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The Middle Eastern prevalence of sickle cell anemia, a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, necessitates additional research. On a molecular level, we sought to identify and sort the oral microbiota of healthy individuals and those with sickle cell anemia. Furthermore, it is crucial to comprehend how changes in the genetic makeup of the oral microbiota impact the state of sickle cell anemia. Using next-generation sequencing, the 16S rRNA amplicon was examined using saliva samples from 36 individuals with sickle cell anemia and healthy individuals. These samples were obtained from sickle cell anemia patients (18 samples) and healthy control participants (controls, 18 samples). Various analyses are conducted using bioinformatic techniques to identify distinct species and their relative abundance. Streptococcus, followed by Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella, and Veillonella were the most prevalent genera of bacteria in the saliva of the SCA and non-SCA individuals according to our findings. Rothia mucilaginosa, Prevotella scoposa, and Veillonella dispar species were the dominant species in both sickle cell anemia and non-sickle cell anemia subjects. Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces graevenitzii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, and Actinomyces georgiae spp. were the most prevalent bacterial spp. in the studied SCA cases. The sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene yielded relative abundance values that were visualized through a heatmap analysis. Alterations in the oral microflora's constitution can significantly affect the susceptibility of sickle cell anemia patients to develop more severe health complications. Salivary diagnosis is a potential tool for predicting and preventing oral microbiome-related diseases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxicosis is one of the major issues for the public health. Control of aflatoxins is necessary to avoid the health hazards in human and animals. Present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis as a novel feed additive for control of aflatoxicosis. A total of 40 rats were equally divided into the four groups. The first group (BD) was kept as control, treated with basal diet. In second group (AF), the rats were treated with aflatoxins (28 μg/kg BW). In the third group (AFBL) the rats were treated with aflatoxins (28 µg/g BW) and Bacillus licheniformis (1 × 108 cfu/mL). In the fourth group (BDBL) the rats were treated with only Bacillus licheniformis (1 × 108 cfu/mL). The parameters studied were, phagocytic response by carbon clearance assay system, lymphoproliferative response to PHA-P, antibody response to SRBCs, total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant status of the rats and interleukin concentrations, along with histopathology of organs. Results of this study confirmed the immunomodulation and antioxidant capacity of Bacillus licheniformis against 28 µg/kg BW of aflatoxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus can enter the bloodstream, leading to health complications such as sepsis, arthritis, endocarditis, and pneumonia. This study screened for the impact of six replication genes of cos phage 12 (φ12) on the evolution and transfer of cos S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIbov5). An overnight culture of the S. aureus strain RN4220 diluted with fresh TSB was used in the bacteriophage φ12 titering assay. Phage-point mutagenesis was achieved using the pMAD vector, which facilitates homologous recombination in a two-step process. Finally, the transduction SaPI titering assays also utilized the S. aureus strain RN4220, which was then mixed with CaCl2 and fresh TSB. The study showed that ORF11, ORF12, and VirE mutants did not lyse or produce phage particles after titering into the recipient RN4220 strains. While ORF26, ORF10, and ORF04 mutants generated detectable plaques, the mutations may have an effect on phage replication or packaging after tittering. For instance, complemented φ12 ORF26, ORF10, and ORF04 mutant strains had fully restored phage titers. The experiment found that cos phages facilitate inter and intra-generically transfer of cosSaPIs. It was also established that φ12 transduces SaPIbov5. However, φ12 mutants in VirE, ORF12, and ORF11 did not show SaPI mobilization because of their effects on infective phage particles and lack of replication. The complemented φ12 VirE, ORF12, and ORF11 mutants had partly restored phage titers when they were expressed in the recipient and donor strains. Mutations in ORF26, 0RF10, and ORFO4 decrease the φ12's ability to transfer SaPIbov5. Generally, this study found a new mechanism that facilitates the transfer of SaPI and cos genes. While the VirE, ORF12, and ORF11 affect packaging and are necessary for replication and phage biology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]