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Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent iteration of IP, designed to accommodate hundreds of thousands of devices with unique IP addresses. IPv6 introduces new features, such as the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) and Address Auto-configuration Scheme. For its effective operation, IPv6 relies on several protocols, including ICMPv6, which carries significant responsibilities. Similar to IPv4, IPv6 is susceptible to various attacks, including newer types like DDoS attacks executed via ICMPv6 messages, posing serious security and financial threats. Consequently, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is essential to safeguard against these attacks. IDS continuously evolve to incorporate features that can accurately detect such threats. However, feature selection strategies, particularly bio-inspired algorithms, often yield incorrect subsets of features. During machine learning processes, these inaccuracies impede the detection accuracy of DDoS attacks using ICMPv6. Many Optimization Search Algorithms become trapped in local minima and fail to consider multi-objective approaches, resulting in suboptimal feature selection. To address this, optimizing a bio-inspired algorithm within an IPv6 network has been proposed. Specifically, hybridizing the MFPA algorithm with the PSO algorithm is suggested to enhance detection accuracy. The selected features are used to train the dataset with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The proposed approach is evaluated using the ICMPv6 dataset on various attacks, demonstrating superior classification accuracy of 97.99 %. It also reduced the number of features from 19 to 8, showcasing its efficiency.

In this numerical study, the performance of ceramic-based mullite hollow fiber (HF) membranes in a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was evaluated. Three types of membranes were tested: (i) hydrophobic membrane C8-HFM, (ii) rod-like omniphobic membrane (C8-RL/TiO2), and (iii) flower-like omniphobic membrane (C8-FL/TiO2). The CFD model was developed and validated with experimental results, which were performed over a 500 min period. The initial mass flux of C8-HFM was 30% and 9% higher than that of C8-FL/TiO2 and C8-RL/TiO2, respectively. However, the flower-like omniphobic membrane C8-FL/TiO2 had the lowest drop in flux, around 11%, while the rod-like omniphobic membrane C8-RL/TiO2 had a 15% reduction, both better than the 23% reduction in the hydrophobic membrane C8-HFM over the 500 min. The study also analyzed the impact of fouling by examining the variation in mass transfer coefficient (MTC) over time. The results indicated that the ceramic-based mullite HF membranes with TiO2 flowers and rods demonstrated a high resistance to fouling compared to C8-HFM. The modified membranes could find applications in the desalination and handling of seawater samples containing organic contaminants. The CFD model’s versatility can be utilized beyond the current investigation’s scope, offering a valuable tool for efficient membrane development solutions, particularly for challenges such as the presence of organic contaminants in seawater.

The synthesis and structural characterization of mixed ligand metal complexes from terephthalaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) (TPTSC) (L1) and alanine (L2) by using ultrasonication are reported. The ligand and their transition metal complexes were characterized on the basis of their elemental, FT-IR, magnetic moment, molar conductance, mass spectra, and SEM analysis. The mixed ligand complexes are in the ratio 2:1:2 [M:L1:L2] ratio as found from the elemental analyses and found to have the formulae [M2L1(L2)2].nH2O where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II), L1 = TPTSC and L2 = alanine. The molar conductance data show that complexes are non-electrolytes. FT-IR spectra show that the Schiff base is coordinated to the metal ions in a bidentate manner with N and S donor sites of the terephthalaldehyde bis(thiosemicarbazone) and second ligand alanine coordinated to the metal ions via its N and O of amino acid. The geometrical structure of these complexes is found to be tetrahedral. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Schiff base ligand and mixed-ligand metal complexes have been screened against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and two fungi species were tested. Mixed ligand complexes exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Enterococcus Faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Further, these compounds have been screened for their anticancer activity using Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique capabilities that make them an eye-opener opportunity for the upstream oil industry. Their nano-size allows them to flow within reservoir rocks without the fear of retention between micro-sized pores. Incorporating NPs with drilling and completion fluids has proved to be an effective additive that improves various properties such as mud rheology, filtration, thermal conductivity, and wellbore stability. However, the biodegradability of drilling fluid chemicals is becoming a global issue as the discharged wetted cuttings raise toxicity concerns and environmental hazards. Therefore, it is urged to utilize chemicals that tend to break down and susceptible to biodegradation. This research presents the practical application of bio-based Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) prepared chemically from celery leaf plant extract as green additive in water-based mud drilling fluid (WBM). The study aimed to evaluate the filtration and thermal stability of WBM using green-synthesized ZnO NPs. The results showed that the ZnO NPs have minimal effect of mud density, but significant improvement in mud thermal stability and filtration properties were attained with concentrations lower than 1g. The fluid loss rate was reduced by 33% with 0.45g of ZnO nanoparticles, and the thinnest mud cake was obtained as well. In terms of thermal stability, the bio-based ZnO NPs greatly enhanced the rheological properties of WBM at elevated temperatures. The rate of increment in plastic viscosity (PV) or decrement in yield point (YP) and gel strength occurred in a controllable manner compared to the rheological properties of base mud at high temperatures reaching 90°C. This study provides insight into the effect of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on the performance of water-based mud and highlights their potential as an effective and environmentally friendly additive for the oil and gas industry.

Thin film technology has helped offer an understanding of the crystalline structure of substances, further to the characteristics of electronic transitions and how they are used effectively in different applications. This research focused on the effect of the process of annealing on the structural and optical characteristics of tin sulfide (SnS) thin films. The technique of thermal evaporation was used to synthesize the film samples under a vacuum of about 10–7 mbar. The coated SnS thin films were annealed at 200 °C and the structural and optical characteristics parameters, such as absorbance and transmittance, as well as optical bandgap and band-tail energies in the range )300–1150( nm, were discussed. Under the influence of the annealing process, the average crystal size changed from 14 nm to 11 nm. The energy gap value increased from 1.53 eV to 1.85 eV, while Urbach energy was seen to reduce from 0.913 eV for fabricated samples to be 0.824 eV after the annealing process.

A chemical bath deposition method is used to grow SnO2 thin films doped with copper (0, 1, 2, and 3 wt) on glass substrates that exhibit linear and nonlinear optical properties. XRD analysis of the films verified their polycrystalline phases oriented strongly of the c-axis along the preferred (110) direction depending on the doping concentration and substrate temperature. SEM images of pure SnO2 film showed the formation of granular cubic structures. Conversely, the Cu-doped films displayed the existence of spherical granules with porosity. The transmittance spectra of the films for UV–visible light indicated large values for pure films, and that the transmittance decreased with greater doping levels. As a result of copper ions in the nanostructures, it was found that the transmittance decreased as doping levels increased. Pure SnO2 has an optical band gap of 3.63 eV; it decreases with increasing Cu doping concentrations. Wemple-Di Domenico (WDD) model for single oscillator energy was used to estimate each oscillator's optical refractive index, while the static refractive index and dispersion energy were also determined. In addition, the film's WDD parameters and nonlinear refractive index were in the range of 320–1200 nm, and the wavelength was determined. During the doping concentration increase, the nonlinear refractive index of the films increased primarily because the linear refractive index of the films at 520 nm increased. This nonlinearity of the film may arise because of the thermal effect, saturated atomic absorption, and electrostriction. For pure SnO2, third-order nonlinear susceptibility (2.77 × 10-12 m2/V2) is caused by thermal effects, and for doped samples, it is caused by photorefractive effects.

تعد الدراسة الحالية محاولة لمعرفة الكلمات المستعارة من اللغة الإنكليزية للهجة العربية العراقية. وبما إن اللغة الانجليزية لغةٌ عالميةٌ بحكم تفوق الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والمملكة المتحدة سياسياً واقتصاديًا وإعلاميًا، خلال القرن العشرين والقرن الواحد والعشرين فـقد حظيت الإنكليزية بنفوذٍ لافتٍ في لغاتٍ عدة، بما فيها اللهجة العربية العراقية، خصوصًا عقب الغزو الأمريكي للعراق في 2003 وثورة الإنترنيت. لذلك، فإن الدراسة تهدف إلى تمييز وجمع أعدادٍ كافيةٍ من تلك العناصر اللغوية المقترضة، وفق سياقاتٍ أكاديمية، لمقاربة عملية اقتراضها ودلالاته من منظور علم الاجتماع اللغوي. صنفت البيانات التي تم جمعها على أساس علاقتها بشرائح ومجتمعات معينة من العرب العراقيين. علاوةً على ذلك، تقدم الدراسة تفسيرًا لمعاني الكلمات بعد دخولها اللغة الجديدة، بما يساعد في دراسة التحولات الدلالية في أثناء تكييف الكلمات المقترضة من الإنكليزية إلى العربية العراقية.

People are increasingly sharing their personal information online as internet usage grows. As a result, fraudsters have access to a massive amount of personal information and financial activities. In recent years, phishing assaults have become one of the most common threats faced by internet users, governments, and service providers. The attacker(s) uses falsified emails or bogus websites to obtain the client's sensitive data (i.e., user account login details, credit/debit card numbers, etc.) in a phishing assault. Studies have classed phishing attacks based on fundamental phishing mechanisms and defenses, ignoring the importance of the phishing lifecycle from beginning to conclusion. This study also provides a new thorough taxonomy of phishing assaults, including attack phases, attacker types, vulnerabilities, threats, targets, attack media, and attacking strategies. Furthermore, the proposed anatomy will help readers comprehend the full lifecycle of a phishing attack, which will raise awareness of these phishing attacks and the strategies utilized; it will also aid in the development of a comprehensive anti-phishing system. In addition, various preventative precautions are being investigated

Background and Aim: Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen in the poultry industry, wherein the control measures may include sanitation and antibacterial and vaccines. However, there have been severe global restrictions on using anti-Salmonella antibacterial agents in livestock. This situation, along with rapidly increasing drug-resistant bacterial species, has led to the exploration of unconventional methods to control Salmonella infection in poultry. In recent years, selection techniques of promising DNA aptamers have begun to permeate several medical branches, resulting in the development of numerous anti-Salmonella DNA aptamers, most of which are used as sensing molecules for diagnostic purposes. These DNA aptamers have been demonstrated to interfere with bacterial growth, multiplication, and viability. Aptamers formed in rolling circle amplification products (RCA-p) could improve the potential action of aptamer interference with bacteria. This study aimed to test the use of single-stranded DNA aptamers in the form of RCA-p as a bacteriostatic to Salmonella in vitro. Materials and Methods: Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were subjected to the action of anti-ST and anti-SE DNA aptamers in the form of RCA-p. Each isolate was grown on MacConkey and Luria-Bertani agar media separately in different concentrations in the presence or absence of the cognate RCA-p. Results: The anti-Salmonella species DNA aptamer-based RCA-p were capable of reducing bacterial growth to significant levels in vitro. Conclusion: We describe a potential solution for the rapidly developing drug resistance of several bacterial species. Our findings suggested that the use of non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and low-cost DNA aptamers targeting Salmonella in the form of RCA-p could inhibit the bacterial growth rate. Unlike polymerase chain reaction, RCA yields tandem repeats of single-stranded DNA at isothermal conditions, which would increase the probability of receptor-ligand clustering and increase affinity. Furthermore, as our RCA template was bivalent with two DNA aptamer sequences, we could target multiple sites or antigens on a bacterial cell.

Background: NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is a cytosolic sensor that detects many microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It works as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is encoded in the NLRP3 gene. This protein is profoundly expressed in macrophage and other innate immune system cells and participates in the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome. NLRP3 inflammasome activates Caspase-1, which in turn renders the inactive precursors of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, the IL-1β and the IL-18, into active forms. This cytokine may trigger many inflammatory responses and cell signaling pathways as well. Little is known about this cytokine in chicken, especially its role in vaccines or induced-immune responses. Aim: In this article, we sought to determine the presence of this gene mRNA in selected organs of male and female commercial egg-type brown leghorn chicken. In addition, we sought to determine this gene potential expression in these organs upon stimulation. Methods: Using real-time PCR (RT-PCR), first we tested the presence of the NLRP3 gene in the chicken. Second, the levels and the time course of NLRP3 gene expression have been tested after stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 12hrs, 24hrs, and 48hrs post-inoculation (pi). One-hundred twenty, day-old males and females egg-type brown leghorn chickens were used for the study. Results: Our results showed that the gene mRNA is actually present in chickens solely. Also, there were no significant differences in the density of the expression and the distribution of the expression of the NLRP3 between chicken male and female and among different organs. Upon stimulation with LPS administration, however, there were marked elevation in the gene expression rate in small intestine, large intestine, gizzard, liver, lung, spleen and Peyer’s patches 12hrs pi. This elevation continued to elevate 24hrs pi. However, the significance of expression was only recorded in the small intestine, large intestine, and with less significance, in Peyer’s patches and spleen. This elevation in expression has subsided and almost returned to normal within these organs 48hrs pi. Conclusion: The results suggested that there were no significant differences in the NLRP3 gene expression between male and female. Upon stimulation, the course of the gene expression showed a time-dependent response. First, the dominance in the NLRP3 gene mRNA expression was in the small intestine and the gizzard. Similarly, but less profoundly, the large intestine, Peyer’s patches, and spleen expressed NLRP3 mRNA 12hrs and 24hrs pi with LPS. Secondary immune organs, lung, small intestine and large intestine have expressed the NLRP3 mRNA significantly 24hrs pi. All the levels have diminished and almost returned to normal 48hrs pi.

This study focuses on the political chaos in Kurt Vonnegut's "Cat's Cradle" (1963). While the main scholarly studies focus on the postcolonial peculiarities of the novel, this study will focus on the post-nuclear characteristics and will render the novel's position distinctive within the discourse on political and social affairs. The study's significance is its emphasis on the role of human beings, which brings dangers and devastation to the human race. Though the study will allude to some apocalyptic visions regarding the existence of the human race, the study tries to offer profound understanding of how human weaponry used in the nuclear age might threaten the human health and future existence. During the sixties and seventies, the arms race was severely critiqued by contemporary literary works. Among these works is Vonnegut's "Cat's Cradle" which depicts the chaotic politics of the time. Hence, this study will solely accentuate the portrayal of political chaos and how it threatens human social stability and peaceful lives. Political threat causes harmful effects to humanity's health, mentality, and psyche which is exemplified in the novel's characters. The fictional characters embody the real human sufferings. Thus, there will be no discussion on specific political powers which compete with each other to gain martial success over the other. Instead, the study will focus on how the fictional characters suffer from the consequences of war and how they behave after them. The analysis of such feelings will be discussed by applying two concepts, namely, Slavoj Žižek's concept of power reductionism and Jean-François Lyotard's concept of critique of the existing order.

Epidemiological evidence indicates that a diet rich in plant-derived foods significantly reduces the risk of many types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that certain dietary antioxidants could be effective agents for preventing cancer incidence and mortality. Polyphenols, found in these plants, are considered to be the chief agents responsible for the biological functions and disease cure. Iraqi Achillia Santolina is an essential member of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family rich in polyphenolic compounds. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of methanolic extract of aerial parts were investigated by TLC and HPLC. The extraction yield of the aerial parts of Iraqi Achillea tenuifolia Lam.was (24.53 %). The total Phenolic Content of the methanolic extract was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu colourimetric assay. The content was (23.88556 ± 2.2) expressed as Gallic acid equivalent mg/gm of dry extract. The HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract revealed different classes of phenolic compounds such as flavan-3-ol flavonoids (catechin and epicatechin), hydroxycinnamic acids (P-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) and hydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid). Catechin exhibited the highest concentration (42.011 mg/g) followed by p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and epicatechin with concentrations of (27.7), (20.45), (20.06), (19.34), (11.372), and (5.627), respectively. The study concluded, that Iraqi A. tenuifolia is rich in polyphenols and may be a good source of antioxidants and may be regarded as potential anticancer or lead compounds for the synthesis of drugs for the same purpose.

The main challenges in routing protocols are node mobility, resource constraints, error-prone channel states, and problems with hidden and unprotected terminals. This article provides an overview of the main protocols, their problems, and ways to improve them. The cell phone allows communication between two moving units via mobile stations (MS), mobile units, and landing units. The term "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) refers to a group of devices connecting and communicating. The military, law enforcement, and emergency services have quickly become interested in MANETS because they provide a high quality of service. Path loss (PL), one of the biggest problems in wireless communications, can be caused by multiple reflections from an obstacle or by the source of the signal being far from the destination on the network. Multipath propagation, path loss, and interference reduce the network's quality of service (QoS). The best route is added to a router's routing table using a dynamic routing protocol, and an alternate path is chosen when the primary route is unavailable.

Although liver biopsy is the gold standard for identifying diffuse liver disorders, it is an intrusive procedure with a host of negative side effects. Physician subjectivity may affect the ultrasonography diagnosis of diffuse liver disease. As a result, there is still a clear need for an appropriate classification of liver illnesses. In this article, an unique deep classifier made up of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that have already been trained is proposed to categories the liver condition. The variants of ResNet and AlexNet are a few networks that are combined with fully connected networks (FCNs). Transfer learning can be used to extract deep features that can offer adequate categorization data. Then, an FCN can depict images of the disease in its many stages, including tissue, liver hepatitis, and hepatitis. To discriminate between these liver images, three different (normal/cirrhosis, perfectly natural, and cirrhosis/hepatitis) and 3 (normal/cirrhosis/hepatitis) models were trained. A hybrid classifier is presented in order to integrate the graded odds of the classes produced by each individual classifier since two-class classifiers performed better than three-class classifiers. The class with the highest score is then chosen using a majority voting technique. The experimental results demonstrate an high accuracy when liver images were divided into three classes using ResNet50 and a hybrid classifier.