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The outstanding Russian scientist and teacher in the field of topographic anatomy and operative surgery, one of the initiators of the creation of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and its full member (1944), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1935), winner of the Stalin Prize of the first degree (1943), Lieutenant General of the Medical Service (1943), Professor (1912) Viktor Nikolayevich Shevkunenko was born on February 17 (29 new style), 1872 in the county town of Mezen, Arkhangelsk province. In 1895, he graduated from the Imperial Military Medical Academy. From 1912 to 1948, he headed the Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of the Academy. V.N. Shevkunenko is the founder of the doctrine of the type and age variability of human anatomy. As a result of many years of research carried out by the staff of the department, atypical forms of the structure and location of organs and anatomical structures were described in detail, optimal accesses and rational technique were justified when performing surgical interventions on different organs, depending on the typical, sexual and age topographic and anatomical features of patients. V.N. Shevkunenko is the founder of a major Russian school in the field of operative surgery and topographic anatomy: 44 of his students became professors. Academician V.N. Shevkunenko died on July 3, 1952 and was buried at the Theological Cemetery in Leningrad.

Кафедра была основана 3 марта 1841 г. по предложению Николая Ивановича Пирогова. Он обращал внимание на то, что молодые врачи почти не имеют практической подготовки и оказываются беспомощными у постели больного. Для устранения этого пробела в образовании врачей Н. И. Пирогов предложил создать в академии, помимо двух существовавших хирургических кафедр, на которых проводились только теоретические занятия, еще одну с собственной клинической базой. Таким образом, впервые в истории Императорской медико-хирургической академии была организована клиническая кафедра во 2-м Сухопутном госпитале, получившая название госпитальной хирургической клиники, а ее первым руководителем стал Н.И. Пирогов.

Professor Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov was born on June 15, 1921 in the town of Bialowiez in the Bialystok Voivodeship of the Polish Republic. Gavriil was able to go to school only at the age of 11, but his level of education allowed him to pass the exams for the elementary grades, and he was enrolled immediately in the fourth grade. He graduated from the eight-year school with excellent marks and in 1938 continued his studies at the medical faculty in the city of Buinaksk, Dagestan ASSR. In 1939, Gavriil Abramovich entered the Crimean State Medical Institute, after graduating from which in 1944 he worked as a doctor in Polovinskaya and then Kosulinskaya district hospitals of the Kurgan region. At this time, Ilizarov came up with a brilliant idea for the treatment of complex fractures of long tubular bones with the fixation of their fragments with a special metal controlled device instead of blind and static plaster immobilization. In 1955, G. A. Ilizarov was appointed head of the Traumatological and Orthopedic department of the Kurgan Regional Hospital for the Disabled of the Great Patriotic War, where he began to apply his invention. The first official scientific recognition of G. A. Ilizarov received his dissertation «Transosseous compression osteosynthesis by the author’s apparatus (experimental and clinical study)» in September 1968 in Perm. In 1966, on the basis of the 2nd city hospital of Kurgan, the problem laboratory of the Sverdlovsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics was organized, the head of which was Gavriil Abramovich, and in 1969 the laboratory was transformed into a branch of the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after R. L. Vreden and its director was appointed G. A. Ilizarov. Since 1982, the triumphant introduction of the Ilizarov method into the practice of leading foreign countries began, and the press gave the author the enthusiastic title of «Michelangelo in orthopedics». Gavriil Abramovich successfully engaged in public activities, was elected deputy of the district and regional Councils of Workers‘ Deputies, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, People’s Deputy of the USSR. For his great achievements in medical science and outstanding services to the national and world health care, G. A. Ilizarov was awarded the highest state awards, academic and honorary titles of the USSR and many foreign countries. Academician Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov died suddenly of heart failure on July 24, 1992 in Kurgan and was buried in the central alley of the new Riabkovskое cemetery in Kurgan.

Professor Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav was born on February 2 (14), 1881 in Tiflis (Tbilisi) in a large family of the hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg Semyon Gavrilovich Girgolav. In 1899, he graduated from the Second St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium with a silver medal and immediately entered the Imperial Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated with honors in 1904. Under the guidance of M. S. Subbotin, S. S. Girgolav prepared and in 1907 successfully defended his doctoral dissertation «Experimental data on the use of an isolated omentum in abdominal surgery». In 1912, Semyon Semyonovich was elected by the Conference of the Academy as a privatdozent of the general surgery clinic, and in 1914, he was confirmed as a senior assistant of the clinic. In the 1920/21 academic year, S. S. Girgolav introduced mandatory practical classes in general surgery for the first time in our country, where students studied and mastered the methods of asepsis and antiseptics, mastered the methods of examining patients with surgical diseases, methods of applying various bandages and transportation splints, techniques for temporary hemostasis, etc. In 1932, Semyon Semyonovich was appointed Deputy Director for the scientific part of the Leningrad Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (now the Russian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics named after R. R. Vreden). In the pre-war years, the main direction of scientific research of S. S. Girgolav and his staff in the hospital surgery clinic was the study of the regularities of the wound process and wound healing in surgical pathology. S. S. Girgolav applied much efforts and energy to the problems of traumatology. He developed the technique of a number of original surgical operations for acute fractures of long bones, the habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint. Semyon Semyonovich’s scientific heritage is great and multifaceted. He has published more than 140 scientific papers on general, military and thoracic surgery, traumatology, neurosurgery, surgical endocrinology and oncology, combustiology, pathology and therapy of frostbites and burns. Under the supervision of S. S. Girgolav, more than 20 doctoral and 45 candidate theses were prepared and defended. For outstanding services to the Motherland in peace and war, S. S. Girgolav was awarded two Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Red Star, many medals and badges of honour. Academician Semyon Semyonovich Girgolav died on January 25, 1957 in Leningrad and was buried at the Bogoslovskoe Cemetery.

Professor Sergey Ivanovich Spasokukotskiy was born on June 10 (May 29 according to the old style) 1870 in Kostroma. In 1879 Sergey Spasokukotskiy began his study at the Yaroslav Provincial Gymnasium, after which he applied to the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University in August 1888. After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine and receiving a diploma of doctor with honors in 1893, Sergey Ivanovich was left a supernumerary resident at the hospital surgical clinic. S. I. Spasokukotskiy is rightly considered one of the founders of surgical gastroenterology in Russia. In 1907 in St. Petersburg, he made a report «The breadth of indications for gastric resection in cancer and ulcer of it from the experience of 250 gastric operations and 29 resections». Problems of purulent surgery in the broadest sense have always been the focus of attention of Sergei Ivanovich, so there was a large purulent department in the clinic. In 1926, he was elected the Head of the Department and Clinic of Faculty Surgery of the II Moscow University. The works of Sergei Ivanovich and his students on hepatobiliary surgery, urology, neurosurgery were of great importance. Being since 1926 the head of the surgical sector of the Institute of Blood Transfusion, S. I. Spasokokotski has made a huge contribution to the development of domestic transfusiology. Under his guidance, the Faculty Surgery Clinic and the Blood Transfusion Institute Clinic developed blood transfusion indications for many pathological conditions. Spasokukotskiy had a high pedagogical skill, for which he earned great respect from students and young doctors, who always admired the Teacher ‘s personal example as a doctor, surgeon and scientist. Academician Sergei Spasokokotskiy died on November 17, 1943 and was buried in Moscow at the New Maiden Cemetery. For the best works in the field of surgery by the decision of the Government, there is a prize of his name.

Academician Timofey Krasnobayev was born on March 6, 1865 in Smolensk, in a poor hairdresser ‘s family. After graduating from the gymnasium, Timofey Petrovich entered the Medical Faculty of the Moscow University. After graduated from the University in 1888, T. P. Krasnobayev worked for a year as an external student at the Smolensk provincial hospital and then returned to Moscow. At the very beginning of 1903, the Moscow City Administration sent Timofey Petrovich on a 6-month scientific mission to Western Europe to familiarize with children’s hospitals and their surgical departments and to study orthopaedic surgery. T. P. Krasnobayev was the ideologist of the system of prevention of secondary intra-hospital diseases in children. T. P. Krasnobayev made the greatest contribution to the development of child traumatology and orthopaedics. Timofey Petrovich had given more than 50 years to study the issues of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bone-joint tuberculosis in children and is undoubtedly a luminary and a gene rally recognized authority in this section of pediatrics. T. P. Krasnobayev has a great merit in the organization of the X-ray service at the children’s hospital. He published about 70 scientific papers on pediatric surgery and made more than 150 reports. Academician Timofey Petrovich Krasnobayev died on October 11, 1952.

The article is dedicated to the 115th anniversary of the birth of L. K. Bogush. Lev Konstantinovich was born on March 3, 1905 in the family of the famous Nizhny Novgorod surgeon Konstantin Fedorovich Bogush. The industriousness, high capacity for work, dedication to science and the talent of Lev Konstantinovich for a short time bore fruit. In 1939, Lev Konstantinovich was one of the first in the country to remove a lung lobe due to suppurating bronchiectasis. In 1943, Lev Konstantinovich defended his doctoral dissertation «Surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis by ligation of pulmonary lobar veins». In 1961, L. K. Bogush, together with professors B. V. Petrovsky, N. M. Amosov, F. G. Uglov and V. I. Struchkov, was awarded the Lenin Prize for the development of lung operations. On October 5, 1994, after a long-term illness, Lev Konstantinovich died and was buried at the Kuntsevsky cemetery in Moscow.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed on 55 patients of anaesthesiology resuscitation clinic of Military Medical Academy during the last 5 years. A surgery duration was about 13,7±0,5 minutes. The following complications were observed: postoperative wound infections (3 cases), uncontrolled removals of the feeding tube (2 cases), bleeding was noted in 1 patient. The authors recommend the method of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for widespread adoption in patient care institutions according to their experience. The enteral feeding could be used when patients would have the swallowing malfunction during more than 3 weeks.

The algorithm of special study in patients with severe chronic constipations includes the chronometry of passage of sulphate barium along the gastric tract with the assessment of evacuation function of each part of the large intestine, the irrigoscopy, the fibrocolonoscopy, the investigation of motor function of sigmoid colon. The proposed diagnostic algorithm allows the determination of part or parts of the large intestine with incompetent motor and evacuation functions and decision on the necessary extent of resection of the colon.

The article presents an analysis of 107 cases of simultaneous operations of big volume with main stage as gastric resections (gastrectomy) or large intestine resections and mean volume interferences as cholecystectomy and removal of abdominal hernias. It was stated, that simultaneous operations compared with two steps treatment of combined surgical diseases obtained the high economical efficacy. This efficacy was determined by a single - stage routine presurgical examination, single anesthetic management, less medical expenses for medication and laboratory - instrumental studies in postoperative period, significant shortening the terms of hospitalization and disability terms. The authors proposed formulas to evaluate the economiс efficacy of simultaneous operations in system of paid medical service and system of rendering medical aid using paid medical insurance. The efficacy of large operations was 40 766 rubles and in case of mean volume interventions - 25 382 rubles for the paid medical system. The economical efficacy of simultaneous operations of large and mean volume was the same in the system of obligatory medical insurance. It consisted of 19 737,5 or 22 920,1 rubles and depended on the degree of operative anaesthetic risk of the second intervention in two steps treatment of patients.

The experience of planned treatment more than 2 000 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer makes it possible to work out the diagnostic algorithm, based on complex research of acidic stomach secretion. The principles of choosing of interference (organ-retaining, resecting or combining interference) and kind of pyloroplasty were defined. The right choice of operation of complicated duodenal ulcer secures excellent and good results for 85% patients.