountered reality.

Background: The rise of artificial intelligence in healthcare, particularly the development of large language models like ChatGPT, has opened new avenues for innovation in medical fields, including plastic surgery. ChatGPT offers potential applications in patient education, surgical planning, and decision-making support, making it an important research subject. However, there has been limited investigation into its impact on plastic surgery. The objective of this study was to investigate the progress of research on ChatGPT and plastic surgery, focusing on key contributors and emerging topics within the field. Methods: Five distinct search strategies were employed to analyze relevant publications from the Scopus database. Results: The analysis identified and presented the top authors, universities, countries, sponsors, and journals (within each search strategy). The co-authorship networks of authors, universities, and countries are graphically presented. The authors’ performance was depicted by various indicators, such as total publications, citations, h-index, g-index, and m-index. A co-word analysis revealed the focus of the papers, which were presented in 15 groups. This multifaceted approach provides a detailed understanding of key themes in the field. Conclusion: This report offers a comprehensive overview of the current state of research at the intersection of ChatGPT and plastic surgery.

Lens culinaris L., has been widely recognized for its medical applications. LC-ESI-TOF-MS identified 22 secondary metabolites including phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanidin glycosides among its total extract (LCTE). The study aimed to apply LCTE as a biogenic material for reducing and capping the silver nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs). The ynthesized LC-AgNPs were characterized using different techniques. The UV absorption was observed at λmax 379 nm. LC-AgNPs were spherical, with 19.22 nm average size. The face cubic centre nature was demonstrated by HR-TEM and XRD. The LC-AgNPs were then evaluated for their anticancer and antimicrobial potentials. LC-AgNPs showed an extremely potent cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 cell lines (IC50= 0.37, 0.35 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively). LC-AgNPs induced significant apoptotic effects in the three examined cancer cell lines. LC-AgNPs resulted in sequestration of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle in both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells, meanwhile it trapped cells at the G2 phase in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of LC-AgNPs was highly confirmed against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Molecular docking study designated Kaempferol-3-O-robinoside-7-O-rhamnoside and Quercetin-3-D-xyloside as the topmost LCTE active constituents that caused inhibition of both Bcl-2 and IspC cancer targets in combination with the produced silver nanoparticles.

This study uses the aerial parts of Panicum maximum total extract (PMTE) to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in an environmentally friendly manner. TEM, SEM, FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, UV, and FTIR were used to characterize the green silver nanoparticles (PM-AgNPs). PM-AgNPs were evaluated as anticancer agents compared to (PMTE) against breast (MCF-7), lung (A549), and ovary adenocarcinoma (SKOV3) human tumour cells. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The PM-AgNPs had an absorbance of 418 nm, particle size of 15.18 nm, and zeta potential of −22.4 mV, ensuring the nanosilver’s stability. XRD evaluated the crystallography nature of the formed PM-AgNPs. The cytotoxic properties of PM-AgNPs on MCF-7 and SKOV 3 were the strongest, with IC50s of 0.13 ± 0.015 and 3.5 ± 0.5 g/ml, respectively, as compared to A549 (13 ± 3.2 µg/mL). The increase in the apoptotic cells was 97.79 ± 1.61 and 96.6 ± 1.91% for MCF-7 and SKOV3 cell lines, respectively. PM-AgNPs were found to affect the membrane integrity and membrane permeability of 50 and 43.75% of the tested isolates, respectively. Also, PM-AgNPs have recorded a reduction in the biofilm formation of S. aurues. These results suggest using PM-AgNPs to treat breast and ovarian cancers.

Abstract Breast cancer is caused by aberrant breast cells that proliferate and develop into tumors. Tumors have the potential to spread throughout the body and become lethal if ignored. Metastasis is the process by which invasive tumors move to neighboring lymph nodes or other organs. Metastasis can be lethal and perhaps fatal. The objective of our study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) to Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC), with a particular focus on hub genes and potential therapeutic agents. Using Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we built a comprehensive network combining clinical and phenotypic data from both DCIS and IDC. Modules within this network, correlated with specific phenotypic traits, were identified, and hub genes were identified as critical markers. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed their potential as biomarkers, while survival curve analysis gauged their prognostic value. Furthermore, molecular docking predicted interactions with potential therapeutic agents. Ten hub genes—CDK1, KIF11, NUF2, ASPM, CDCA8, CENPF, DTL, EXO1, KIF2C, and ZWINT—emerged as pivotal fibroblast-specific genes potentially involved in the DCIS to IDC transition. These genes exhibited pronounced positive correlations with key pathways like the cell cycle and DNA repair, Molecular docking revealed Fisetin, an anti-inflammatory compound, effectively binding to both CDK1 and DTL underscoring their role in orchestrating cellular transformation. CDK1 and DTL were selected for molecular docking with CDK1 inhibitors, revealing effective binding of Fisetin, an anti-inflammatory compound, to both. Of the identified hub genes, DTL—an E3 ubiquitin ligase linked to the CRL4 complex—plays a central role in cancer progression, impacting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, as well as cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). CDK1, another hub gene, is pivotal in cell cycle progression and associated with various biological processes. In conclusion, our study offers insights into the complex mechanisms driving the transition from DCIS to IDC. It underscores the importance of hub genes and their potential interactions with therapeutic agents, particularly Fisetin. By shedding light on the interplay between CDK1 and DTL expression, our findings contribute to understanding the regulatory landscape of invasive ductal carcinoma and pave the way for future investigations and novel therapeutic avenues.

Abstract This paper investigates the perspectives held by native speakers of Faifi Arabic concerning the categorization of Faifi Arabic subdialects. Through the utilization of perceptual dialectology research techniques, participants engaged in two distinct tasks. The first task entailed the grouping of phonological features to articulate their perceived classification of dialects. Subsequently, they were tasked with pinpointing on a map the locations where the resulting feature groups were believed to be spoken. The outcomes of the study reveal that respondents identified four distinct subdialects within the mountainous areas, demarcated by clearly defined boundaries. These subdialect divisions appear to be correlated with the tribal divisions present within the region. This research highlights the necessity for further investigation into the perceptions that Arabic speakers uphold in relation to their own dialects, as well as to the dialects of other tribal communities within the Arabic-speaking context.

Abstract Candida auris is an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen associated with life-threatening invasive disease due to its persistent colonization, high level of transmissibility and multi-drug resistance. Aggregative and non-aggregative growth phenotypes for C. auris strains with different biofilm forming abilities, drug susceptibilities and virulence characteristics have been described. Using comprehensive transcriptional analysis we identified key cell surface adhesins that were highly upregulated in the aggregative phenotype during in vitro and in vivo grown biofilms using a mouse model of catheter infection. Phenotypic and functional evaluations of generated null mutants demonstrated crucial roles for the adhesins Als4112 and Scf1 in mediating cell-cell adherence, coaggregation and biofilm formation. While individual mutants were largely non-aggregative, in combination cells were able to co-adhere and aggregate, as directly demonstrated by measuring cell adhesion forces using single-cell atomic force spectroscopy. This co-adherence indicates their role as complementary adhesins, which despite their limited similarity, may function redundantly to promote cell-cell interaction and biofilm formation. Functional diversity of cell wall proteins may be a form of regulation that provides the aggregative phenotype of C. auris with flexibility and rapid adaptation to the environment, potentially impacting persistence and virulence.

Abstract Background We aimed to study the impact of biological therapies in Saudi Arabia on patients with severe asthma (SA) combined with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in terms of clinical outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective observational cohort research that was undertaken at the severe asthma clinics of the Armed Forces Hospital of the Southern Region (AFHSR) and King Khalid University Hospital, Abha, from March to September 2022 to delineate the effects of 3 biological therapies (dupilumab, benralizumab, and omalizumab) in adults with SA and concomitant CRS. Clinical outcomes assessed included asthma exacerbation frequency, hospitalization rates, use of oral corticosteroids (OCs), and the asthma control test (ACT) scores before and 1 year after biological therapies. Results Eighty patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 46.68. There were 45 (56%) females and 35 (44%) males. There was a notifiable decrease in the frequency of exacerbations and hospitalization and in the number of patients who received OCs after 6 and 12 months of biological therapies compared to pre-biological therapies, respectively (p

Abstract Background α-Mangostin is a major xanthone in Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) pericarps. It has promising anti-proliferative potential in different cancer cells; however, it has poor oral bioavailability. Phytosomes are used as a novel nano-based drug delivery system. The aim of this research was to enhance the anti-proliferative potency of α-mangostin by formulating it as α-mangostin-phytosome (α-M-PTMs) and assessing its impact on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells in comparison to pure α-mangostin. Results The size and entrapment efficiency of the proposed formulation were optimized using Box–Behnken statistics. The optimized formula was characterized using transmission electron microscope. The binding of α-mangostin to phospholipids was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The optimized α-mangostin-phytosomes formula exhibited enhanced anti-proliferative activity with reference to raw α-mangostin. This was further substantiated by assessing the cell cycle phases that indicated an accumulation of SKOV-3 cells in the sub-G1 phase. Annexin-V staining revealed enhanced apoptotic activity in α-mangostin-phytosome-treated cells. This was associated with upregulation of CASP3 (Caspase-3), BAX (BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator) and TP53 as well as down-regulation of BCL2 mRNA (B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 2). Moreover, our data indicated enhanced ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production, cytochrome-C release, and disturbed MMP (mitochondrial membrane potential). Conclusion Encapsulation of α-mangostin in a phytosome nano-formula enhances its anti-proliferative effects in SKOV-3 cells via, at least in part, inducing mitochondrial apoptotic cell death.

Abstract In societies where education holds high significance and parental ambitions for their children’s academic achievements are profound, understanding the rationale behind parental school choice becomes crucial. This study aims to explore the question: Are Saudi parents rational in selecting their children’s schools? Through an in-depth analysis of preferences and decision-making factors, this research endeavors to shed light on the intricate dynamics influencing parental school choice within the Saudi Arabian context. To achieve this objective, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Saudi parents whose children were enrolled in private schools (K-12). The findings indicate that cultural or religious identity emerged as a predominant factor, encompassing elements such as gender segregation in schools, parental preference for English over Arabic language learning, and the emphasis on Islamic religious education. Additionally, accessibility factors such as the physical location of the school and school fees emerged as significant determinants of parental preferences for their children’s schools. Wellbeing emerged as a crucial factor in parental decision-making. Furthermore, certain academic considerations emerged as a primary influencing factor in Saudi parents’ school selection. These considerations included skills development, school pedagogy, school staff quality, and learning outcomes.

Background/purpose: Exploration of early practicing dental professionals' awareness and attitude toward inferior alveolar nerve block IANB will directly inform efforts to improve clinical practices and ensure patient safety. The aim was to highlight the students, interns, and junior dentists’ awareness and attitude toward the IANB, failure, and related complications in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and methods: An open web-based survey prepared according to the Checklist for reporting results of Internet e-surveys CHERRIES recommendations was designed and carried out across different regions of the KSA. The questionnaire was composed of four main sections including the participant's details, and qualifications; inferior alveolar nerve block delivery; participants' education, and training-related questions; and attitudes toward proposed solutions to overcome the related failure and complications. Results: 262 participants completed the questionnaire (94 dental students, 79 interns, and 89 junior dentists). There was a significant difference in the following findings: males performed IANBs more frequently than females (P

To assess the patterns of social media uses and their impact on the learning of male medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March to May 2020 at the College of Medicine, University of Bisha (UBCOM) in Saudi Arabia. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from the students at first year, pre-clerkship and clerkship levels about the types, patterns and benefits of social media usage in their learning. A five-Likert scale was used to measure the students' responses. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA tests were used for data analysis. Of the 203 students enrolled, 89.2% (n=181) were responded. Most students commonly used Twitter (75.1%), followed by YouTube (52.5%) and Facebook (24.3%). The highest usage of Twitter was found among clerkship students (85.1%) compared to first-year (76.2%) and pre-clerkship students (69.6%), with no significant differences (p = 0.133). About 38.7% of students spent over 10 hours per week on social media and pre-clerkship students being the highest group (43.5%). Most students (67.9%) showed that social media enhance learning activities, 65.2% are interested in using social media in their learning and 64.1% suggested that their inappropriate use consumes time. We concluded social media become interactive tools of learning in medical schools during the urgent situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Such findings highlighted the benefits of considering social media inclusion when designing medical curricula.

Background: Category III (AUS; Atypia of Undetermined Significance) of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) was established to describe thyroid nodule features that are neither benign nor cancerous. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the rate of thyroid malignancy in patients diagnosed with AUS at the Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region (AFHSR), Saudi Arabia. Method: The patients (508) diagnosed with AUS in their thyroid nodules underwent fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Data were collected through a chart-based approach, reviewing patients’ medical records and relevant information. Results: Among the cases, the majority were females (84.6%). Among the different age groups, individuals between 40 and 50 years had the highest prevalence of thyroid nodules (32.5%). Approximately 27% of patients exhibited tumor sizes larger than 4 cm. FNAC results revealed 16.5% benign, 26% AUS, and 22.4% follicular neoplasm cases. Histopathology indicated 54.1% of benign and 37.2% of malignant cases. Papillary carcinoma accounts for 80.4% of all malignant cases. A significant correlation was observed between FNAC and postoperative histopathology (P value < 0.05). Hypoechoic nodules exhibited 33.9% of malignant cases, and calcification was observed in 25% of the cases. A significant association was found between malignancy and echogenicity and between malignancy and calcification (P value = 0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The findings of this study identify malignancy in thyroid nodules with AUS cytopathology, particularly in the Southern region of Saudi Arabia. The correlation between pre-surgery FNAC and postoperative histopathology supports FNAC’s diagnostic value. Additionally, echogenicity and calcification can potentially contribute to predicting nodule malignancy.

Mohammad Abu Shaphe,1 Mohammed M Alshehri,1 Ramzi Abdu Alajam,1 Bushra Alfaifi,1 Ali Hakamy,2 Monira I Aldhahi,3 Ausaf Ahmad,4 Ashfaque Khan,5 Aafreen,5 Abdur Raheem Khan5 1Department of Physical Therapy, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 2Respiratory Therapy Department, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Community Medicine, Kalyan Singh Government Medical College Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India; 5Department of Physiotherapy, Integral University, Lucknow, IndiaCorrespondence: Abdur Raheem Khan, Department of Physiotherapy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, Email abdul.fortis@gmail.comBackground: Hypertension (HTN) is prevalent in individuals with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), doubling the risk of developing chronic complications. Despite normal routine checks, many patients with diabetes exhibit abnormal blood pressure (BP) profiles identified by 24-hour ambulatory Blood Pressure monitoring (ABPM). This study aimed to analyse blood pressure variability in patients with diabetes to enhance current knowledge and improve clinical practice.Methods: This cross-sectional study obtained ethical approval from Jazan University and involved 58 patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who adhered to the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Comprehensive clinical and laboratory data, including demographic, clinical, and essential laboratory parameters, were collected using a standardized form. Blood Pressure (BP) was meticulously monitored using the Sun Tech Oscar 2 ABPMR device, with measurements commencing between 8 am and 10 am, extending over 24 hours. The study calculated averages and evaluated systolic and diastolic percentage dipping during 24-hour, daytime, and night-time intervals. Participants classified as “dippers” experienced a BP reductions of at least 10%.Results: Fifty-eight normotensive T2DM patients, with a mean age of 45.51 ± 6.7 years, were monitored over 24 months. Among the 58 individuals assessed using ABPM, a non-dipping pattern was observed in 45 participants (77.58%), whereas 13 (22.41%) exhibited a dipping pattern. Postprandial and fasting blood sugar levels were distinct; the dipper group demonstrated better post-meal glucose control (p=0.02), whereas the non-dipper group had superior fasting glucose control (p=0.04). The dipper group showed a higher 24-hour average systolic BP (p=0.00) and increased dipping percentages for systolic and diastolic BP during sleep.Conclusion: Over 77% of ABPM-evaluated individuals showed non-dipping patterns, with a higher BMI being strongly associated. Laboratory findings revealed distinct variations in the postprandial and fasting blood sugar levels, suggesting a potential genetic predisposition.Keywords: hypertension, T2DM, ABPM, cardiovascular, haemodynamic

Hany G Attia,1 Mai Abdelhalim Hamouda,2 Saeed Alasmari,3 Dalia F El-Telbany,4 Zaenah Zuhair Alamri,5 Safa H Qahl,5 Mohammad Y Alfaifi,6 Majid Mohammad Al-Sawahli,7 Sara Abd El Wahed8 1Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Salman International University, El-Tur, Egypt; 3Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt; 5Department of Biological Science, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 7Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; 8Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, EgyptCorrespondence: Majid Mohammad Al-Sawahli, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq, Tel +201119925299, Email majidalsawahli@gmail.com Hany G Attia, Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966555857605, Email hgattia@nu.edu.saPurpose: : Polyvinyl alcohol-capped silver nanostructures (cAgNSs) were investigated in order to enhance the cytotoxicity, pro-apoptotic, and oxidant patterns of in human laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells by employing a 50 mT electromagnetic field (LEMF) for 30 min.Methods: Wet chemical reduction was used to synthesize the cAgNSs, and after they had been capped with polyvinyl alcohol, they were specifically examined for particle size analysis and structural morphology. To visualize how the silver may attach to the protein targets, a molecular docking study was conducted. Estimation of cytotoxicity, cell cycle progression supported by mRNA expression of three apoptotic-promoting genes and one apoptotic-resisting.Results: Particle size analysis results were a mean particle size of 157.3± 0.5 nm, zeta potential value of − 29.6 mV± 1.5 mV, and polydispersity index of 0.31± 0.05. Significantly reduction of IC50 against Hep-2 cells by around 6-fold was concluded. Also, we obtained suppression of the proliferation of Hep-2 cells, especially in the G0/G1 and S phases. Significant enhanced mRNA expression revealed enhanced induced CASP3, p53, and Beclin-1 mediated pro-apoptosis and induced NF-κB mediated autophagy in Hep-2 cells. Augmented levels of GR, ROS and MDA as oxidative stress biomarkers were also obtained. HE staining of Hep-2 cells exposed to cAgNSs and LEMF confirmed the enhanced apoptotic potential comparatively.Conclusion: By conclusion, the developed nano-sized structures with the aid of extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field were successful to fortify the anti-cancer profile of cAgNSs in Hep-2 cells. Keywords: electromagnetic field, silver nanoparticles, apoptosis, laryngeal carcinoma

Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev, a type of tree in the Leguminosae family, has several traditional uses. This study investigates the antioxidant properties, phenolic and flavonoid contents, nitric acid modulatory effects, and cytotoxicity of methanolic and chloroform extracts of the bark and fruits of Faidherbia albida. Various assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extracts, including the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 tests, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), the purple diphenyl picrylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging ability, and the Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The ability of the extracts to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) was assessed, and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated in cultured cells. Additionally, a bibliometric analysis was performed on related research documents. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the extracts in cultivated RAW 264.7 cells. A bibliometric analysis of 362 research documents related to F. albida published since 1913 was performed to understand the current state of knowledge to identify areas for further research using bibliometric computer packages. The results showed that the bark methanolic extract had the highest phenolic content, while the chloroform extract of the fruits had the highest flavonoid content. The chloroform extract of the fruits exhibited the highest inhibition of NO production. The extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity. The methanolic extract of the bark exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activities for FRAP and DPPH. The ORAC assay revealed that the antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extract of the fruits and the chloroform extract of the bark were approximately four times greater than that of quercetin, which is a known antioxidant compound. F. albida exhibits a significant antioxidant activity, which is influenced by both solvent polarity and specific botanical components.