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Background and purpose: The aim was to evaluate the tolerability of, adherence to and efficacy of a community walking training programme with simultaneous cognitive demand (dual‐task) compared to a control walking training programme without cognitive distraction. Methods: Adult stroke survivors at least 6 months after stroke with a visibly obvious gait abnormality or reduced 2‐min walk distance were included in a two‐arm parallel randomized controlled trial of complex intervention with blinded assessments. Participants received a 10 week, bi‐weekly, 30 min treadmill programme at an aerobic training intensity (55%–85% heart rate maximum), either with or without simultaneous cognitive demands. Outcome was measured at 0, 11 and 22 weeks. The primary assessment involved 2‐min walk tests with and without cognitive distraction to investigate the dual‐task effect on walking and cognition; secondary results were the Short Form Health Survey 36, EuroQol‐5D‐5L, the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) and step activity. Results: Fifty stroke patients were included; 43 received allocated training and 45 completed all assessments. The experimental group (n = 26) increased their mean (SD) 2‐min walking distance from 90.7 (8.2) to 103.5 (8.2) m, compared with 86.7 (8.5) to 92.8 (8.6) m in the control group, and their PASE score from 74.3 (9.1) to 89.9 (9.4), compared with 94.7 (9.4) to 77.3 (9.9) in the control group. Statistically, only the change in the PASE differed between the groups (P = 0.029), with the dual‐task group improving more. There were no differences in other measures. Conclusions: Walking with specific additional cognitive distraction (dual‐task training) might increase activity more over 12 weeks, but the data are not conclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Falls are common in older people and individuals with neurological conditions. Parkinson's disease (PD) is known for postural instability causing mobility disabilities, falls and reduced quality of life. The fear of falling (FOF), a natural response to unstable balance, can worsen postural control problems. Evaluating FOF relies largely on affected persons' subjective accounts due to limited objective assessment methods available. The aim of this mixed-methods feasibility study is to develop an assessment method for FOF while in motion and walking within virtual environments. This study will assess a range of FOF-related responses, including cognitive factors, neuromuscular response and postural stability., Methods and Analysis: This feasibility study will consist of four phases: the first two phases will include people without PD, while the other two will include people diagnosed with PD. Participants will be assessed for direct and indirect responses to real life, as well as virtual environment walking scenarios that may induce FOF. Data from questionnaires, different neurophysiological assessments, movement and gait parameters, alongside evaluations of usability and acceptability, will be collected. Semistructured interviews involving both participants and research assistants shall take place to elicit their experiences throughout different phases of the assessments undertaken. Demographic data, the scores of assessment scales, as well as feasibility, usability and acceptability of the measurement methods, will be illustrated via descriptive statistics. Movement and gait outcomes, together with neurophysiological data, will be extracted and calculated. Exploring relationships between different factors in the study will be achieved using a regression model. Thematic analysis will be the approach used to manage qualitative data., Ethics and Dissemination: This feasibility study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Physical Therapy, Kafr El Sheikh University, Egypt (number: P.T/NEUR/3/2023/46). The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal., Trial Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT05931692)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized by motor learning deficits that are poorly understood within whole-body activities context. Here we present results of one of the largest non-randomized interventional trials combining brain imaging and motion capture techniques to examine motor skill acquisition and its underpinning mechanisms in adolescents with and without DCD. A total of 86 adolescents with low fitness levels (including 48 with DCD) were trained on a novel stepping task for a duration of 7 weeks. Motor performance during the stepping task was assessed under single and dual-task conditions. Concurrent cortical activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Additionally, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted during a similar stepping task at the beginning of the trial. The results indicate that adolescents with DCD performed similarly to their peers with lower levels of fitness in the novel stepping task and demonstrated the ability to learn and improve motor performance. Both groups showed significant improvements in both tasks and under single- and dual-task conditions at post-intervention and follow-up compared to baseline. While both groups initially made more errors in the Stroop task under dual-task conditions, at follow-up, a significant difference between single- and dual-task conditions was observed only in the DCD group. Notably, differences in prefrontal activation patterns between the groups emerged at different time points and task conditions. Adolescents with DCD exhibited distinct prefrontal activation responses during the learning and performance of a motor task, particularly when complexity was increased by concurrent cognitive tasks. Furthermore, a relationship was observed between MRI brain structure and function measures and initial performance in the novel stepping task. Overall, these findings suggest that strategies that address task and environmental complexities, while simultaneously enhancing brain activity through a range of tasks, offer opportunities to increase the participation of adolescents with low fitness in physical activity and sports., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Al-Yahya, Esser, Weedon, Joshi, Liu, Springett, Salvan, Meaney, Collett, Inacio, Delextrat, Kemp, Ward, Izadi, Johansen-Berg, Ayaz and Dawes.)

Background : Culture and lifestyle could justify the variability in clinical patterns of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and was reported to affect exercise adherence. Objective : To explore perceptions and aspects influencing exercise adherence in people with knee OA in Jordan (a developing country) as they might be different from those reported in the developed world. Methods : Fourteen participants were included in the study (13 females, one male). One focus group and seven in depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. The discussions were audio-taped and transcribed. Framework analysis was used and data were interpreted using the socio-ecological model. Results : At the individual level, knowledge of the role of exercise in knee OA and personal factors influenced exercise performance and adherence. At the sociocultural level, cultural attitudes and beliefs and social interaction affected exercises adherence. At the organizational/political level, suboptimal service delivery process, inappropriate delivery of home exercises, accessibility of services affected exercise adherence. Opportunities for improving service delivery were also reported. At the environmental level, geography and weather affected adherence. Conclusions : Understanding the interaction of health-related behavior with individual, social/cultural, organizational, and environmental aspects would improve exercise adherence and equip physiotherapists with knowledge and resources to facilitate the implementation of patient-centered services.

The interplay between gender, Physical Activity (PA), and Dual Tasking (DT) in older adults is unclear. This study aimed to address DT based on gender and PA level. One-hundred and twenty older adults (81 women and 39 men) participated. Timed up and go test and spatiotemporal gait measures were collected in single and DT conditions. Participants were grouped according to gender and PA level. Physical activity did not explain gender differences, women were slower and had shorter stride lengths when DT regardless of PA level. Findings indicate the necessity for tailored PA and functional interventions to improve women's performance.

Objective: To test the extent to which initial walking speed influences dual-task performance after walking intervention, hypothesising that slow walking speed affects automatic gait control, limiting executive resource availability., Design: A secondary analysis of a trial of dual-task (DT) and single-task (ST) walking interventions comparing those with good (walking speed ⩾0.8 m s -1 , n  = 21) and limited (walking speed <0.79 m s -1 , n  = 24) capacity at baseline., Setting: Community., Subjects: Adults six-months post stroke with walking impairment., Interventions: Twenty sessions of 30 minutes treadmill walking over 10 weeks with (DT) or without (ST) cognitive distraction. Good and limited groups were formed regardless of intervention received., Main Measures: A two-minute walk with (DT) and without (ST) a cognitive distraction assessed walking. f NIRS measured prefrontal cortex activation during treadmill walking with (DT) and without (ST) Stroop and planning tasks and an f MRI sub-study used ankle-dorsiflexion to simulate walking., Results: ST walking improved in both groups (∆baseline: Good =  8.9 ± 13.4 m, limited  = 5.3±8.9 m, Group × time =  P  < 0.151) but only the good walkers improved DT walking (∆baseline: Good =  10.4 ± 13.9 m, limited  = 1.3 ± 7.7 m, Group × time =  P  < 0.025). f NIRS indicated increased ispilesional prefrontal cortex activation during DT walking following intervention ( P  = 0.021). f MRI revealed greater DT cost activation for limited walkers, and increased resting state connectivity of contralesional M1 with cortical areas associated with conscious gait control at baseline. After the intervention, resting state connectivity between ipsilesional M1 and bilateral superior parietal lobe, involved in integrating sensory and motor signals, increased in the good walkers compared with limited walkers., Conclusion: In individual who walk slowly it may be difficult to improve dual-task walking ability. Registration: ISRCTN50586966.

Background: Community-based projects are an experiential learning tool that provides students with an opportunity to work within a team, to apply their skills and to learn in real workplace settings. Promoting physical activity is an important component of physiotherapy education, but the best method for training students to promote physical activity is open for discussion., Purpose: This study explored the attitudes and learning experiences of physiotherapy students who worked in groups to complete a community-based project involving the delivery of physical activity programs to a healthy population., Methods: Data were collected from a focus group of eight physiotherapy students each of whom had participated in a community-based project early in their studies., Results: Four themes emerged from the analysis of the data: 1) self-confidence and independence; 2) creativity and innovation; 3) effective communication; and 4) team dynamics. The students had positive attitudes toward community-based projects and reported that their experiences were a highly valued component of their early practice-based learning. The findings of this study are expected to encourage educators to use community-based projects early in undergraduate physiotherapy programs, as it helps students develop professional skills such as effective communication, creativity, and innovation. Students also learned to innovate to solve real-world problems in the workplace such as resource limitations. They also learned to appreciate the importance of team dynamics in a successful intervention., Conclusion: The findings suggest early participation in community-based projects is an excellent way for physiotherapy students to develop the competencies required for clinical practice and for their role in promoting physical activity.

Background: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is increasingly used in the field of posture and gait to investigate patterns of cortical brain activation while people move freely. fNIRS methods, analysis and reporting of data vary greatly across studies which in turn can limit the replication of research, interpretation of findings and comparison across works., Research Question and Methods: Considering these issues, we propose a set of practical recommendations for the conduct and reporting of fNIRS studies in posture and gait, acknowledging specific challenges related to clinical groups with posture and gait disorders., Results: Our paper is organized around three main sections: 1) hardware set up and study protocols, 2) artefact removal and data processing and, 3) outcome measures, validity and reliability; it is supplemented with a detailed checklist., Significance: This paper was written by a core group of members of the International Society for Posture and Gait Research and posture and gait researchers, all experienced in fNIRS research, with the intent of assisting the research community to lead innovative and impactful fNIRS studies in the field of posture and gait, whilst ensuring standardization of research., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Knowledge of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and its management options affects adherence to treatment, symptoms, and function. Many sociocultural differences exist between Jordan, as a representative of the Middle East, and the developed world which might influence the knowledge of the pathology and its impact on health. Objectives . To explore the knowledge of the pathology and the experience of people diagnosed with knee OA living in Jordan. Methods . Qualitative study design using a triangulation method of both focus groups and in-depth semistructured interviews. Fourteen participants were included (13 females and one male). One focus group and seven in-depth semistructured interviews were conducted. Discussions were audiotaped and transcribed. Framework analysis was used, and data were mapped to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Results . The themes are as follows: (1) body functions and structures included two subthemes: physical changes and psychological impact; (2) activity limitation and participation restriction included three subthemes: factors influencing the activities, cultural and social perspectives to activity limitation, and participation restriction; (3) personal factors included three subthemes: knowledge and personal interpretation of disease process, knowledge of management options to relief symptoms, and influence of personal factors on activity and participation; and (4) environmental factors included three subthemes: service delivery process, ineffective communication across the care pathway, and facilitators and barriers. Conclusions . Knowledge of the disease was lacking as a consequence of inappropriate service delivery and culture. Activity limitations and participation restrictions are similar in Jordan to other cultures in addition to limitations in religious, employment, and transportation activities. The results demonstrate that the effect of knee OA varies among different cultures and highlight the role of healthcare professionals worldwide in understanding the impact of culture on health. They also increase the awareness of healthcare professionals, specifically in Jordan, on the limitations in delivered services and the importance of education., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Lara Al-Khlaifat et al.)

Management of noncommunicable diseases requires the adoption of multidisciplinary interventions that targets the modification of risk factors. Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are amongst the four main killers of noncommunicable diseases. Physiotherapists specializing in cardiorespiratory physiotherapy are in a critical position in the management of health behaviors associated with noncommunicable diseases. However, the current context of health service in Jordan does not provide sufficient support and recognition for the delivery of specialized physiotherapy services. Objectives. The primary aim of this study was to describe cardiorespiratory physiotherapy service in Jordan. The secondary aims of this study were to: (i) Identify benchmarks from international contexts and guidelines for the delivery of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy service. (ii) Identify gaps and areas for development in the current delivery of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy service. Methods. This two phase study included a survey and a conceptual review with benchmarking. Following ethics approval, a cross sectional survey of physiotherapists practicing in Jordan was conducted. In phase 1, a survey was developed to describe the relevant dimensions of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy service. In phase 2 a conceptual review of the literature was performed to identify domains of service delivery and criteria required for optimal delivery of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy service. In the discussion we integrated the results of the survey within the benchmarks that emerged from the conceptual review of literature in order to identify gaps and areas for development in the current delivery of cardiorespiratory physiotherapy service. Results. Phase 1: Data emerging from the survey suggests that Physiotherapists in Jordan lack training and autonomy, preventing them from acquiring advanced roles particularly cardiorespiratory physiotherapy that requires specialised knowledge and skills. The current delivery of the service is limited to acute interventions, and is based on limited, unstructured referral from physicians depriving the patients from the service. The context of health service in Jordan does not provide sufficient recognition for physiotherapy; neither does it support the delivery of multidisciplinary interventions by appropriate regulations and policies. Phase 2: The following three domains emerged from the literature and were used for describing cardiorespiratory physiotherapy in Jordan: people, scope of practice, and context of practice. Conclusion. Advancing practice requires developing competencies relevant to cardiorespiratory physiotherapy particularly diagnosis, health promotion, and prevention. It is recommended that health authorities should develop regulations and policies that promote the recognition and integration of physiotherapists in the healthcare system, as well as facilitating the implementation of patient centred, multidisciplinary interventions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 Rasha Okasheh et al.)

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare gait characteristics and functional balance Babilities in men with LUTS secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to those of community-dwelling older adults under different conditions of increasing difficulties, and to aid health-care providers to identify those patients with decreased level of activity and increased risk of falls. We recruited a group of 43 men diagnosed with symptomatic BPH and a control group of 38 older men. Participants performed the timed up and go and 10-m walking tests under different conditions-namely, single task, dual-task motor, and dual-task cognitive. Time to complete the tests and spatial and temporal gait parameters were compared between groups and conditions via mixed-design ANOVA. Under dual-task conditions, individuals in both groups performed significantly worse compared to the single functional balance and walking tasks. As the complexity of the walking task increased-from dual-task motor to dual-task cognitive-significant differences between groups emerged. In particular, men with BPH performed worse than older adults in tasks demanding increased attentional control. Results suggest that dual-task decrements in functional balance and gait might explain decreased level of physical activity and increased risk of falls reported in men with LUTS. Health-care providers for men with LUTS due to BPH should assess for abnormal gait and remain vigilant for balance problems that may lead to decreased mobility and falls. The dual-task approach seems a feasible method to distinguish gait and balance impairments in men with BPH.

Objective: To translate the patient questionnaire section of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) into Arabic, examine the reliability of the translated version, and provide descriptive data on a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes., Methods: Researchers used the translation-back translation method to obtain MNSI Arabic. The test was then applied on 76 patients with type 2 diabetes. A subgroup of 25 patients answered MNSI Arabic twice to examine reliability., Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.87, revealing good reliability of MNSI Arabic. The most common symptoms patients complained of were numbness (62%), prickling feelings (57%), burning pain (47%), and pain with walking (46%)., Conclusion: Similar to the original MNSI version, our study demonstrates that the Arabic version of the MNSI questionnaire is a reliable tool for screening the symptomatic neuropathy status in patients with type 2 diabetes. Availability of this tool in Arabic will provide valuable and easy-to-obtain screening information regarding diabetic peripheral neuropathy that may help delay its complications by promoting early management.

Current gait control models suggest that independent locomotion depends on central and peripheral mechanisms. However, less information is available on the integration of these mechanisms for adaptive walking. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated gait control mechanisms in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy older (HO) adults: at self-selected walking speed (SSWS) and at fast walking speed (FWS). We measured effect of additional cognitive task (DT) and increased speed on prefrontal (PFC) and motor cortex (M1) activation, and Soleus H-reflex gain. Under DT-conditions we observed increased activation in PFC and M1. Whilst H-reflex gain decreased with additional cognitive load for both groups and speeds, H-reflex gain was lower in PD compared to HO while walking under ST condition at SSWS. Attentional load in PFC excites M1, which in turn increases inhibition on H-reflex activity during walking and reduces activity and sensitivity of peripheral reflex during the stance phase of gait. Importantly this effect on sensitivity was greater in HO. We have previously observed that the PFC copes with increased attentional load in young adults with no impact on peripheral reflexes and we suggest that gait instability in PD may in part be due to altered sensorimotor functioning reducing the sensitivity of peripheral reflexes.

Background Walking while performing another task (eg, talking) is challenging for many stroke survivors, yet its neural basis are not fully understood. Objective To investigate prefrontal cortex activation and its relationship to gait measures while walking under single-task (ST) and dual-task (DT) conditions (ie, walking while simultaneously performing a cognitive task) in stroke survivors. Methods We acquired near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data from the prefrontal cortex during treadmill walking in ST and DT conditions in chronic stroke survivors and healthy controls. We also acquired functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and NIRS during simulated walking under these conditions. Results NIRS revealed increased oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in DT-walking compared with ST-walking for both groups. For simulated walking, NIRS showed a significant effect of group and group × task, being greater on both occasions, in stroke survivors. A greater increase in brain activation observed from ST to DT walking/ simulated walking was related to a greater change in motor performance in stroke survivors. fMRI revealed increased activity during DT relative to ST conditions in stroke patients in areas including the inferior temporal gyri, superior frontal gyri and cingulate gyri bilaterally, and the right precentral gyrus. The DT-related increase in fMRI activity correlated with DT-related change in behavior in stroke participants in the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, left cingulate gyrus, and left frontal pole. Conclusion Our results provide novel evidence that enhanced brain activity changes relate to dual task motor decrements., (© The Author(s) 2015.)

Walking, although a largely automatic process, is controlled by the cortex and the spinal cord with corrective reflexes modulated through integration of neural signals from central and peripheral inputs at supraspinal level throughout the gait cycle. In this study we used an additional cognitive task to interfere with the automatic processing during walking in order to explore the neural mechanisms involved in healthy young adults. Participants were asked to walk on a treadmill at two speeds, both with and without additional cognitive load. We evaluated the impact of speed and cognitive load by analyzing activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) alongside spinal cord reflex activity measured by soleus H-reflex amplitude and gait changes obtained by using an inertial measuring unit. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that fNIRS Oxy-Hb concentrations significantly increased in the PFC with dual task (walking while performing a cognitive task) compared to a single task (walking only; p < 0.05). PFC activity was unaffected by increases of walking speed. H-reflex amplitude and gait variables did not change in response to either dual task or increases in walking speed. When walking under additional cognitive load participants adapted by using greater activity in the PFC, but this adaptation did not detrimentally affect H-reflex amplitude or gait variables. Our findings suggest that in a healthy young population central mechanisms (PFC) are activated in response to cognitive loads but that H-reflex activity and gait performance can successfully be maintained. This study provides insights into the mechanisms behind healthy individuals safely performing dual task walking.

Dual-task methodology has been increasingly used to assess cognitive motor interference while walking. However, whether the observed dual-task-related gait changes are systematically related to methodological variations remains unclear and researchers still lack knowledge of what cognitive task to use in different groups for clinical purposes or for research. We systematically reviewed experimental studies that measured gait performance with and without performing concurrent cognitive task. Our results suggest that cognitive tasks that involve internal interfering factors seem to disturb gait performance more than those involving external interfering factors. Meta-analysis results show that the overall effect of different cognitive tasks was prominent in gait speed. In healthy participants, meta-regression analysis suggests strong associations between age and speed reduction under dual-task conditions and between the level of cognitive state and speed reduction under dual-task conditions. Standardizing research methodologies, as well as improving their ecological validity, enables better understanding of dual-task-related gait changes in different populations and improves, in turn, our understanding of neural mechanisms and gait control in general in content., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Previous studies have shown that walking is not a purely automatic motor task but places demands on sensory and cognitive systems. We set out to investigate whether complex walking tasks, as when walking down a steeper gradient while performing a concurrent cognitive task, would demand gait adaptation beyond those required for walking under low-challenge conditions. Thirteen healthy young individuals walked at their self-selected speed on a treadmill at different inclinations (0, -5 and -10%). Gait spatio-temporal measures, pelvis angular excursion, and sacral centre of mass (CoM) motion were acquired while walking or while walking and performing a mental tracking task. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that decreasing treadmill inclination from 0 to -10% resulted in significant decreased walking speed (P < 0.001), decreased stride length (P < 0.001), increased pelvis tilt (P = 0.006) and obliquity variability (P = 0.05), decreased pelvis rotation (P = 0.02), and increased anterio-posterior (A-P) CoM displacement (P = 0.015). Compared to walking alone, walking under dual-task condition resulted in increased step width (P < 0.001), and increased medio-lateral (M-L) CoM displacement (P = 0.039) regardless of inclination grade, while sagittal plane dynamics did not change. Findings suggest that gait adapts differently to cognitive and mechanical constraints; the cognitive system is more actively involved in controlling frontal than sagittal plane gait dynamics, while the reverse is true for the mechanical system. Finally, these findings suggest that gait adaptations maintain the ability to perform concurrent tasks while treadmill walking in healthy young adults.