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This study examined the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus obtained from migrating birds, marking the first instance of such research conducted in Egypt. The study assessed potential risks using an antibiogram, virulence characteristics, antibiotic-resistance, and gene profile. Randomly collected 80 samples were tested for V. parahaemolyticus. Eleven (13.75%) samples were V. parahaemolyticus-contaminated. All isolates were positive for 16SrRNA and species-specific toxR genes. Interestingly, our strain is genetically similar to human and shrimp isolates, suggesting zoonotic transmission may pose a health danger. All isolates had 100% l-lysine decarboxylase, 45.45% beta-hemolytic, and 100% l-ornithine decarboxylase activity. All isolates displayed no l-arginine decarboxylase activity. Notably, every isolate possessed a minimum of two virulence genes. In addition, the profiles of virulence genes were identified, tdh + /trh + (27.3%), tdh-/trh + (27.3%), and tdh + /trh- (45.4%). Out of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates, 18.2% (2/11) were extensively drug-resistant (XDR) to six different antimicrobials classes and possessed the bla TEM , bla OXA , sul1, and tetA genes. Furthermore, 63.6% of the isolates displayed multidrug resistance (MDR). The correlation highlights a strong relationship between phenotypic and genotypic resistance. Besides the strong correlation between virulence and resistance genes. In summary, this work highlighted the presence of newly identified MDR and XDR V. parahaemolyticus carried toxR, trh, and tdh virulence genes, as well as bla TEM , bla OXA , sul1, and tetA resistance genes in migratory birds, indicating a significant public health risk., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing Interests: This research received no competing interests. Ethical Approval: All study techniques followed the guidelines of the Animal Ethics Review Committee of Suez Canal University (SCU-VET-2024), Egypt., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Enterococci are emerging nosocomial pathogens. Their widespread distribution causes them to be food contaminants. Furthermore, Enterococci can colonize various ecological niches and diffuse into the food chain via contaminated animals and foods because of their remarkable tolerance to unfavorable environmental circumstances. Due to their potential dissemination to humans, antimicrobial-resistant Enterococci in fish are a worldwide health issue. This study characterized AMR, ARGs, VAGs, gelatinase activity, and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. recovered from fish and seafood and evaluated potential correlations. 54 Enterococcus spp. strains(32.73 %)were isolated from 165 samples (75 Oreochromis niloticus, 30 Argyrosomus regius, and 60 Shrimp), comprising 30 Enterococcus faecalis (55.6 %) and 24 Enterococcus faecium (44.4 %) with total 32.73 % (54/165), The maximum prevalence rate of Enterococcus spp. was observed in Nile tilapia (34/54; 63 %), followed by shrimp (14/54; 25.9 %) and Argyrosomus regius (6/54; 11.1 %). The maximum prevalence rate of E. faecalis was observed in Nile tilapia (22/30; 73.3 %), followed by shrimp (8/30; 26.7 %) with significant differences. The prevalence rate of E. faecium was observed in Nile tilapia (12/24; 50 %), followed by shrimp (6/24,25 %). E. faecium is only isolated from Argyrosomus regius (6/24,25 %). Isolates exhibited high resistance against both tetracycline (90.7 %) and erythromycin(88.9 %), followed by gentamycin (77.8 %), ciprofloxacin (74.1 %), levofloxacin (72.2 %), penicillin (44.4 %), vancomycin (37 %), and linezolid (20.4 %). 50 strains (92.6 %) exhibited resistance to more than two antibiotics, 5 strains (10 %) were XDR, and the remaining 45 strains (90 %) were classified as MDR. 92.6 % of the isolates had MARindices >0.2, indicating they originated in settings with a high risk of contamination. Additionally, ten ARGs were identified, with tet(M) 92.6 %, followed by erm(B) (88.9 %), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia(77.8 %), tet(K) (75.9 %), gyrA (74.1 %), blaZ (48.1 %), vanA (37 %), vanB (31.5 %), optrA (20.4 %), and catA(3.7 %). Biofilm formation and gelatinase activity were observed in 85.2 %, and 61.1 % of the isolates, respectively. A total of 11 VAGs were detected, with gelE as the most prevalent (83.3 %) followed by agg(79.6 %), pil (74.1 %), both sprE and asa1 (72.2 %), hyl (70.4 %), eps(68.5 %), EF3314 (57.4 %), ace (50 %), and cylA (35.2 %) with no detection of cylB. In conclusion, the emergence of linezolid-resistant -vancomycin-resistant enterococci recovered from Egyptian fish and shrimp, suggests that fish and seafood might participate a fundamental part in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among humans., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Authors disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence our work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a foremost human and animal pathogen with public health and veterinary significance causing hospital and community infections and contagious bovine mastitis. Due to its ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR) and its pathogenicity, MRSA infection control is becoming a global concern. Natural antibacterial options are needed to combat MDR development and infectious dissemination. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiling of MRSA isolates and explored the antivirulence efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol essential oils (EOs) against multivirulent and MDR-MRSA isolates. Thirty six S. aureus isolates (25%) were retrieved, of which 34 (94.4%) were MRSA. A high prevalence of MDR (66.7%) was monitored and all 53 molecularly verified isolates possessed icaA and cna virulence genes. Moreover, 94.1% of these isolates were multivirulent with 23.5% of them carrying icaA, cna, eta, tst, and sea virulence genes. Our data proved superior in vitro antimicrobial and antivirulence activities of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol. They inhibited the growth of multi-virulent and MDR-MRSA isolates and downregulated the transcription of examined virulence genes. Our study suggests using EOs as prospective antimicrobials with excellent antivirulence activities against MRSA isolates. We provided data regarding the eventual role of phytogenics in prevention and control of MRSA infection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)