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The transformation of the food chain due to technological advances has had significant implications in regard to food safety. A noteworthy trend in this evolution relates to the emergence of new or previously unseen pathogens within products, thereby altering the landscape of foodborne illness epidemiology. The escalating frequency of these events underscores the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of preventive strategies. The occurrence of novel species of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and unusual biotoxins from unexpected sources has challenged the previous limits that had been set to prevent foodborne illness outbreaks. The repercussions, ranging from detrimental effects on public health to economic burden, are influenced by a myriad of factors affecting the evolution of foodborne pathogens and emerging ailments. Among these factors are shifts in population demographics and behaviors, especially dietary patterns, as well as climate extremes, advances in more precise pathogen detection, microbial adaptation, evolving agricultural practices, and transformative changes within the food industry. This review critically examines the impact of technological metamorphosis along the food chain, encompassing production, processing, handling, packaging, storage, transportation, and industry demographics on the dynamics influencing the emergence of foodborne pathogens. Additionally, potential solutions to mitigate and manage this escalating issue are proposed.

Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a well-known fruit that has become increasingly popular among consumers due to its pleasant flavor, nutrient-dense content, and nutraceutical characteristics. Date seeds are the main by-product of date fruit consumption and processing. Date seeds are usually incorporated in animal feed; however, their application in human contexts, such as food products, remains minimal. Nonetheless, they contain significant amounts of bioactive phenolic compounds, primarily flavonoids, which possess potential health benefits. The current study investigated and compared the phenolic profile, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of aqueous extracts of nine different date seeds varieties. The phenolic profile, analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS), showed that total phenolic compounds ranged from 1.05 to 1.24 mg/g in Reziz and Naghal varieties, respectively, with flavan-3-ols predominating in all varieties. Results of the ABTS and DPPH assays revealed that the antioxidant activities against free radicals were directly correlated with the overall phenolic content, particularly for caffeic acid. Indeed, all date seeds possessed antibacterial capabilities, with a stronger effect observed on Listeria monocytogenes than Escherichia coli. Additionally, date seeds demonstrated a promising source of oil rich in oleic and lauric acids, both of which are considered beneficial for health. According to our findings, date seeds are a significant source of bioactive compounds, which renders them ideal candidates for potential inclusion in human diets as food additives and nutraceuticals.

The study highlighted the potential of sesame seed coat (SSC), typically discarded during sesame paste processing, as a valuable resource for valorization through extracting bioactive compounds. It examined the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of SSC, and evaluated its antibacterial properties against foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium. Additionally, SSC underwent nanoemulsion coating, analyzed using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy, to enhance its application as a natural preservative. The research specifically focused on incorporating SSC nanoemulsion into milk to determine its effectiveness as a preservative. SSC demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity and phenolic content, with catechin identified as the predominant polyphenol. GC-MS analysis revealed seven major compounds, led by oleic acid. Notably, SSC effectively inhibited L. monocytogenes in broth at 100 mg/ml. The application of SSC and its nanoemulsion resulted in changes to bacterial morphology and a significant reduction in bacterial counts in milk, highlighting its potential as an effective natural antibacterial agent. The findings of this study highlight the potential use of SSC as a valuable by-product in the food industry, with significant implications for food preservation.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of marination, natural antimicrobials, and packaging on the microbial population of chicken tawook during storage at 4°C. Chicken meat was cut into 10 g cubes and marinated. The chicken was then mixed individually with 0.5% or 1% (w/v) vanillin (VA), β-resorcylic acid (BR), or eugenol (EU), and stored under aerobic (AP) or vacuum (VP) packing at 4°C for 7 d. The marinade decreased microbial growth as monitored by total plate count, yeast and mold, lactic acid bacteria, and Pseudomonas spp. by about 1 log cfu/g under AP. The combination of marinade and antimicrobials under AP and VP decreased growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms by 1.5 to 4.8 and 2.3 to 4.6 log cfu/g, respectively. Change in pH in VP meat was less than 0.5 in all treated samples including the control. Marination decreased the lightness of the meat (L*) and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the redness (A*) and yellowness (B*). Overall acceptability was highest for marinated samples with 0.5% BR.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed coat (SSC) is a by-product generated during the production of sesame paste, known as tahini. Research has demonstrated that this by-product is abundant in valuable nutritional compounds. Various extraction methods are employed to enhance the value of industrial waste by recovering its bioactive compounds. The study aims to optimize the extraction of polyphenols utilizing an infrared technique Ired-Irrad® (IR), in comparison to the water bath (WB) extraction. To optimize the extraction of polyphenols from SSC using both the IR and WB extraction methods, the study utilized Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Under optimal conditions, IR extraction resulted in an improved polyphenol yield, which was 20% higher than that obtained using WB extraction. Similarly, the antiradical activity, quantified as mg of Trolox equivalent per milliliter, increased from 0.58 mg TE/mL in the WB extract to 0.68 mg TE/mL in the IR extract. The phytochemical profile of the IR and WB extracts was examined through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The major polyphenols identified in both extracts were the flavonoids rutin (3.87 mg/L in IR, 1.72 mg/L in WB) and catechin (3.05 mg/L in IR, 1.32 mg/L in WB). The IR extract revealed the highest yield of polyphenols among the majority of compounds, compared to WB. The lyophilized SSC extracts obtained through both the IR and WB methods demonstrated the most effective antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, with a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value exceeding 100 mg/mL. However, minor antibacterial effects were detected against the Gram-negative strains, Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7, for extracts obtained with both the IR and WB methods.

تدرس هذه المقالة الحرب التجارية الحالية بين الولايات المتحدة والصين، حيث تمت مناقشة الفائدة العملية للحرب التجارية لكل من الصين والولايات المتحدة، ويمكن الاستنتاج أن الحرب بين الدولتين اللتين تشكلان ٤٠٪ من الاقتصاد العالمي لن تحقق النتائج التي يرغب بها الأمريكيون ويمكن تجنبها من خلال حل الاختلالات التجارية الهيكلية وإجراء اتصالات استراتيجية دائمة وفعالة، فبالرغم من أنه يمكن للحرب التجارية أن تقلل أو تزيل بشكل كبير عجز الحساب الجاري للولايات المتحدة. ويمكن لحساب رأس المال أن يحرك الحساب الجاري، وتستمر فوائض حساب رأس المال في الولايات المتحدة بسبب أسواق رأس المال الهائلة في البلاد وتدفقات المدخرات الأجنبية الفائضة. ويكاد يكون من المستحيل إعاقة التقدم التكنولوجي في الصين. ومن الممكن أن يؤدي تطوير التكنولوجيا إلى زيادة الناتج الإجمالي في الصين، وخاصة أجور العمال المهرة، وهو أمر ضروري للاقتصاد الصيني الذي يعتمد على الاستهلاك والذي تشتد الحاجة إليه. وهذا بدوره يشكل أهمية بالغة لتقليص المدخرات الفائضة لدى الصين. تمتلك الحكومة الصينية عزيمة وقدرة على تطوير التكنولوجيا. ومن الجدير بالذكر أن خنق التقدم التكنولوجي في الصين من المرجح أن يلحق الضرر بهدف إعادة التوازن التجاري. إن الأهداف الأمريكية في إصلاح اختلال التوازن التجاري ووقف التقدم التكنولوجي في الصين، سوف تشكل تحدياً كبيراً لأنها ذات نتائج عكسية، ومن المؤكد أن الحرب التجارية تضرب الاقتصاد الصيني الضعيف، ومن أجل إصلاح الخلل في التوازن التجاري وإنهاء الحرب وتجنبها، يتعين على الصين تكثيف الإصلاحات الاقتصادية. ويتعين عليها في الأمد القريب أن تعمل على منع المزيد من خفض قيمة العملة الصينية ورفع أسعار الفائدة. وقد تحتاج الولايات المتحدة إلى خفض فوائض حساب رأس المال من خلال السماح للبنوك المركزية الأجنبية وتشجيعها على تجميع عملة اصطناعية بدلاً من الدولار الأمريكي. ومن الضروري أيضاً أن يعود كلا البلدين إلى طاولة المفاوضات. ويتعين على كلا البلدين أن ينقلا "خطاهما النهائية" بدقة وأن يفسرا إشارات كل منهما على النحو الصحيح.

With numerous renewable energy technologies available worldwide, the selection process must be meticulous to address specific needs effectively. Given the precarious dependency of Palestinian territories (PTs) on imported energy, surpassing 90% of its electricity requirements, there is a pressing need to explore sustainable solutions, particularly renewable energy sources, to achieve energy self-sufficiency. In response to this challenge, the present research employs a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach, specifically leveraging the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The primary objective is to comprehensively investigate, select, and rank eight renewable energy sources in PTs, including solar photovoltaic (PV), solar water heaters (SWH), concentrated solar power (CSP), wind, geothermal, biomass, biogas, and waste-to-energy (WTE) alternatives. Utilizing the MCDM approach, the AHP assessment model is structured around five main criteria (technical, economic, environmental, socio-political, and risk) and 22 sub-criteria, aligned with the eight renewable energy alternative solutions. The findings underscore solar PV as the most promising renewable energy alternative solution in the PTs, followed by SWH, WTE, geothermal, biogas, and CSP, respectively. Following a sensitivity analysis, the prioritization and ranking of the renewable energy alternative solutions portfolio offer valuable insights for the formulation of long-term energy roadmaps and policies aimed at achieving sustainability. Furthermore, the study employs the AHP model alongside corresponding comparison matrices to discern local and global preferences across hierarchical tree levels, encompassing criteria, sub-criteria, and final selection alternatives. Notably, technical and economic criteria are paramount, each with a weight of 33.3%, while socio-political, risk, and environmental criteria follow, each with a weight of 11.1%. The study's pioneering use of the AHP method for prioritizing renewable alternatives in the Palestinian context significantly enhances informed decision-making and strategic energy planning in the region.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) infections are a leading health threat globally. Previous literature has underscored the farm-to-fork continuum as a potential focal point for the emergence and spread of AMR. In the present study, date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed oil was investigated for its chemical composition and antimicrobial activity against common foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro, and in ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk as a food model at storage temperatures of 37 °C (24 h) and 10 °C (7 days). GC–MS analysis of the seed oil revealed 20 compounds, with octadecane (52.2–55.4%) as the major constituent, and the fatty acid analysis revealed 17 fatty acids, with oleic acid (42.3–43.1%) as the main constituent, followed by lauric acid (19.8–20.3%). The antimicrobial activity of date seed oil was determined using the microdilution method. A significant inhibition against gram-negative bacteria was noted in microbiological media and UHT milk, with a log reduction ranging from 4.3 to 6.7 (at 37 °C/24 h) and 5.7 to 7.2 (at 10 °C/7 days), respectively, at oil concentrations ranging between 10 and 15 µl/ml. The oil showed a similar significant inhibitory effect against St. aureus in the microbiological media (2.0–6.0 log reduction), whereas the inhibitory effect against L. monocytogenes was not statistically significant, with a maximum log reduction of 0.64 achieved at a concentration of 10 µl/ml. AFM imaging of the bacteria showed that oil treatment led to morphological changes in the bacteria including the formation of distorted shapes, surface blebs, indentations, stiffness, and swelling. Present findings suggest that date seed oil can be a promising by-product with potential antimicrobial activity and a food preservative.

ABSTRACT: During fermentation, camel milk forms a fragile, acid-induced gel, which is less stable compared with the gel formed by bovine milk. In this study, camel milk was supplemented with different levels of soy extract, and the obtained blends were fermented with 2 different starter culture strains (a high acidic culture and a low acidic culture). The camel milk-soy extract yogurt treatments were evaluated for pH value, acidity, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacities, degree of hydrolysis, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, antiproliferative activities, and rheological properties after 1 and 21 d of storage at 4°C. The results revealed that some of the investigated parameters were significantly affected by the starter culture strain and storage period. For instance, the effect of starter cultures was evident for the degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant capacities, proliferation inhibition, and rheological properties because these treatments led to different responses. Furthermore, the characteristics of camel milk-soy extract yogurt were also influenced by the supplementation level of soy extract, particularly after 21 d of storage. This study could provide valuable knowledge to the dairy industry because it highlighted the characteristics of camel milk-soy yogurt prepared with 2 different starter culture strains.

Background: A healthy diet plays a significant role in preventing and treating various diseases, including colon and breast cancer. Aim: This study aims to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to nutrition in breast cancer prevention and to explore the relationship between demographic characteristics and nutrition practices for breast cancer prevention. Methods: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning breast cancer among 1511 women in Jordan. The survey underwent content validation and received IRB approval from King Abdullah University Hospital. Result: A total of 1511 participants completed the survey. Knowledge levels, with a mean score of 12, significantly varied based on education level (ρ-value = 0.04), field of education (ρ-value ≤ 0.001), and physical activity (ρ-value ≤ 0.001). The mean scores for attitudes and practices toward nutrition-related breast cancer prevention factors were 21.5 and 37, respectively. Conclusion: The study found that education level, family history, physical activity patterns, and sleep habits were factors associated with nutrition knowledge and positive practices, potentially reducing the risk of breast cancer. However, increasing nutrition knowledge alone was not sufficient to change dietary behavior. Implication for Nursing: Risk reduction strategies can be enhanced by incorporating evidence-based practices, such as those identified in this study. Additionally, current prevention and treatment options, including education, counseling, and psychosocial support, should be further developed to increase nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices for breast cancer prevention.

الأهداف: تهدف الدراسة إلى تحديد الشكل القانوني المعتبر للسندات التنفيذية وفقا لقانون التنفيذ الشرعي النافذ، من خلال بيان مفهومها، وتوضيح شروطها القانونية اللازمة لإجراء التنفيذ الإجباري بموجبها لدى محاكم التنفيذ الشرعية. المنهجية: اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الاستقرائي المتمثل بتتبع المواد القانونية والمصطلحات الفقهية ذات العلاقة في القانون وكتب الفقه الإسلامي والقانوني والاجتهادات القضائية. النتائج: توصلت الدراسة إلى أنّ السندات التنفيذية محررات رسمية محددة لا يطعن فيها إلا بالتزوير، وتتضمن حقوقا موضوعية معينة مستحقة الأداء ضمن الاختصاص الوظيفي للمحاكم الشرعية. كما توصلت إلى توضيح الشكل القانوني المعتبر للسند التنفيذي المكون من عنصرين: الأول العنصر الشكلي، ويعني أن يكون موضوع السند منصوصا عليه في القانون، ومشتملا على الصيغة التنفيذية التي تفيد قابليته للأداء نصا أو حكما. والثاني العنصر الموضوعي، ويتعلق بالحق المطلوب بموجبه، إذ يُشترط فيه أن يكون محقق الوجود، أي خاليا عن النزاع الجدّي المستوجب لمنع التنفيذ، وأن يكون معينا بالمقدار أو محددا بالوصف؛ لتمكين المنفذ ضده من الوفاء طوعا وتمكين المحكمة من اقتضاء الحق دون زيادة أو نقصان. وأخيرا أن يكون الحق حال الأداء، أي مستحقا غير معلق على أجل لم يحل بعد. الخلاصة: إن مراعاة الشكل القانوني المعتبر للسندات التنفيذية له الأثر الكبير في دقة العملية التنفيذية وتحقيق العدالة الناجزة؛ ومن هنا توصي الدراسة بإصدار دليل إجرائي بهذا الخصوص من قبل المختصين في دائرة قاضي القضاة، يتناول مفهوم السندات التنفيذية وشروطها القانونية بشكل مفصل وعملي ومبسط؛ ليتم مراعاتها من قبل القضاة والعاملين في محاكم التنفيذ من جهة، ومراعاتها من قبل الخصوم من جهة أخرى.

Humans can be exposed to various substances that could either contribute, cause, or catalyze illness. Electronic Nose can be used to detect presence of such elements in excess in human body, through smelling of human breath, skin, or body fluid samples. The objective of this project is to implement a simple, low cost, and portable E-Nose that can be used to detect substances, such as, acetone, ammonia, alcohol, which contribute to Diabetes and Kidney Failure, among other elements, which could cause illness, or support further effect of the illness on human daily life. The main feature of the presented nose in this work, which uses Arduino hardware, is the intelligent Neural Networks software with Correlative Gaussian interpolation function. This function is used together with the Weight Elimination Algorithm (WEA) to enable smart classification of detected substances. The WEA works similar to genetic algorithm in the way it eliminates weak weights and links. Together with Correlative Gaussian, a Correlative Weight Elimination Algorithm is produces (CWEA). Such intelligent discrimination technique allowed not only to detect and classify chemicals in a single substance, but also, to detect and classify the same element and its overall effect in multiple substances. The obtained results are promising, with better results, and possibility of covering more substances, is applicable using higher level and integrated sensors.

Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk and severity of several diseases. This study aimed to explore whether the aqueous extract of Annona squamosa Linn leaves (ASE) can ameliorate metabolic abnormalities associated with high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were distributed among four treatment groups: a standard low-fat diet group, a HF diet group, and two HF diet groups with a daily oral dose of ASE (100 or 200 mg/kg body weights) administered for 9 weeks. Daily energy intake, body weight, blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were evaluated. At the end of the study, organs, and tissues were collected and weighed for analysis, and blood samples were collected to determine the serum insulin levels and serum liver enzymes. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical antioxidant activity of the ASE were evaluated. Oral administration of the low dose of ASE to HF diet-fed rats significantly reduced the long-term food intake and body weight gain without altering adiposity compared with untreated HF diet-fed rats. This outcome was accompanied by a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity and a reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels measured at weeks 6 and 9 of the study. The high dose of ASE had a short-term effect on body weight gain and food and caloric intake, and in the long-term, it improved FBG levels measured at weeks 6 and 9 of the study. The high dose of ASE resulted in hyperinsulinemia and high homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value compared to healthy rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 74.9 ± 0.491 mg of gallic acid equivalent and 20.0 ± 0.091 mg quercetin equivalent per g of ASE, respectively. The antioxidant activity of ASE expressed as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 8.43 ± 0.825 mg/mL. These data suggest that ASE can safely and potently reduce the development of insulin resistance induced by HF diet feeding and lowering body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner.

Human viruses and viruses from animals can cause illnesses in humans after the consumption of contaminated food or water. Contamination may occur during preparation by infected food handlers, during food production because of unsuitably controlled working conditions, or following the consumption of animal-based foods contaminated by a zoonotic virus. This review discussed the recent information available on the general and clinical characteristics of viruses, viral foodborne outbreaks and control strategies to prevent the viral contamination of food products and water. Viruses are responsible for the greatest number of illnesses from outbreaks caused by food, and risk assessment experts regard them as a high food safety priority. This concern is well founded, since a significant increase in viral foodborne outbreaks has occurred over the past 20 years. Norovirus, hepatitis A and E viruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus are the major common viruses associated with water or foodborne illness outbreaks. It is also suspected that many human viruses including Aichi virus, Nipah virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, H5N1 avian influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) also have the potential to be transmitted via food products. It is evident that the adoption of strict hygienic food processing measures from farm to table is required to prevent viruses from contaminating our food.

Abstract Introduction Good knowledge and early identification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) can help in preventing disease progression in its early stages and reducing undesired outcomes. The aim of the current study was to assess the level of public knowledge about CKD, determine predictors of better knowledge, and to construct and validate a CKD knowledge scale for public health assessment and research use. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using an electronic self-administered questionnaire. All people living in Lebanon and being 18 years of age and above were considered eligible for recruitment. CKD knowledge was assessed by a 37-item scale that was constructed by principal component analysis and then validated. The score of the CKD knowledge scale was computed from the extracted factors. A multivariable binomial logistic regression model evaluated the sociodemographic and clinical predictors of the knowledge score. Results A total of 1308 participants were included. The scale items converged over 9 factors with Eigenvalue greater than 1 and explaining 53.26% of the total variance, and the total scale had a high Cronbach’s alpha of 0.804. All items of the scale significantly correlated with the full scale with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.082 to 0.558. The ROC curve analysis determined an optimal cutoff point of better knowledge at 47.5 with 70.6% sensitivity and 44.2% specificity. The CKD knowledge score had a median of 51.00 (IQR 47.00–55.00). Higher knowledge score was significantly associated with old age (ORa = 1.018, 95% CI 1.006–1.030, P = 0.003),, occupation (ORa = 3.919, 95% CI 2.107–7.288, P

Wearable and implantable medical technologies are increasingly being used for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illnesses and other health concerns. One's respiration can be monitored using any number of different biosensors and tracking devices. Self-powered sensors, for example, have a reduced total cost, are easy to prepare, have a high degree of design-ability, and are available in a number of different forms when compared to other types of sensors. The mechanical energy stored in the respiratory system could be converted into electrical energy by using airflow to operate selfpowered sensors. Self-recharging sensors and systems are now in development to make home health monitoring and diagnosis more practical. There has not been a lot of study devoted to the models of respiratory sickness or the output signals that connect with them. Thus, investigating the character of their bond is not only difficult but also crucial. This article examined the theory behind self-powered breathing sensors and systems, as well as their output characteristics, detection indices, and other cutting-edge developments. To help communicate knowledge to other academics working in this field and interested in this topic, we also explored the challenges and potential benefits of autonomous sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the absence of blood vessels and nerves, the regenerative potential of articular cartilage is significantly constrained. This implies that the impact of a ruptured cartilage extends to the entire joint. Osteoarthritis, a health condition, may arise due to injury and the progressive breakdown of joint tissues. The progression of osteoarthritis can be accelerated by the extensive degradation of articular cartilage, which is ranked as the third most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder necessitating rehabilitation, following low back pain and fractures. The existing therapeutic interventions for cartilage repair exhibit limited efficacy and seldom achieve complete restoration of both functional capacity and tissue homeostasis. Emerging technological advancements in the field of tissue engineering hold significant promise for the development of viable substitutes for cartilage tissue, capable of exhibiting functional properties. The overarching strategy involves ensuring that the cell source is enriched with bioactive molecules that facilitate cellular differentiation and/or maturation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advancements in the field of cartilage tissue engineering. Additionally, it offers an overview of recent clinical trials that have been conducted to examine the latest research developments and clinical applications pertaining to weakened articular cartilage and osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared mobility is one of the smart city applications in which traditional individually owned vehicles are transformed into shared and distributed ownership. Ensuring the safety of both drivers and riders is a fundamental requirement in shared mobility. This work aims to design and implement an adequate framework for shared mobility within the context of a smart city. The characteristics of shared mobility are identified, leading to the proposal of an effective solution for real-time data collection, tracking, and automated decisions focusing on safety. Driver and rider safety is considered by identifying dangerous driving behaviors and the prompt response to accidents. Furthermore, a trip log is recorded to identify the reasons behind the accident. A prototype implementation is presented to validate the proposed framework for a delivery service using motorbikes. The results demonstrate the scalability of the proposed design and the integration of the overall system to enhance the rider’s safety using machine learning techniques. The machine learning approach identifies dangerous driving behaviors with an accuracy of 91.59% using the decision tree approach when compared against the support vector machine and K-nearest neighbor approaches.

The combined inhibitory effect of essential oils (EOs) with meat-based marinades has not been fully studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to gauge the effect of a yogurt-based marinade when individually combined with three EOs, namely eugenol (EU), vanillin (VA), or β-resorcylic acid (BR) on camel meat cubes inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage. Fresh camel meat cubes of 10 g were inoculated with bacteria and dipped in the mixture of marinade and EO. Overall, the study had six EO treatments (EU 0.5%, EU 1%, VA 0.5%, VA 1%, BR 0.5%, and BR 1%) and two controls (meat without marinade and marinated meat). Treated meat cubes were stored at 4°C or 10°C for 1, 4, and 7 d. Adding only marinade to the camel meat at 10°C decreased the pathogens by 0.8–2.4 log CFU/g. At 10°C, BR decreased L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. by 2.0, 1.5, and 1.3 log CFU/g, while EU caused a decrease (p