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Ammar Almaaytah,1 Mohammed T Qaoud,1 Ahmad Abualhaijaa,2 Qosay Al-Balas,3 Karem H Alzoubi4 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 4Department Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Introduction: As the development of new antimicrobial agents faces a historical decline, the issue of bacterial drug resistance has become a serious dilemma that threatens the human population worldwide. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent an attractive and a promising class of antimicrobial agents. Aim: The hybridization of AMPs aimed at merging two individual active fragments of native peptides to generate a new AMP with altered physicochemical properties that translate into an enhanced safety profile. Materials and methods: In this study, we have rationally designed a new hybrid peptide via combining two individual α-helical fragments of both BMAP-27 and OP-145. The resultant peptide, was evaluated for its antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against a range of microbial strains. The resultant peptide was also evaluated for its toxicity against mammalian cells using hemolytic and anti proliferative assays. Results: The antimicrobial activity of H4 revealed that the peptide is displaying a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including standard and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains in the range of 2.5–25 μM. The new hybrid peptide displayed potent activity in eradicating biofilm-forming cells, and the reported minimum biofilm eradication concentrations were equal to the minimum inhibitory concentration values reported for planktonic cells. Additionally, H4 exhibited reduced toxicity profiles against eukaryotic cells. Combining H4 peptide with conventional antibiotics has led to a dramatic enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of both agents with synergistic or additive outcomes. Conclusion: Overall, this study indicates the success of both the hybridization and synergism strategy in developing AMPs as potential antimicrobial therapeutics with reduced toxicity profiles that could be efficiently employed to eradicate resistant bacterial strains and enhance the selectivity and toxicity profiles of native AMPs. Keywords: antimicrobial peptides, peptide hybridization, antibiotic synergism, biofilms, antimicrobial resistance

Ammar Almaaytah,1 Gubran Khalil Mohammed,1 Ahmad Abualhaijaa,2 Qosay Al-Balas3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, 3Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Abstract: Conventional antibiotics are facing strong microbial resistance that has recently reached critical levels. This situation is leading to significantly reduced therapeutic potential of a huge proportion of antimicrobial agents currently used in clinical settings. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) could provide the medical community with an alternative strategy to traditional antibiotics for combating microbial resistance. However, the development of AMPs into clinically useful antibiotics is hampered by their relatively low stability, toxicity, and high manufacturing costs. In this study, a novel in-house-designed potent ultrashort AMP named RBRBR was encapsulated into chitosan-based nanoparticles (CS-NPs) based on the ionotropic gelation method. The encapsulation efficacy reported for RBRBR into CS-NPs was 51.33%, with a loading capacity of 10.17%. The release kinetics of RBRBR from the nanocarrier exhibited slow release followed by progressive linear release for 14 days. The antibacterial kinetics of RBRBR-CS-NPs was tested against four strains of Staphylococcus aureus for 4 days, and the developed RBRBR-CS-NPs exhibited a 3-log decrease in the number of colonies when compared to CS-NP and a 5-log decrease when compared to control bacteria. The encapsulated peptide NP formulation managed to limit the toxicity of the free peptide against both mammalian cells and human erythrocytes. Additionally, the peptide NPs demonstrated up to 98% inhibition of biofilm formation when tested against biofilm-forming bacteria. Loading RBRBR into CS-NPs could represent an innovative approach to develop delivery systems based on NP technology for achieving potent antimicrobial effects against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria, with negligible systemic toxicity and reduced synthetic costs, thereby overcoming the obstructions to clinical development of AMPs. Keywords: ultrashort antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, drug delivery, antibiofilm

Ammar Almaaytah,1 Ya’u Ajingi,2 Ahmad Abualhaijaa,2 Shadi Tarazi,2 Nizar Alshar’i,3 Qosay Al-Balas3 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 3Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Abstract: The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria is causing a serious threat to the world’s human population. Recent reports have identified bacterial strains displaying pan drug resistance against antibiotics and generating fears among medical health specialists that humanity is on the dawn of entering a post-antibiotics era. Global research is currently focused on expanding the lifetime of current antibiotics and the development of new antimicrobial agents to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance. In the present study, we designed a novel consensus peptide named “Pepcon” through peptide consensus sequence determination among members of a highly homologous group of scorpion antimicrobial peptides. Members of this group were found to possess moderate antimicrobial activity with significant toxicity against mammalian cells. The aim of our design method was to generate a novel peptide with an enhanced antimicrobial potency and selectivity against microbial rather than mammalian cells. The results of our study revealed that the consensus peptide displayed potent antibacterial activities against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our membrane permeation studies displayed that the peptide efficiently induced membrane damage and consequently led to cell death through the process of cell lysis. The microbial DNA binding assay of the peptide was found to be very weak suggesting that the peptide is not targeting the microbial DNA. Pepcon induced minimal cytotoxicity at the antimicrobial concentrations as the hemolytic activity was found to be zero at the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The results of our study demonstrate that the consensus peptide design strategy is efficient in generating peptides. Keywords: peptide, scorpion, venom, peptide design, antimicrobial peptides, consensus sequence

Nizar M Mhaidat,1,2 Mousa Al-Smadi,3 Fouad Al-Momani,4 Karem H Alzoubi,1 Iman Mansi,2 Qosay Al-Balas5 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa, 3Department of Applied Chemical Sciences, 4Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, 5Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanAbstract: Three derivatives of substituted 1,2,3-thia- or 1,2,3-selenadiazole (4a–c) were prepared and characterized by different chemical techniques. These compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Compounds 4a (propenoxide derivative), 4b (carbaldehyde derivative), and 4c (benzene derivative) were active against the yeast-like fungi Candida albicans. Compound 4a was active against gram-negative Escherichia coli, and compound 4c was active against the gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. For the antitumor activity, both compounds 4b and 4c were active against all tested tumor cell lines, namely, SW480, HCT116, C32, MV3, HMT3522, and MCF-7. The activity of compound 4c was greater than that of compound 4b and more than that of the reference antitumor 5-flourouracil against the SW480, HCT116, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines. In conclusion, a number of the prepared 1,2,3-thia- or 1,2,3-selenadiazole compounds showed promising antifungal, antibacterial, and in vitro antitumor activities. Further investigations are required to explore the mechanism by which active compound are inducing their cytotoxicity. Keywords: thiadiazole, selenadiazole, cell lines, antimicrobial activity

Mohammad H Fetian, Qosay A Al-Balas Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanCorrespondence: Qosay A Al-Balas, Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Tel +962 2 720 1000, Fax +962 2 720 1071, Email qabalas@just.edu.joBackground: Glyoxalase system detoxifies methylglyoxal and other ketoaldehydes to produce innocuous metabolites that allow the cells to function normally. Its inhibition in cancer cells causes these toxic metabolites to accumulate, and the cancer cells enter the apoptotic stage.Methods: The techniques of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) were used, and the compounds possessing a zinc-binding group from commercial databases were extracted, using the pharmacophore search protocol. These compounds were subjected to robust docking using the CDOCKER protocol within the Discovery Studio. Docking was performed on both Glo-I twin active sites. The biological activities of candidate hits were assessed using an in vitro assay against Glo-I.Results: Compounds containing zinc-binding groups were extracted from ASINEX® commercial database, which contains (91,001 compounds). This step has helped to retrieve 1809 ligands, which then were prepared and docked at the two active sites of Glo-I. The fourteen compounds, which have showed the highest scores in docking and returned acceptable Total Binding Energy values, were purchased and tested against the enzyme in vitro. Two compounds out of the fourteen, which were selected in the final step, possess tetrazole ring as zinc chelating moiety, and have showed moderate activity with an IC50 of 48.18μM for SYN 25285236 and 48.77 μM for SYN 22881895.Conclusion: Two hits with moderate activity are identified as the lead compounds against Glo-I. Both compounds possess a negatively ionized tetrazole ring as the zinc-binding moiety. These compounds will lead to the development of inhibitors with improved activities. Keywords: Glo-I, CDOCKER, zinc-binding group, tetrazole ring, structure-based drug design

Suaad Abdallah Audat,1 Qosay Ali Al-Balas,2 Buthina Abdallah Al-Oudat,2 Mo’ad Jamil Athamneh,1 Amanda Bryant-Friedrich3 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USACorrespondence: Suaad Abdallah Audat, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan, Tel +962 2 720 1000, Fax +962 2 720 1071, Email saaudat@just.edu.joBackground: Glyoxalase system is one of the defense cellular mechanisms that protect cells against endogenous harmful metabolites, mainly methylglyoxal (MG), through conversion of cytotoxic methylglyoxal into the non-toxic lactic acid. Glyoxalase system comprises of two enzymes glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, and a catalytic amount of reduced glutathione. Cancerous cells overexpress glyoxalase I, making it a target for cancer therapy. Many studies have been conducted to identify potent Glx-I inhibitors.Methods: Aiming to discover and develop novel Glx-I inhibitors, a series of 1,4-benzenesulfonamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated in vitro against human Glx-I enzyme. Seventeen compounds were designed based on the hit compound that was obtained from searching the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database. The synthesis of the target compounds ( 13– 29) was accomplished utilizing an azo coupling reaction of aniline derivatives and activated substituted aromatic compounds. To understand the binding mode of the active compounds at the active site of Glx-I, docking studies were performed.Results: Structure activity relationship (SAR) studies were accomplished which led to the identification of several compounds that showed potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values below 10 μM. Among the compounds tested, compounds (E)-2-hydroxy-5-((4-sulfamoylphenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid ( 26) and (E)-4-((8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)diazenyl) benzenesulfonamide ( 28) displayed potent Glx-I inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.39 μM and 1.36 μM, respectively. Docking studies of compounds 26 and 28 were carried out to illustrate the binding mode of the molecules into the Glx-I active site.Conclusion: Our results show that compounds 26 and 28 displayed potent Glx-I inhibitory activity and can bind the Glx-I well. These findings should lead us to discover new classes of compounds with better Glx-I inhibition.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: anticancer agents, glyoxalase I, structure activity relationship, SAR, molecular docking

The glyoxalase system, particularly glyoxalase-I (GLO-I), has been approved as a potential target for cancer treatment. In this study, a set of structurally diverse polyphenolic natural compounds were investigated as potential GLO-I inhibitors. Ellagic acid was found, computationally and experimentally, to be the most potent GLO-I inhibitor among the tested compounds which showed an IC50 of 0.71 mmol L−1. Its binding to the GLO-I active site seemed to be mainly driven by ionic interaction via its ionized hydroxyl groups with the central Zn ion and Lys156, along with other numerous hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Due to its unique and rigid skeleton, it can be utilized to search for other novel and potent GLO-I inhibitors via computational approaches such as pharmacophore modeling and similarity search methods. Moreover, an inspection of the docked poses of the tested compounds showed that chlorogenic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid could be considered as lead compounds worthy of further optimization.

Buthina Abdallah Al-Oudat,1 Mohammad Ali Alqudah,2 Suaad Abdallah Audat,3 Qosay Ali Al-Balas,1 Tamam El-Elimat,1 Mohammad Abdelhafeez Hassan,1 Islam Nawaf Frhat,1 Marwah Mohammad Azaizeh2 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; 3Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan Background: Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a widely distributed natural flavonoid found in many plant extracts, honey and propolis. Several studies revealed that chrysin possesses multiple biological activities including anti-cancer effects. It has been established that activation of apoptosis is the key molecular mechanism responsible for the cytotoxic potential of chrysin. The objective of this study was to design and synthesize potent chrysin analogues as potential cytotoxic agents.Methods: A series of chrysin derivatives (3a-m) bearing N'-alkylidene/arylideneacetohydrazide moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two human breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 by applying the MTT colorimetric assay. Selected compounds were tested for their ability to induce apoptosis through caspase 3/7 activation in MDA-MB-231 cells only since MCF-7 cells lack procaspase 3.Results: Compounds (3a-m) were obtained as geometrical isomers (E/Z isomers) in good yields upon treatment of hydrazide 5 with different aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Most of the synthesized compounds demonstrated moderate-to-good activity against both cell lines. The cytotoxicity results revealed the importance of lipophilic moieties at C-4 position of ring D in imparting the cytotoxic activities to the compounds. Compound 3e with 4-benzyloxy substituent was found to be the most active among the synthesized compounds with IC50 3.3 µM against MDA-MB-231 and 4.2 µM against MCF-7 cell lines. The cytotoxic potential of compound 3e is comparable to that of the well-known anti-cancer agent doxorubicin. In addition, compounds substituted with fluoro (3b), nitro (3h), and dimethylamino (3j) exhibited good cytotoxicity with IC50

Qosay A Al-Balas,1 Mohammad A Hassan,1 Nizar A Al-Shar’i,1 Nizar M Mhaidat,2 Ammar M Almaaytah,3 Fatima M Al-Mahasneh,1 Israa H Isawi1 1Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 3Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Background: The glyoxalase system including two thiol-dependent enzymes, glyoxalase I (Glo-I) and glyoxalase II, plays an important role in a ubiquitous metabolic pathway involved in cellular detoxification of cytotoxic 2-oxoaldehydes. Tumor cells have high glycolytic activity, leading to increased cellular levels of these toxic metabolites. The increased activity of the detoxification system in cancerous cells makes this pathway a viable target for developing novel anticancer agents. In this study, we examined the potential utility of non-glutathione-based inhibitors of the Glo-I enzyme as novel anticancer drugs.Methods: Computer-aided drug design techniques, such as customized pharmacophoric features, virtual screening, and flexible docking, were used to achieve the project goals. Retrieved hits were extensively filtered and subsequently docked into the active site of the enzyme. The biological activities of retrieved hits were assessed using an in vitro assay against Glo-I.Results: Since Glo-I is a zinc metalloenzyme, a customized Zn-binding pharmacophoric feature was used to search for selective inhibitors via virtual screening of a small-molecule database. Seven hits were selected, purchased, and biologically evaluated. Three of the seven hits inhibited Glo-I activity, the most effective of which exerted 76.4% inhibition at a concentration of 25 µM.Conclusion: We successfully identified a potential Glo-I inhibitor that can serve as a lead compound for further optimization. Moreover, our in silico and experimental results were highly correlated. Hence, the docking protocol adopted in this study may be efficiently employed in future optimization steps. Keywords: cancer, glyoxalase-I, zinc-binding feature, flexible docking, Discovery Studio 3.5, ketol

Qosay A Al-Balas,1 Munia F Sowaileh,1 Mohammad A Hassan,1 Amjad M Qandil,1,2 Karem H Alzoubi,3 Nizar M Mhaidat,3 Ammar M Almaaytah,4 Omar F Khabour51Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 2Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 4Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan; 5Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, JordanBackground: The dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme is considered a pivotal target for controlling normal blood sugar levels in the body. Incretins secreted in response to ingestion of meals enhance insulin release to the blood, and DPP-IV inactivates these incretins within a short period and stops their action. Inhibition of this enzyme escalates the action of incretins and induces more insulin to achieve better glucose control in diabetic patients. Thus, inhibition of this enzyme will lead to better control of blood sugar levels.Methods: In this study, computer-aided drug design was used to help establish a novel N-substituted aminobenzamide scaffold as a potential inhibitor of DPP-IV. CDOCKER software available from Discovery Studio 3.5 was used to evaluate a series of designed compounds and assess their mode of binding to the active site of the DPP-IV enzyme. The designed compounds were synthesized and tested against a DPP-IV enzyme kit provided by Enzo Life Sciences. The synthesized compounds were characterized using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and determination of melting point.Results: Sixty-nine novel compounds having an N-aminobenzamide scaffold were prepared, with full characterization. Ten of these compounds showed more in vitro activity against DPP-IV than the reference compounds, with the most active compounds scoring 38% activity at 100 µM concentration.Conclusion: The N-aminobenzamide scaffold was shown in this study to be a valid scaffold for inhibiting the DPP-IV enzyme. Continuing work could unravel more active compounds possessing the same scaffold.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, aminobenzamide derivatives, hypoglycemic activity, CDOCKER software

In recent years, the genetic testing and selection of IVF embryos, known as preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), has gained much traction in clinical assisted reproduction for preventing transmission of genetic defects. However, a more recent ethically and morally controversial development in PGT is its possible use in selecting IVF embryos for optimal intelligence quotient (IQ) and other non-disease-related socially desirable traits, such as tallness, fair complexion, athletic ability, and eye and hair colour, based on polygenic risk scores (PRS), in what is referred to as PGT-P. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning-based analysis of big data sets collated from genome sequencing of specific human ethnic populations can be used to estimate an individual embryo's likelihood of developing such multifactorial traits by analysing the combination of specific genetic variants within its genome. Superficially, this technique appears compliant with Islamic principles and ethics. Because there is no modification of the human genome, there is no tampering with Allah's creation (taghyīr khalq Allah). Nevertheless, a more critical analysis based on the five maxims of Islamic jurisprudence (qawa'id fiqhiyyah) that are often utilized in discourses on Islamic bioethics, namely qaṣd (intention), yaqın̄ (certainty), ḍarar (injury), ḍarūra (necessity), and `urf (custom), would instead reveal some major ethical and moral flaws of this new medical technology in the selection of non-disease-related socially desirable traits, and its non-compliance with the spirit and essence of Islamic law (shariah). Muslim scholars, jurists, doctors, and biomedical scientists should debate this further and issue a fatwa on this new medical technology platform., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors hereby declare that they have no competing or conflicting interests in manuscript submission., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

This study aimed to identify novel Glyoxalase-I (Glo-I) inhibitors with potential anticancer properties, focusing on anthraquinone amide-based derivatives. We synthesized a series of these derivatives and conducted in silico docking studies to predict their binding interactions with Glo-I. In vitro assessments were performed to evaluate the anti-Glo-I activity of the synthesized compounds. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis identified key features responsible for specific binding affinities of anthraquinone amide-based derivatives to Glo-I. Additionally, a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation assessed the stability of the most potent compound compared to a co-crystallized ligand. Compound MQ3 demonstrated a remarkable inhibitory effect against Glo-I, with an IC 50 concentration of 1.45 µM. The inhibitory potency of MQ3 may be attributed to the catechol ring, amide functional group, and anthraquinone moiety, collectively contributing to a strong binding affinity with Glo-I. Anthraquinone amide-based derivatives exhibit substantial potential as Glo-I inhibitors with prospective anticancer activity. The exceptional inhibitory efficacy of compound MQ3 indicates its potential as an effective anticancer agent. These findings underscore the significance of anthraquinone amide-based derivatives as a novel class of compounds for cancer therapy, supporting further research and advancements in targeting the Glo-I enzyme to combat cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024 by the authors.)

Background: Defensive medicine (DM) is a deviation from medical practice that is induced primarily by a threat of liability. While the DM behavior is well studied in the developed countries, little is known in developing countries and never been evaluated in Jordan., Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of DM practice in Jordan among physicians and to investigate reasons behind its practice and potential strategies to alleviate this practice., Methods: In this Cross-sectional study, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a sample of physicians in both public and private sectors in Jordan. The collection period was from Jan 2021 to June 2021. The prevalence of DM practice was estimated among the study sample. Frequency scores of different DM behaviors, reasons of DM behaviors, and effectiveness of strategies in changing DM behaviors were summarized as average frequency scores with standard deviations. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to evaluate potential predictors of total assurance and avoidance behavior scores., Results: A total of 175 Jordanian physicians completed the survey. The prevalence of adopting (or witnessing) DM behaviors among the study sample was 68% (n = 119). Diagnostic laboratory exams followed by prescribed medications were the most practiced behaviors in excessive rate during a typical working week. Unfavorable legislation for the physician was reported as the headmost reason for practicing DM, followed by pressure from the public and mass media opinion. Continuous update of knowledge, abilities, and performance and following specific protocols and/or appropriate clinical evidence and appropriate multidisciplinary and multi-professional communication were the most effective strategies that can mitigate DM behaviors., Conclusions: Defensive medicine practice is common among Jordanian physicians with concerns about increasing pattern in the future., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Al-Balas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Manzamines are chemically related compounds extracted from the methanolic extract of Acanthostrongylophora ingens species. Seven compounds were identified by our research group and are being characterized. As their biological target is unknown, this work is based on previous screening work performed by Mayer et al., who revealed that manzamine A could be an inhibitor of RSK1 kinase. Within this work, the RSK1 N -terminal kinase domain is exploited as a target for our work and the seven compounds are docked using Autodock Vina software. The results show that one of the most active compounds, Manzamine A N -oxide ( 5 ), with an IC 50 = 3.1 μM, displayed the highest docking score. In addition, the compounds with docking scores lower than the co-crystalized ligand AMP-PCP (-7.5 and -8.0 kcal/mol) for ircinial E ( 1 ) and nakadomarin A ( 7 ) were found to be inferior in activity in the biological assay. The docking results successfully managed to predict the activities of four compounds, and their in silico results were in concordance with their biological data. The β-carboline ring showed noticeable receptor binding, which could explain its reported biological activities, while the lipophilic side of the compound was found to fit well inside the hydrophobic active site.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is Gram-negative helical bacteria that inhibit stomach mucosal lining and establish infection. Urease enzyme was confirmed to be pivotal target in which its suppression will prompt bacteria treatment and eradication., Methods: Series of naturally bioactive compounds were selected based on ethnobotanical and molecular modeling techniques with potential urease inhibitory effect. The selected phytochemical compounds were in-silico and in-vitro assayed against urease enzyme, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and a synergistic effect was studied and cultured specifically for H. pylori ., Results: Terpineol was considered as the most active compound with an IC 50 of 1.443 μg/ml ( R 2 = 0.9374). The synergistic effect of terpineol and metronidazole indicated a possible additive effect (fractional inhibitory concentration result is 0.78) with improvement of MIC results for both terpineol and metronidazole., Conclusion: This study suggests that terpineol is best to be considered as a lead compound for H. pylori infection treatment and could be a potent inhibitor when combined with metronidazole targeting urease enzyme., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Aims: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role in the entry of coronaviruses into host cells. The current paper described how carnosine, a naturally occurring supplement, can be an effective drug candidate for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the basis of molecular docking and modeling to host ACE2 cocrystallized with nCoV spike protein., Methods: First, the starting point was ACE2 inhibitors and their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Next, chemical similarity (or diversity) and PubMed searches made it possible to repurpose and assess approved or experimental drugs for COVID-19. Parallel, at all stages, the authors performed bioactivity scoring to assess potential repurposed inhibitors at ACE2. Finally, investigators performed molecular docking and modeling of the identified drug candidate to host ACE2 with nCoV spike protein., Results: Carnosine emerged as the best-known drug candidate to match ACE2 inhibitor structure. Preliminary docking was more optimal to ACE2 than the known typical angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) inhibitor (enalapril) and quite comparable to known or presumed ACE2 inhibitors. Viral spike protein elements binding to ACE2 were retained in the best carnosine pose in SwissDock at 1.75 Angstroms. Out of the three main areas of attachment expected to the protein-protein structure, carnosine bound with higher affinity to two compared to the known ACE2 active site. LibDock score was 92.40 for site 3, 90.88 for site 1, and inside the active site 85.49., Conclusion: Carnosine has promising inhibitory interactions with host ACE2 and nCoV spike protein and hence could offer a potential mitigating effect against the current COVID-19 pandemic.

The concentration of certain heavy metals in various foods (fruits, cereals, legumes, and bee products) produced in industrial and urban cities is increasing each year following industrial development. Quality of honey and its contamination by different polluting agents are related essentially to its production environment, or it can arise from beekeeping practices. In the present study, the determination of physicochemical properties: moisture, pH, total acidity, electric conductivity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), sugars, and chloramphenicol (CAP) residues; the metal content by determination of two toxic metals levels: lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd); and other trace elements: magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) in 23 different honey samples collected from North regions of Algeria were investigated. The physicochemical properties and the metal contents were found within the ranges established by the international standards. For the antibiotic residues, only four honey samples are contaminated by CAP. Metals were found in non-significant values and are in safety baseline levels for human consumption except Mg which exceed the limits. These results suggested that honey could be used as an indicator to detect contaminating agents from the environment since bees are excellent sentinels for assessing environmental contamination because of their physiological and biological characteristics.

Current research in the field of antimicrobials is focused on developing novel antimicrobial agents to counteract the huge dilemma that the human population is mainly facing in regards to the rise of bacterial resistance and biofilm infections. Host defense peptides (HDPs) are a promising group of molecules for antimicrobial development as they display several attractive features suitable for antimicrobial activity, including their broad spectrum of activity and potency against bacteria. AamAP1 is a novel HDP that belongs to the venom of the North African scorpion Androctonus amoeruxi . In vitro antimicrobial assays revealed that the peptide displays moderate activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the peptide proved to be highly hemolytic and displayed significantly high toxicity against mammalian cells. In our study, a novel synthetic peptide analogue named A3 was synthetically modified from AamAP1 in order to enhance its activity and toxicity profile. The design strategy depended on modifying the amino acid sequence of AamAP1 in order to alter its net positive charge, percentage helicity and modify other parameters that are involved theoretically in HDPs activity. Accordingly, A3 was evaluated for its in vitro antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity individually and in combination with four different types of conventional antibiotics against clinical isolates of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-positive bacteria. A3 was also evaluated for its cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. A3 managed to selectively inhibit the growth of a wide range of resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria. Our results also showed that combining A3 with conventional antibiotics caused a synergistic antimicrobial behavior that resulted in decreasing the MIC value for A3 peptide as low as 0.125 µM. At the concentrations needed to inhibit bacterial growth, A3 displayed minimal mammalian cell toxicity. In conclusion, A3 exhibits enhanced activity and selectivity when compared with the parent natural scorpion venom peptide. The combination of A3 with conventional antibiotics could provide researchers in the antimicrobial drug development field with a potential alternative for conventional antibiotics against MDR bacteria.

The recent upsurge of multidrug resistant bacteria (MDRB) among global communities has become one of the most serious challenges facing health professionals and the human population worldwide. Cationic ultrashort antimicrobial peptides (USAMPs) are a promising group of molecules that meet the required criteria of novel antimicrobial drug development. UP-5, a novel penta-peptide, displayed significant antimicrobial activities against various standard and clinical isolates of MDRB. UP-5 displayed MICs values within the range of (10-15 μM) and (55-65 μM) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Furthermore, UP-5 displayed antibiofilm activity with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) value as equal to twofold higher than MIC value. At the same inhibitory concentrations, UP-5 exhibited very low or negligible toxicity toward human erythrocytes and mammalian cells. Combining UP-5 with conventional antibiotics led to a synergistic or additive mode of action that resulted in the reduction of the MIC values for some of the antibiotics by 99.7% along a significant drop in MIC values of the peptide. The stability profile of UP-5 was evaluated in full mouse plasma and serum with results indicating a more stable pattern in plasma. The present study indicates that USAMPs are promising antimicrobial agents that can avoid the negative characteristics of conventional antimicrobial peptides. Additionally, USAMPs exhibit good to moderate activity against MDRB, negligible toxicity, and synergistic outcomes in combination with conventional antimicrobial agents., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Eight new and 10 known compounds were isolated from an organic extract of the bulbs of Bellevalia eigii as part of a search for anticancer leads from native plants of Jordan. Of these, the series of 16 homoisoflavonoids (1-16) comprise the seven new analogues 7-O-methyl-3'-hydroxy-3,9-dihydropunctatin (3), 6-hydroxy-7-O-methyl-3,9-dihydropunctatin (6), 7,4'-di-O-methyl-3'-hydroxy-3,9-dihydropunctatin (9), 7-O-methylpunctatin (10), 7-O-methyl-3'-hydroxypunctatin (13), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxychroman-4-one (14), and 7-O-methyl-8-demethoxy-3-hydroxy-3,9-dihydropunctatin (15). The known ferulic acid-derived acrylamide (17) and the new methylthioacrylate bellegimycin (18) are also reported. The structures were elucidated using a set of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques; the absolute configurations of compounds 1-9, 15, and 16 were determined using ECD spectroscopy, while a modified Mosher's ester method was used for compound 18. Optical rotation data for the known compounds 1, 2, and 8 are reported here for the first time. The cytotoxic activities of all compounds were evaluated using the MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) and HT-29 (colon) cancer cell lines. Compounds 4 and 9 were the most potent on the latter cell line, with IC50 values of 1.0 and 1.1 μM, respectively. Compounds 1-18 were assessed for antimicrobial activity using a collection of bacteria and fungi; compounds 4 and 12 showed promising activity against the bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis with MIC values of 17 and 24 μg/mL, respectively.

An HPLC-size exclusion method was developed as an assay method to evaluate the binding of tested compounds with carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII) enzyme. Inhibition of CAIII by a group of benzoic acid analogues was characterized by vacancy (negative) peak intensity representing the fraction of the compounds bound with CAIII enzyme. Interestingly, p-hydroxyl benzoic acid and aspirin were found potent inhibitors against CAIII with affinity constants of 9954 and 9013 M(-1) respectively. Affinity values of twenty training compounds were modeled against thirty-five descriptors derived from their structures. Strong correlation was obtained between the affinity values and the formal charge of the molecules. Docking studies on training set compounds generated consensus scores having a strong agreement with affinity factors obtained from the chromatographic analysis.

There is great interest in the development of antimicrobial peptides as a potentially novel class of antimicrobial agents. Several structural determinants are responsible for the antimicrobial and cytolytic activity of antimicrobial peptides. In our study, a new synthetic peptide analog, AamAP1-Lysine from the naturally occurring scorpion venom antimicrobial peptide AamAP1, was designed by modifying the parent peptide in order to increase the positive charge and optimize other physico-chemical parameters involved in antimicrobial activity. AamAP1-Lysine displayed potent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was in the range of 5 to 15 µM with a 10 fold increase in potency over the parent peptide. The hemolytic and antiproliferative activity of AamAP1-Lysine against eukaryotic mammalian cells was minimal at the concentration range needed to inhibit bacterial growth. The antibacterial mechanism analysis indicated that AamAP1-Lysine is probably inducing bacterial cell death through membrane damage and permeabilization determined by the release of β-galactosidase enzyme from peptide treated E. coli cells. DNA binding studies revealed that AamAP1-Lysine caused complete retardation of DNA migration and could display intracellular activities in addition to the membrane permeabilization mode of action reported earlier. In conclusion, AamAP1-Lysine could prove to be a potential candidate for antimicrobial drug development in future studies.

Within this study, a unique 3D structure-based pharmacophore model of the enzyme glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) has been revealed. Glo-1 is considered a zinc metalloenzyme in which the inhibitor binding with zinc atom at the active site is crucial. To our knowledge, this is the first pharmacophore model that has a selective feature for a "zinc binding group" which has been customized within the structure-based pharmacophore model of Glo-1 to extract ligands that possess functional groups able to bind zinc atom solely from database screening. In addition, an extensive 2D similarity search using three diverse similarity techniques (Tanimoto, Dice, Cosine) has been performed over the commercially available "Zinc Clean Drug-Like Database" that contains around 10 million compounds to help find suitable inhibitors for this enzyme based on known inhibitors from the literature. The resultant hits were mapped over the structure based pharmacophore and the successful hits were further docked using three docking programs with different pose fitting and scoring techniques (GOLD, LibDock, CDOCKER). Nine candidates were suggested to be novel Glo-1 inhibitors containing the "zinc binding group" with the highest consensus scoring from docking.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease which kills two million people every year and infects approximately over one-third of the world's population. The difficulty in managing tuberculosis is the prolonged treatment duration, the emergence of drug resistance and co-infection with HIV/AIDS. Tuberculosis control requires new drugs that act at novel drug targets to help combat resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and reduce treatment duration., Methodology/principal Findings: Our approach was to modify the naturally occurring and synthetically challenging antibiotic thiolactomycin (TLM) to the more tractable 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate scaffold to generate compounds that mimic TLM's novel mode of action. We report here the identification of a series of compounds possessing excellent activity against M. tuberculosis H(37)R(v) and, dissociatively, against the beta-ketoacyl synthase enzyme mtFabH which is targeted by TLM. Specifically, methyl 2-amino-5-benzylthiazole-4-carboxylate was found to inhibit M. tuberculosis H(37)R(v) with an MIC of 0.06 microg/ml (240 nM), but showed no activity against mtFabH, whereas methyl 2-(2-bromoacetamido)-5-(3-chlorophenyl)thiazole-4-carboxylate inhibited mtFabH with an IC(50) of 0.95+/-0.05 microg/ml (2.43+/-0.13 microM) but was not active against the whole cell organism., Conclusions/significance: These findings clearly identify the 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate scaffold as a promising new template towards the discovery of a new class of anti-tubercular agents.