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Summary: GABAergic interneurons are inhibitory neurons of the CNS, playing a fundamental role in neural circuitry and activity. Here, we provide a robust protocol for the successful enrichment of human cerebellar GABAergic interneurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and measuring intracellular calcium transients. We describe in detail steps for culturing iPSCs; generating embryoid bodies; and differentiating and enriching for cerebellar GABAergic neurons (cGNs), with precise steps for their molecular characterization. We then detail the procedure for adeno-associated virus-mediated transduction of cGNs with genetically encoded calcium indicators, followed by intracellular calcium imaging and analyses.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pilotto et al.1 : Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.

Land snail identification researches in Iraq is limited. In Erbil-Iraq, a study was carried out to explore the identification of various land snails. In earlier studies, most species determination was based on shell morphology, anatomy of genitalia, and mantle color, these criteria are continuously applied to describe new species/new records. Species of similar morphology have ambiguous identities, especially juvenile specimens, due to the great level of morphological variation observed in some snail species. Five species of land snails belong to four families were found in different locations of Erbil City, Iraq, during November 2020 to April 2021, when average temperature was arranged (4-25 C°). Morphology and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were used to identify specimens, Rumina decollate (Linnaeus, 1758), found for the first time in Iraq. In addition to four species: Eobania vermiculata (Müller, 1774), Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774), Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) and Polygyra cereolus (Megerle von Mühlfeldt, 1818) were previously registered in Iraq and have never been recorded in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. This study highlights the impotence of genetic analyses along with morphological analyses in identification of species. This finding suggests, for precise evaluation of species diversity, molecular tools should be included in future biodiversity researches.

The early detection of pipeline breaches in the pipeline monitoring system is a crucial concern for oil management firms. Diverse technologies have been created to identify pipeline leaks. However, they need development as the current systems take a long time to detect leaks. As a result, it can contribute to oil waste and natural disasters. This paper provides a system for detecting pipeline leaks using pressure, water-flow, Accelerometer, and voltage sensors coupled to an Arduino mega microcontroller with BLYNK IoT platform real-time monitoring. It is obvious from the data that the Oil Pipe Monitoring System is capable of displaying pipeline flowrates, pressures, and acceleration. When a leak occurs or an event occurs during operation, a message is delivered to the responsible technical individual indicating which pipe is leaking. This project successfully established an Internet of Things (IoT) platform to monitor pipeline events in real-time.

The search for novel therapeutic agents to treat breast cancer has compelled the development of fusion proteins that synergize the functional benefits of different bioactive peptides. Leptulipin, derived from scorpion venom, exhibits antitumor properties. On the other hand, p28, a peptide from the bacterial protein azurin, enhances cell penetration. The current study investigated the design and computational evaluation of a Leptulipin-p28 fusion protein for breast cancer treatment. The amino acid sequences of Leptulipin and p28 were joined via a rigid linker to maintain structural and functional integrity. Secondary and tertiary structure predictions were performed using online servers of GOR-IV and I-TASSER. Physicochemical properties and solubility were analyzed using ProtParam and Protein-Sol. Validation and quality assessment of the fusion protein were confirmed through Rampage and ERRAT2. Finally, the fusion protein was docked with 2 receptors (VEGFR and Cadherin) and docked complexes were simulated on GROMACS. The Leptulipin-p28 fusion protein exhibited a stable structure exhibiting a high quality score of 92 on ERRAT and Ramachandran plot analysis highlighting 76.3% of residues in the favorable region. Docking studies with VEGFR and Cadherin receptors followed by 100 ns simulations on GROMACS showed stable complex formation. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability and robust interaction of the fusion protein-receptor complexes over time. The computational analysis indicates that the Leptulipin-p28 fusion protein holds promise as a multitarget therapeutic agent in breast cancer. The current findings warrant further investigation through in vitro and in vivo studies to validate the current outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to assess the use of unsaturated water flow in terms of soil water evaporation, which was determined by evaluating some soil hydraulic parameters in different soil textures. The results show that the predicted values of these parameters, which were obtained through inverse modeling with the HYDRUS-1D software and depend on the change of the volumetric water content, exhibited a significant agreement with the measured values from laboratory or field simulation data for soil water evaporation at 5. 10. 20. and 45 days of measurement. At the same time, inverse simulation was conducted on soil hydraulic parameters obtained from a 5-day laboratory soil evaporation period to predict field infiltration values and water retention curve, which showed a significant agreement with measured values for all soil textures.

This research is an attempt to present a complete explanation of Edward Albee's Me, Myself and I through applying the deconstructive theory in order to generate a better understanding of its text and thoughtful themes. According to this theory, language as a significant means of interaction does not embrace merely one meaning. This multiplicity of meanings strengthens the importance of language in Albee's theater of the absurd. For Jacques Derrida as a French deconstructionist, the concept of "différance" plays an imperative role in the language's multiple explanations and implications. Also, binary opposition is proven to be a significant concept, which regards such differences as central to the language, human attitude, and culture. It is shown in this study that language of Albee's play does not have a fixed meaning. In fact, it is found that language in Albee’s Me, Myself and I is a highly significant feature which assists the readers to comprehend the absurd, vague, and formless lives of his American characters. Thus, benefitting from différance discloses the absurdities, roughness, and messiness of American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to: 1 - Building a measure of the functions of the presidents of referees committees in the football sub-associations from the point of view of the working referees. 2 - Recognition of the assessment of the functions of the heads of referees committees in the sub-football associations from the point of view of the working referees. The descriptive approach and the survey method were used to suit the nature of the current research. The research community included (314)rule of (14) international rule and (220) first degree rule and (80) second degree referee, who work in the sub-federations of the Iraqi provinces. The two researchers settled on the first-class referees as a sample to be considered as one of the most active referees in the various competitions organized by the Iraqi Central Football Federation and its sub-federations, as well as 70% of the total number of registered and accredited referees). Arbitrarily chosen arbitrarily from the rulers of the first class, between The final included a sample application (80) judgment. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the evaluation of the tasks of the heads of the referees' committees in the sub-federations is required from the point of view of the working referees, according to a plan that adopts the scientific procedures for determining the dimensions and drafting the questionnaire paragraphs as a tool for gathering information. Through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation, and T test for two independent samples. Through the data and results of the final application, the researchers reached the following conclusions: A - The presidents of the referees in the football federations showed a level (very high) in the application of tasks: _ Management and control of referees and arbitration in their governorates. .Implementation of decisions of the Central Referees Committee - Sponsoring referees' affairs technically _ . Raising the level of referees and follow-up weekly - exercises B - The presidents of referees committees in the football sub-associations got a (high) level in the implementation of tasks: . Sponsorship of administrative affairs_ - Name of arbitration teams for matches - _ Social welfare of the rulers. - Recommend sanctions on rulers 1 - Building a measure of the functions of the presidents of referees committees in the football sub-associations from the point of view of the working referees. 2 - Recognition of the assessment of the functions of the heads of referees committees in the sub-football associations from the point of view of the working referees. The descriptive approach and the survey method were used to suit the nature of the current research. The research community included (314)rule of (14) international rule and (220) first degree rule and (80) second degree referee, who work in the sub-federations of the Iraqi provinces. The two researchers settled on the first-class referees as a sample to be considered as one of the most active referees in the various competitions organized by the Iraqi Central Football Federation and its sub-federations, as well as 70% of the total number of registered and accredited referees). Arbitrarily chosen arbitrarily from the rulers of the first class, between The final included a sample application (80) judgment. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the evaluation of the tasks of the heads of the referees' committees in the sub-federations is required from the point of view of the working referees, according to a plan that adopts the scientific procedures for determining the dimensions and drafting the questionnaire paragraphs as a tool for gathering information. Through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation, and T test for two independent samples. Through the data and results of the final application, the researchers reached the following conclusions: A - The presidents of the referees in the football federations showed a level (very high) in the application of tasks: _ Management and control of referees and arbitration in their governorates. .Implementation of decisions of the Central Referees Committee - Sponsoring referees' affairs technically _ . Raising the level of referees and follow-up weekly - exercises B - The presidents of referees committees in the football sub-associations got a (high) level in the implementation of tasks: . Sponsorship of administrative affairs_ - Name of arbitration teams for matches - _ Social welfare of the rulers. - Recommend sanctions on rulers

Abstract Flexible cystoscopy under local anaesthesia is standard for the surveillance of bladder cancer. Frequently, several reusable cystoscopes fail to reprocess. With the new grasper incorporated single-use cystoscope for retrieval of ureteric stents, we explored the feasibility of using it off-label for diagnosis and the detection of bladder cancer. Consecutive diagnostic flexible cystoscopies between Mar 2016 and Nov 2018 were reviewed comparing the reusable versus the disposable cystoscopes. A total of 390 patients underwent 1211 cystoscopies. Median age was 61.5 years (SD 14.2, 18.8–91.4), males 331 (84.9%) and females 59 (15.1%). Indication for cystoscopy was prior malignancy in 1183 procedures (97.7%), haematuria 19 (1.6%) or bladder mass 7 (0.6%). There were 608 reusable and 603 disposable cystoscopies. There was no significant difference between groups at baseline in age, sex, BMI, smoking status, or prior tumor risk category. There was no significant difference in positive findings (123/608, 20.2% vs 111/603, 18.4%, p = 0.425) or cancer detection rates (95/608, 15.6% vs 88/603, 14.4%, p 0.574) among the two groups, respectively. We conclude that the disposable grasper integrated cystoscope is comparable to reusable cystoscope in the detection of bladder cancer.

Background: Identifying the animal species origin in meat and meat products is important for preventing adulteration and protecting consumers in terms of health and religious convictions. Species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is known as a suitable method for identifying meat species. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to use a species-specific PCR assay for the detection of mislabeling in cooked sausage meats as adulterants by use of multiplex PCR. METHODS: A total of 114 samples including sausage labeled containing 40%, 55% and 70% red meat of 10 different brands were collected from various markets and supermarkets. Following genomic DNA extraction from cooked sausages which were claimed to be made of red meat, multiplex PCR was performed to detect adulteration in processed food. RESULTS: According to the analysis, 60 sausage samples showed that they consist of only meat from chicken (52.6%), 48 sausage samples consist of meat from beef and chicken (42.1%) and only 5.3% of the examined sausages were prepared with the meat of beef (6 samples). CONCLUSIONS: This high rate of undeclared chicken meat in sausage samples is most probably due to achieving more profit. Our results indicated that the meat species substitution occurs often in processed meats like sausages, which indicates the need of more governmental controls.

Abstract Background The presence of hypoxic areas is common in all breast lesions but no data clearly correlate low oxygenation with the acquisition of malignant features by non-invasive cells, particularly by cells from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the most frequently diagnosed tumor in women. Methods By using a DCIS-derived cell line, we evaluated the effects of low oxygen availability on malignant features of non-invasive breast tumor cells and the possible role of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a well-known anti-leukemic drug, in counteracting the effects of hypoxia. The involvement of the β2 isoform of PI-PLC (PLC-β2), an ATRA target in myeloid leukemia cells, was also investigated by specific modulation of the protein expression. Results We demonstrated that moderate hypoxia is sufficient to induce, in DCIS-derived cells, motility, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and expression of the stem cell marker CD133, indicative of their increased malignant potential. Administration of ATRA supports the epithelial-like phenotype of DCIS-derived cells cultured under hypoxia and keeps down the number of CD133 positive cells, abrogating almost completely the effects of poor oxygenation. We also found that the mechanisms triggered by ATRA in non-invasive breast tumor cells cultured under hypoxia is in part mediated by PLC-β2, responsible to counteract the effects of low oxygen availability on CD133 levels. Conclusions Overall, we assigned to hypoxia a role in increasing the malignant potential of DCIS-derived cells and we identified in ATRA, currently used in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), an agonist potentially useful in preventing malignant progression of non-invasive breast lesions showing hypoxic areas.

Land snail identification researches in Iraq is limited. In Erbil-Iraq, a study was carried out to explore the identification of various land snails. In earlier studies, most species determination was based on shell morphology, anatomy of genitalia, and mantle color, these criteria are continuously applied to describe new species/new records. Species of similar morphology have ambiguous identities, especially juvenile specimens, due to the great level of morphological variation observed in some snail species. Five species of land snails belong to four families were found in different locations of Erbil City, Iraq, during November 2020 to April 2021, when average temperature was arranged (4-25 C°). Morphology and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were used to identify specimens, Rumina decollate (Linnaeus, 1758), found for the first time in Iraq. In addition to four species: Eobania vermiculata (Müller, 1774), Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774), Cochlicella barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) and Polygyra cereolus (Megerle von Mühlfeldt, 1818) were previously registered in Iraq and have never been recorded in Erbil City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. This study highlights the impotence of genetic analyses along with morphological analyses in identification of species. This finding suggests, for precise evaluation of species diversity, molecular tools should be included in future biodiversity researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the international economic growth reliance on petroleum, corrosion is a critical problem for refineries and it has attracted considerable attention in recent times. There is a plethora of knowledge on the prevention of corrosion in petroleum refineries, but it is distributed among several scholarly studies. Therefore, a comprehensive and current analysis of corrosion prevention in refineries is required. Corrosion issues at several refinery units are examined in this paper. In addition, the foundations of the corrosion issue and modern mitigation techniques, like refinery design, cathode safeguard, inhibitors, and covering protection, were investigated. Study concludes by pointing out knowledge gaps, collecting adequate data on refinery facility corrosion, and offering suggestions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The malignant potential of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is also dependent on a sub-population of cells with a stem-like phenotype. Among the cancer stem cell markers, CD133 and EpCAM strongly correlate with breast tumor aggressiveness, suggesting that simultaneous targeting of the two surface antigens may be beneficial in treatment of TNBC. Since in TNBC-derived cells we demonstrated that PLC-β2 induces the conversion of CD133high to CD133low cells, here we explored its possible role in down-modulating the expression of both CD133 and EpCAM and, ultimately, in reducing the number of TNBC cells with a stem-like phenotype. Methods A magnetic step-by-step cell isolation with antibodies directed against CD133 and/or EpCAM was performed on the TNBC-derived MDA-MB-231 cell line. In the same cell model, PLC-β2 was over-expressed or down-modulated and cell proliferation and invasion capability were evaluated by Real-time cell assays. The surface expression of CD133, EpCAM and CD44 in the different experimental conditions were measured by multi-color flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Results A CD133+/EpCAM+ sub-population with high proliferation rate and invasion capability is present in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. Over-expression of PLC-β2 in CD133+/EpCAM+ cells reduced the surface expression of both CD133 and EpCAM, as well as proliferation and invasion capability of this cellular subset. On the other hand, the up-modulation of PLC-β2 in the whole MDA-MB-231 cell population reduced the number of cells with a CD44+/CD133+/EpCAM+ stem-like phenotype. Conclusions Since selective targeting of the cells with the highest aggressive potential may have a great clinical importance for TNBC, the up-modulation of PLC-β2, reducing the number of cells with a stem-like phenotype, may be a promising goal for novel therapies aimed to prevent the progression of aggressive breast tumors.