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Abstract This study focuses on Bangladeshi university entrance test-taking students mental health problems and explores the geographical distribution of these problems using GIS technique. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1523 university entrance test-taking students. Data were collected on participants' socio-demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related factors, admission tests, depression, and anxiety. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were performed using SPSS software. GIS mapping was used to visualize the distribution of mental health problems across districts using ArcGIS. The study found that the prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among university entrance examinees were 53.8% and 33.2%, respectively. Males exhibited higher rates of depression and anxiety compared to females, while repeat test-taking students were more susceptible to these mental health issues compared to first-time test-takers. Factors such as urban residence, personal/familial COVID-19 infections, and COVID-19 deaths in close relationships were associated with increased mental health problems. District-based distribution showed no significant variation in depression, but anxiety varied significantly. Post-hoc GIS analysis revealed variations in the distribution of depression and anxiety among males, as well as variations in anxiety distribution based on student status across districts. This study emphasizes the high prevalence of depression and anxiety among university entrance examinees, emphasizing the importance of addressing mental health risks in this population. It also suggests the need for reforms in the university entrance test-taking system to reduce psychological problems and advocates for a more inclusive approach to student admissions to alleviate mental health burdens.

Abdullah Al Mamun,1,2 Peiwu Geng,1 Shuanghu Wang,1 Chuxiao Shao1 1Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 2Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Chuxiao Shao; Shuanghu Wang, Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, the Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Email scx1818@126.com; wangshuanghu@lsu.edu.cnAbstract: Pyroptosis is an inflammatory cell death induced by inflammasomes that release several pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Pyroptosis, a type of programmed cell death, has recently received increased interest both as a therapeutic and immunological mechanism. Numerous studies have provided substantial evidence supporting the involvement of inflammasomes and pyroptosis in a variety of pathological conditions including cancers, nerve damage, inflammatory diseases and metabolic conditions. Researchers have demonstrated that dysregulation of pyroptosis and inflammasomes contribute to the progression of endometriosis and gynecological malignancies. Current research also indicates that inflammasome and pyroptosis-dependent signaling pathways may further induce the progression of endometrial cancer (EC). More specifically, dysregulation of NLR family pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis play a contributory role in the pathogenesis and development of EC. Therefore, pyroptosis-regulated protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) may be an independent prognostic biomarker for the detection of EC. This review presents the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis-dependent signaling pathways and their contributory role and function in advancing EC. Moreover, this review offers new insights into potential future applications and innovative approaches in utilizing pyroptosis to develop effective anti-cancer therapies. Keywords: endometrial cancer, pyroptosis, NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18

Fangyuan Kuang,1,2 Yang Gao,3 Qingyun Zhou,4 Chenying Lu,3 Qiaomei Lin,4 Abdullah Al Mamun,5 Junle Pan,6 Shuibo Shi,7 Chaoyong Tu,4,* Chuxiao Shao2,* 1School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, 312000, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, People Hospital of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Radiology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 5Key Laboratory of Joint Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Cancer of Lishui, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 6First Academy of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China; 7The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, Jiangxi, 330000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Chaoyong Tu, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Email tcy7409@163.comBackground: A limited number of studies have examined the use of radiomics to predict 3-year overall survival (OS) after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study develops 3-year OS prediction models for HCC patients after liver resection using MRI radiomics and clinicopathological factors.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 141 patients who underwent surgical resection of HCC was performed. Patients were randomized into two set: the training set (n=98) and the validation set (n=43) including the survival groups (n=111) and non-survival groups (n=30) based on 3-year survival after hepatectomy. Furthermore, x2 or Fisher’s exact test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine independent clinicopathological risk factors associated with 3-year OS. 1688 quantitative imaging features were extracted from preoperative T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) of arterial phase (AP), portal venous phases (PVP)and delay period (DP). The features were selected using the variance threshold method, the select K best method and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm. By using Bernoulli Naive Bayes (BernoulliNB) and Multinomial Naive Bayes (MultinomialNB) classifiers, we constructed models based on the independent clinicopathological factors and Rad-scores. To determine the best model, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and Delong’s test were used. Moreover, calibration curves were used to determine the calibration ability of the model, while decision curve analysis (DCA) was implemented to evaluate its clinical benefit.Results: The fusion model showed excellent prediction precision with AUC of 0.910 and 0.846 in training and validation set and revealed significant diagnostic accuracy and value in the calibration curve and DCA analysis.Conclusion: Nomograms based on MRI radiomics and clinicopathological factors have significant predictive value for 3-year OS after hepatectomy and can be used for risk classification.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatectomy, MRI radiomics

Abdullah Al Mamun,1,2 Chuxiao Shao,1 Peiwu Geng,1 Shuanghu Wang,1 Jian Xiao1– 3 1Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 2Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Wound Healing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jian Xiao, Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Email xfxj2000@126.com Shuanghu Wang, Central Laboratory of The Lishui Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China, Email wangshuanghu@lsu.edu.cnAbstract: Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of cell death resulting from the activation of gasdermins (GSDMs) pore-forming proteins and the release of several pro-inflammatory factors. However, inflammasomes are the intracellular protein complexes that cleave gasdermin D (GSDMD), leading to the formation of robust cell membrane pores and the initiation of pyroptosis. Inflammasome activation and gasdermin-mediated membrane pore formation are the important intrinsic processes in the classical pyroptotic signaling pathway. Overactivation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers pyroptosis and amplifies inflammation. Current evidence suggests that the overactivation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis may further induce the progression of cancers, nerve injury, inflammatory disorders and metabolic dysfunctions. Current evidence also indicates that pyroptosis-dependent cell death accelerates the progression of diabetes and its frequent consequences including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Pyroptosis-mediated inflammatory reaction further exacerbates DPN-mediated CNS injury. Accumulating evidence shows that several molecular signaling mechanisms trigger pyroptosis in insulin-producing cells, further leading to the development of DPN. Numerous studies have suggested that certain natural compounds or drugs may possess promising pharmacological properties by modulating inflammasomes and pyroptosis, thereby offering potential preventive and practical therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of DPN. This review elaborates on the underlying molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and explores possible therapeutic strategies for regulating pyroptosis-regulated cell death in the pharmacological treatment of DPN. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Inflammation, Pyroptosis, NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β and IL-18

Abdullah Al Mamun,1,2 Chuxiao Shao,1 Peiwu Geng,1 Shuanghu Wang,1 Jian Xiao2,3 1Central Laboratory of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui City, Zhejiang, 323000, People’s Republic of China; 2Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Wound Healing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jian Xiao, Email xfxj2000@126.comAbstract: Pyroptosis defines a form of pro-inflammatory-dependent programmed cell death triggered by gasdermin proteins, which creates cytoplasmic pores and promotes the activation and accumulation of immune cells by releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators and immunogenic substances upon cell rupture. Pyroptosis comprises canonical (mediated by Caspase-1) and non-canonical (mediated by Caspase-4/5/11) molecular signaling pathways. Numerous studies have explored the contributory roles of inflammasome and pyroptosis in the progression of multiple pathological conditions such as tumors, nerve injury, inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that the activation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome results in the activation of pyroptosis and inflammation. Current evidence suggests that pyroptosis-dependent cell death plays a progressive role in the development of diabetic complications including diabetic wound healing (DWH) and diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This review presents a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying pyroptosis and addresses the current research on pyroptosis-dependent signaling pathways in the context of DWH. In this review, we also present some prospective therapeutic compounds/agents that can target pyroptotic signaling pathways, which may serve as new strategies for the effective treatment and management of diabetic wounds.Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic wound healing, pyroptosis, NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, inflammation, inflammasome

Abdullah Al Mamun,1 Yanqing Wu,2 Fatema Nasrin,3,4 Afroza Akter,5 Masuma Afrin Taniya,6 Fahad Munir,7 Chang Jia,8 Jian Xiao1 1Department of Hand Surgery and Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People’s Republic of China; 3Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; 4School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; 5Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh; 6Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh; 7Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 8Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jian XiaoMolecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325035, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail xfxj2000@126.comAbstract: Pyroptosis is mainly considered as a new pro-inflammatory mediated-programmed cell death. In addition, pyroptosis is described by gasdermin-induced pore formation on the membrane, cell swelling and rapid lysis, and several pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) release. Extensive studies have shown that pyroptosis is commonly involved by activating the caspase-1-dependent canonical pathway and caspase-4/5/11-dependent non-canonical pathway. However, pyroptosis facilitates local inflammation and inflammatory responses. Current researches have reported that pyroptosis promotes the progression of several diabetic complications. Emerging studies have suggested that some potential molecules targeting the pyroptosis and inflammasome signaling pathways could be a novel therapeutic avenue for managing and treating diabetes and its complications in the near future. Our narrative review concisely describes the possible mechanism of pyroptosis and its progressive understanding of the development of diabetic complications.Keywords: diabetes, pyroptosis, GSDMD, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18

Mst Sabrina Moonajilin,1 Mohammed A Mamun,1,2,* Md Estiar Rahman,1 Md Firoz Mahmud,1 AHM Shamim Al Mamun,1 Md Sajib Rana,1 David Gozal3,* 1Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Undergraduate Research Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Child Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: David GozalChild Health Research Institute, Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USAEmail gozald@health.missouri.eduBackground: Self-medication practice (SMP) is widely adopted among residents of such countries as Bangladesh. However, the major determinants of SMP have only scarcely been evaluated. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the prevalence and determining factors of SMP.Methods: A convenience sample of individuals residing in Savar (Dhaka, Bangladesh) > 16 years of age and suffering from an illness > 2 months underwent face-to-face interviews during January–February, 2019.Results: Among 520 interviewees fulfilling entry criteria, the prevalence of SMP was reported as 60.2%. Drug shops, previous knowledge or prescription, and consulting with peers (friends or relatives) were the most sought sources of SMP, whereas simple illness, higher consulting fees, unsatisfactory health-care services, and delayed access were reported as the motives. From the regression analysis, the sociodemographic risk factors of SMP were reported as being older (compared to < 18 years), married, illiterate (compared to having higher education), having engaged in any occupation (ie, service, business, homemaker, and others compared to student), and suffering from chronic illness.Conclusion: SMP is highly prevalent and exhibits significant socioeconomic determinants. Development of proper health care–access systems and public education should be implemented to reduce the rate of SMP.Keywords: self-medication practice, prevalence, risk factors, sociodemographic, rural Bangladeshi people

With the global spread and deterioration of the coronavirus and monkeypox viruses, how to prevent the spread of infectious viruses in large public enclosed spaces has become a focus of public attention. This paper examined the distinctions between the evacuation of patients with infectious diseases and the evacuation of people in general disaster situations, using the outpatient center of a large hospital in China as the background. The three aspects of a new systematic method that is outlined in-depth step by step for solving this special patient evacuation problem are building the architectural space grid model, determining the objective function, and obtaining and comparing the optimization method. The shortest path is determined as the objective function, and three algorithms, namely the improved genetic algorithm, the traditional ant colony algorithm, and the Dijkstra algorithm, are used to optimize the path. While considering the number of people affected in the evacuation process, and together with the software running time as performance indexes, the results obtained from the three algorithms are evaluated, which shows that the patient evacuation path by Dijkstra’s algorithm is better. This study is of great relevance to hospitals, which gather more groups with low resistance and a higher possibility of virus infection, and it is also applicable to other large public places.

Allometric models are commonly used to estimate biomass, nutrients and carbon stocks in trees, and contribute to an understanding of forest status and resource dynamics. The selection of appropriate and robust models, therefore, have considerable influence on the accuracy of estimates obtained. Allometric models can be developed for individual species or to represent a community or bioregion. In Bangladesh, the nation forest inventory classifies tree and forest resources into five zones (Sal, Hill, Coastal, Sundarbans and Village), based on their floristic composition and soil type. This study has developed allometric biomass models for multi-species of the Sal zone. The forest of Sal zone is dominated by Shorea robusta Roth. The study also investigates the concentrations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Carbon in different tree components. A total of 161 individual trees from 20 different species were harvested across a range of tree size classes. Diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (H) and wood density (WD) were considered as predictor variables, while total above-ground biomass (TAGB), stem, bark, branch and leaf biomass were the output variables of the allometric models. The best fit allometric biomass model for TAGB, stem, bark, branch and leaf were: ln (TAGB) = -2.460 + 2.171 ln (DBH) + 0.367 ln (H) + 0.161 ln (WD); ln (Stem) = -3.373 + 1.934 ln (DBH) + 0.833 ln (H) + 0.452 ln (WD); ln (Bark) = -5.87 + 2.103 ln (DBH) + 0.926 ln (H) + 0.587 ln (WD); ln (Branch) = -3.154 + 2.798 ln (DBH) - 0.729 ln (H) - 0.355 ln (WD); and ln (Leaf) = -4.713 + 2.066 ln (DBH), respectively. Nutrients and carbon concentration in tree components varied according to tree species and component. A comparison to frequently used regional and pan-tropical biomass models showed a wide range of model prediction error (35.48 to 85.51%) when the observed TAGB of sampled trees were compared with the estimated TAGB of the models developed in this study. The improved accuracy of the best fit model obtained in this study can therefore be used for more accurate estimation of TAGB and carbon and nutrients in TAGB for the Sal zone of Bangladesh.

Abstract The rapid infrastructure development and the need to house the dense population of Bangladesh drive the construction business to transform from a low-rise to a medium-rise industry. In this transformation, steel–concrete composite has been prioritized for constructing high-rise buildings. It is crucial to look at how the steel industry has developed and what the future holds for the usage of steel–concrete composition in the construction sector of Bangladesh. Also, it is critical to understand the role of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) technology in this transformation process. The current study examined import and export promotion statistics for steel, iron, and cement to get insights into the development and transformation of the construction sector. To assess the existing state and prospects of the steel industry, this study also collected revenue data from the major steel companies of Bangladesh. Finally, a poll on the usage of steel–concrete composite construction has been conducted to better understand the public opinions about the steel industry. Findings from the Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) indicate that there has been a growing popularity of steel structures in the last 10 years boosting the financial revenue of Bangladesh. Import data revealed a moderately strong relationship, with cement imports accounting for 37.4% of the variation in steel and iron imports. Insights into public opinion show a generally positive attitude toward adopting steel–concrete composites, with 17.6% of the variation in willingness to pay premiums explained by factors like high cost, longevity, and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, the data suggests that cement has been more frequently utilized in the construction sector than steel. The findings of this study provide valuable information on the opportunities and challenges encountered by the steel industry. This information can aid policymakers in making informed investment and strategic planning decisions that will support the economic development of the country.