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Corrosion is a significant issue in many industries, particularly where metals are exposed to harsh chemical environments. This study investigates the efficacy of 3-Chloro-4-morpholin-4-yl-1,2,5-thiadiazole (CMTD) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution across a temperature range of 303–333 K. Using weight loss measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization techniques, the inhibition efficiency of CMTD was evaluated at different concentrations and temperatures. The results show that CMTD achieves a maximum inhibition efficiency of 96.8 % at a highest inhibitor concentration, even at elevated temperatures. The adsorption of CMTD on the mild steel surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a calculated free energy of adsorption (ΔGads) of −39.5 kJ mol−1, confirming a spontaneous chemisorption process. Quantum chemical Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies further elucidated the relationship between CMTD's molecular structure and its inhibition efficiency. Key parameters, including the energy gap (Egap = 3.551 eV), highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO = −6.317 eV), and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO = −2.766eV), were calculated to understand CMTD's reactivity. Additionally, global reactivity descriptors such as chemical hardness (η), electronegativity (χ), and the electron fraction transferred (ΔN) from CMTD to the iron surface were analyzed. These findings suggest that CMTD is highly effective in preventing corrosion and can be applied in industries where mild steel is exposed to acidic environments, such as in petrochemical and industrial cleaning processes.

Smart contact lenses are a transformative innovation in wearable technology, combining advanced functionalities like biosensing, drug delivery, and real-time data visualization into a compact form. This review explores recent advancements and applications of smart contact lenses, with a focus on their design principles, key technological components, and potential impact across healthcare, communication, and augmented reality. By examining current research and development, this paper highlights the evolving capabilities of smart contact lenses and their promising future prospects.

The field of contact lenses has undergone significant advancements, driven by innovations in materials science and chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key developments in the chemistry of contact lenses, tracing the evolution from early designs to modern high-performance materials. It explores the fundamental chemistry of polymer materials, the introduction of hydrogels and silicone hydrogels, and the impact of surface chemistry on lens wettability and comfort. The review also delves into innovative materials and technologies, such as biocompatible materials, smart contact lenses, and lenses with UV-blocking and photochromic properties. Manufacturing processes, including casting, molding, and surface treatments, are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the review highlights functional enhancements like antimicrobial coatings and drug-delivery systems, along with environmental and safety considerations. Clinical implications and applications are examined, with a focus on vision correction, therapeutic uses, and future directions. The article concludes by addressing current challenges and potential research directions in the chemistry of contact lenses.

Polymeric contact lenses are widely used for vision correction but contribute to significant environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradable nature and improper disposal, which exacerbates the growing problem of plastic pollution. Millions of discarded contact lenses enter landfills and water systems annually, where they break down into microplastics, posing threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. This review explores the biological processes involved in the degradation of these lenses, with a focus on the roles of microorganisms, enzymes, and environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and humidity. Understanding how these factors influence the breakdown of polymer chains offers valuable insights into developing sustainable disposal methods and environmentally friendly materials. By comprehensively examining the enzymatic mechanisms of contact lens degradation, this review aims to propose green technologies for polymer waste management and highlights the urgent need for multidisciplinary efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of polymeric lenses, thereby advancing the global agenda for environmental sustainability.

The field of optoelectronics has undergone a remarkable transformation, fueled by the escalating demand for high-performance devices serving a multitude of applications, such as sensing, imaging, communication, and energy harvesting. This review explores the exceptional growth of optoelectronics and the pivotal breakthroughs that have led to a quantum leap in its capabilities. Novel materials, including two-dimensional wonders like graphene and perovskite solar cells, have played a fundamental role in redefining the boundaries of optoelectronics. These materials exhibit extraordinary optical and electrical properties, enabling the development of devices with unprecedented performance levels. Heterostructures, at the crossroads of different materials, have unlocked new opportunities for device design. By combining materials with complementary properties, researchers have engineered structures that manipulate electron and photon flow, resulting in highly efficient and versatile optoelectronic devices. Innovative device architectures have complemented these breakthroughs, pushing the boundaries of speed, efficiency, and functionality in optoelectronics. Applications across industries, from medical imaging to communication networks and renewable energy systems, are benefiting from these advancements. The article concludes by emphasizing the ongoing potential for innovation in the field of optoelectronics, reminding us of the limitless capacity of science and technology to reshape our world and shape the technologies of the future.

The aim of this mini-review is to compare the effectiveness and potential of solar cells and hydrogen fuel technologies in clean energy generation. Key aspects such as efficiency, scalability, environmental footprint, and technological maturity are examined. Solar cells are analyzed for their ability to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently and their potential for widespread deployment with minimal environmental impact. Hydrogen fuel technologies are assessed based on their efficiency in hydrogen production, scalability, and overall environmental footprint from production to end use. The review identifies significant challenges, including high costs, infrastructure needs, and policy requirements, as well as opportunities for innovation and market growth. The findings provide insights to guide decision-making towards a sustainable energy future.

Abstract Solar energy has emerged as a pivotal player in the transition towards sustainable and renewable power sources. However, the efficiency and longevity of solar cells, the cornerstone of harnessing this abundant energy source, are intrinsically linked to their operating temperatures. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between thermal effects and solar cell performance, elucidating the critical role that temperature plays in the overall efficacy of photovoltaic systems. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of how temperature influences solar cells, with a focus on its impact on efficiency, voltage, current output, and overall stability. By synthesizing existing knowledge and exploring recent advances in the field, we aim to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of thermal effects and offer insights into mitigating their adverse consequences. Our review encompasses a thorough discussion of the fundamentals of solar cells, including their operation and various types, before delving into the intricacies of thermal effects. We present an overview of experimental techniques for thermal analysis, factors influencing temperature variations, and strategies to alleviate thermal stresses. Additionally, we offer real-world case studies and discuss future trends and research directions, providing a comprehensive roadmap for advancing solar cell technology. In an era where the harnessing of solar energy has become increasingly vital, understanding and addressing thermal effects are imperative to maximize the efficiency and longevity of solar cells. This review article serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers by shedding light on the significance of thermal effects on solar cell performance and guiding the pursuit of innovative solutions in the quest for more efficient and sustainable photovoltaic systems.

This review article comprehensively examines the diverse facets of interfacial engineering as a transformative approach to advance functional materials. The exploration begins with an insightful Introduction, delving into the Background and Significance of interfacial engineering, the Motivation driving research in this field, and the defined Scope and Objectives of the review. The subsequent section, Fundamentals of Interfacial Engineering, elucidates the core principles, providing a detailed exploration of the Definition and Conceptual Framework of interfacial engineering, underscoring the Importance of Surfaces and Interfaces, and examining the dynamic Interfacial Phenomena and Dynamics shaping material properties. Techniques for Interfacial Characterization are then scrutinized, with a focus on Spectroscopic Methods such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Microscopic Techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and an overview of Other Analytical Tools essential for precise characterization. Surface Modification Strategies, the subsequent thematic section, investigates Chemical Functionalization, Physical Coating and Deposition, Nanoscale Engineering, and Self-Assembly Techniques, providing an in-depth understanding of methodologies employed to tailor material interfaces. The subsequent sections delve into specific applications. Interfacial Engineering in Polymer Materials explores Polymer Blends and Composites, Surface Modification of Polymers, and the Role of Interfaces in Polymer Processing. Interfacial Engineering in Nanomaterials investigates Nanoparticle Surfaces and Interfaces, Nanocomposites and Hybrid Materials, and Nanoscale Interactions and Applications. Interfacial Engineering for Electronic Devices follows, with a focus on Semiconductor Interfaces, Interface Engineering in Photovoltaics, and Applications in Flexible Electronics. The Biomedical Applications of Interfacial Engineering section covers Surface Modification in Biomaterials, Drug Delivery Systems, and Interface Design for Biocompatibility. Addressing the broader context, Challenges and Future Perspectives discuss Current Challenges in Interfacial Engineering and Emerging Trends and Future Directions. Finally, the Conclusion summarizes the Key Findings and outlines Implications for Future Research, providing a holistic perspective on the significance and potential of interfacial engineering in shaping the future of advanced functional materials.

Radon gas, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, has garnered increasing attention due to its potential health risks when present in indoor environments. While it is well-known that radon can enter homes through the ground, an often overlooked source of radon is home appliances. This comprehensive review paper explores the emission of radon gas from various home appliances, shedding light on an aspect of indoor radon exposure that has not received as much scrutiny. This review discusses the sources of radon in homes, covering both natural and artificial origins, and highlights the key factors influencing radon entry. It delves into the mechanisms through which home appliances can emit radon, identifying common appliances that have been associated with radon release. Furthermore, the paper outlines measurement and detection techniques for assessing indoor radon levels, emphasizing the importance of regular radon testing in homes. The health effects of radon exposure are discussed in detail, with a focus on the epidemiological evidence linking radon to lung cancer and associated risk assessments. Mitigation strategies, including techniques for reducing radon levels and radon-resistant construction methods, are explored as effective measures to lower indoor radon concentrations. Regulations and guidelines governing radon exposure in homes are highlighted, providing insights into the legal framework and recommendations for safe radon levels. The review also presents case studies from different regions and successful radon mitigation initiatives, offering practical insights into addressing radon issues. The paper concludes by discussing future research directions and emerging technologies aimed at reducing radon emissions from home appliances, emphasizing the importance of continued efforts to raise awareness, test for radon, and mitigate its presence. Overall, this review aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of radon gas emission from home appliances, its implications, and the measures to safeguard indoor air quality and public health.

Corrosion is a pervasive problem that impacts the integrity, safety, and longevity of structures, equipment, and infrastructure across numerous industries. Traditional corrosion control measures often rely on the use of toxic, hazardous, and environmentally damaging inhibitors, posing a significant threat to both human health and the environment. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of sustainable corrosion inhibitors that are both effective and environmentally responsible. This review article discusses the current state of the art in sustainable corrosion inhibitors, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and applications in various industries. The article also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of sustainable corrosion inhibitors, highlighting the need for continued research and development in this critical area.

Catalysts play a crucial role in optimizing thermal reactions across various industries, fostering efficiency and innovation. This review offers a concise yet comprehensive examination of the diverse landscape of catalysts in thermal reactions. Beginning with an introduction to the research context, the review defines catalysts and underscores their importance in facilitating chemical transformations at elevated temperatures. It explores two primary categories of catalysts, homogeneous and heterogeneous, elucidating their mechanisms and applications. Delving into catalytic mechanisms reveals the intricate processes of adsorption, desorption, and intermediate formation guiding reactions on catalyst surfaces. The review highlights catalyst applications in petrochemicals, chemical synthesis, energy generation, and environmental remediation, emphasizing their significant impact. Additionally, it discusses catalyst design, challenges, and future directions, alongside advanced characterization techniques and case studies illustrating real-world implications. The conclusion underscores the transformative potential of catalysts in thermal reactions, advocating for further exploration in this dynamic field. Through this synthesis of insights, catalysts emerge as drivers of progress, propelling thermal reactions towards unprecedented levels of efficiency and ingenuity.

Abstract This comprehensive review explores the transformative role of nanomaterials in advancing the frontier of hydrogen energy, specifically in the realms of storage, production, and transport. Focusing on key nanomaterials like metallic nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, the article delves into their unique properties. It scrutinizes the application of nanomaterials in hydrogen storage, elucidating both challenges and advantages. The review meticulously evaluates diverse strategies employed to overcome limitations in traditional storage methods and highlights recent breakthroughs in nanomaterial-centric hydrogen storage. Additionally, the article investigates the utilization of nanomaterials to enhance hydrogen production, emphasizing their role as efficient nanocatalysts in boosting hydrogen fuel cell efficiency. It provides a comprehensive overview of various nanocatalysts and their potential applications in fuel cells. The exploration extends to the realm of hydrogen transport and delivery, specifically in storage tanks and pipelines, offering insights into the nanomaterials investigated for this purpose and recent advancements in the field. In conclusion, the review underscores the immense potential of nanomaterials in propelling the hydrogen energy frontier. It emphasizes the imperative for continued research aimed at optimizing the properties and performance of existing nanomaterials while advocating for the development of novel nanomaterials with superior attributes for hydrogen storage, production, and transport. This article serves as a roadmap, shedding light on the pivotal role nanomaterials can play in advancing the development of clean and sustainable hydrogen energy technologies.

Abstract In this study, we synthesized a novel corrosion inhibitor derived from thiophene and conducted a comprehensive evaluation of its inhibitory properties through both experimental and theoretical approaches. Our investigation encompassed experimental assessments employing Mass loss tests and electrochemical techniques. Additionally, we performed computational studies to delve into the electronic structure and bonding characteristics of the inhibitor, aiming to elucidate its inhibitory mechanism. Our findings revealed that the synthesized inhibitor displayed remarkable inhibitory efficiency, demonstrating its effectiveness in preventing the corrosion of mild steel. Specifically, the thiophene derivative exhibited an impressive inhibitory efficiency of 92.8%, underscoring its potential as a robust corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. Furthermore, this study delved into optimizing the conditions for employing the thiophene derivative as a corrosion inhibitor. Our investigation revealed that the most effective inhibition was achieved at a concentration of 0.5 mM and a temperature of 303 K. To elucidate the interaction between the inhibitor and the mild steel surface, we applied the Langmuir adsorption isotherm concept, shedding light on both the physical and chemical adsorption processes of the thiophene derivative on the metal's surface. Our investigations demonstrated that the addition of the inhibitor significantly reduced the corrosion rate of the metal. Our computational results further reinforced these experimental findings, indicating that the inhibitor formed stable adsorption complexes on the metal surface. This dual confirmation from experimental and computational approaches strengthens the confidence in the inhibitor's efficacy in mitigating corrosion.

Background The escalating global population, surpassing seven billion in 2012, amplifies the strain on existing resources for food, housing, and conventional energy. Addressing these challenges requires the development of economically and environmentally viable renewable energy technologies. Photovoltaic (PV) solar modules stand out for their eco-friendly operation and reliability. In off-grid communities, stand-alone PV systems, coupled with battery storage, play a pivotal role in meeting electrical energy needs. Methods This study enhances the understanding of stand-alone PV systems through modeling and simulation using MATLAB software. A multi-crystalline PV system, specifically the Kyocera KC130GT, is investigated under varying conditions, and a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller is employed for battery charging. Results The study reveals profound effects on energy production based on the I-V and P-V characteristics of the modeled system when a PWM controller is utilized. The system demonstrates successful energy generation under different conditions, accounting for temperature variations and PV battery voltage mismatches. Conclusion The simulated model serves as a versatile system capable of detecting different conditions in varying light and temperature scenarios. Effective temperature monitoring, voltage adjustment using a suitable charger controller, and the selection of optimal materials for solar modules can significantly enhance the system’s efficiency. The results emphasize the importance of careful consideration of PV system sizing corresponding to battery capacity for improved solar system efficiency. While the cost of the modeled stand-alone PV system is currently low, scalability to larger projects may incur increased costs due to the high prices of photovoltaic panels, batteries, and other components.

Abstract There is growing interest in using corrosion inhibitors and protective treatments to limit the degradation of mild steel, leading to the development of numerous Schiff bases as cutting-edge inhibitors. In this study, the effectiveness of a Schiff base, 3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-one (MTIO), to prevent mild steel corrosion in HCl was investigated using weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, and surface characterization. The experimental results showed that 0.5 mM MTIO exhibited a satisfactory inhibitor efficiency of 96.9% at 303 K. The MTIO molecules physically and chemically adsorbed onto the mild steel surface following the Langmuir model, forming a compact protective film attributed to the presence of a thiazole ring in the MTIO structure. Theoretical calculations were combined with experimental techniques to investigate the anticorrosion performance and mechanism of inhibition.

Abstract The corrosion inhibition properties of 2-(1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl)pyrrolidine (2-TP) on mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution were investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (OCP) measurements. In addition, DFT calculations were performed on 2-TP. The polarization curves revealed that 2-TP is a mixed-type inhibitor. The results indicate that 2-TP is an effective inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in a 1.0 M HCl solution, with an inhibition efficiency of 94.6% at 0.5 mM 2-TP. The study also examined the impact of temperature, revealing that the inhibition efficiency increases with an increasing concentration of 2-TP and decreases with a rise in temperature. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the mild steel surface followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and the free energy value indicated that the adsorption of 2-TP is a spontaneous process that involves both physical and chemical adsorption mechanisms. The DFT calculations showed that the adsorption of 2-TP on the mild steel surface is mainly through the interaction of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of the thiadiazole ring with the metal surface. The results obtained from the weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS and OCP measurements were in good agreement with each other and confirmed the effectiveness of 2-TP as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential use of 2-TP as a corrosion inhibitor in acid environments.

This review paper provides an overview of inorganic corrosion inhibitors, including their types, mechanisms of action, applications, recent advances, and future directions. Inorganic corrosion inhibitors have been widely used to protect metals and alloys from corrosion in various industries, such as oil and gas, chemical, and construction industries. The different types of inorganic corrosion inhibitors discussed in this review include metal-based, metal oxide-based, phosphate-based, silicate-based, and other inorganic inhibitors. The mechanisms of action of inorganic corrosion inhibitors are mainly related to their adsorption on metal surfaces, formation of protective films, and cathodic and anodic polarization. The paper also highlights the applications of inorganic corrosion inhibitors in different industries and discusses their effectiveness and limitations. Recent advances in the field of inorganic corrosion inhibitors, such as nanotechnology-based inhibitors, green inhibitors, combination inhibitors, and computational studies, are also reviewed. In conclusion, this paper summarizes the key findings of the review and provides a future outlook for the development of inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The review concludes that further research is needed to develop more effective, environmentally friendly, and economical inorganic corrosion inhibitors for various industrial applications.

In a survey conducted by the Department of Chemistry on the reality of e-learning, which became widespread in most international universities during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, up to 50 students participated to express their thoughts and confirm observations. This survey was crucial in determining the importance of e-learning for the continuity of education and its potential drawbacks. The students’ opinions were collected using specific questions designed for a questionnaire. The survey's key findings can be summarized as follows: Both students and teaching staff played pivotal roles in the success of e-learning. Additionally, the availability of logistical tools and infrastructure that facilitated communication between students and lecturers proved vital to the effectiveness of online learning.

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) technology, combines the benefits of both solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal systems into a single integrated solution. It is a promising renewable energy technology that maximizes solar energy utilization and offers multiple benefits for sustainable power generation. A review and discussion of both active and passive thermal management solutions for PV technology is included in this paper. Using fins on the back of PV is the focus of this paper in terms of its design and performance parameters. Fins are used in air, fluid, nanofluid and PCM cooling PV/T systems. Installing them in these systems improves their performance and increases their electrical and thermal efficiency together in rate range between 8 and 10%. Furthermore, this article examines different approaches to designing and implementing systems, as well as how to optimize results, in addition to exploring potential problems and opportunities. Aiming at creating, manufacturing, utilizing, and potentially promoting high-performance photovoltaic-based technologies and systems which include fins are the purpose of this article.

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and characterisation of an isatin Schiff base, namely 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (OHB). The chemical structure of OHB was elucidated through proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques. OHB was evaluated for its corrosion inhibition ability on mild steel specimens in 1 M HCl using gravimetrical methods and electrochemical measurements such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic techniques complemented with microscopic analysis. The results indicated that OHB is a mixed-type inhibitor and showed good corrosion inhibition, with a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 96.7% at a concentration of 0.5 mM and 303 K. The inhibition performance increased with an increasing OHB concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. The inhibition efficiency was attributed to the formation of a protective film on the surface of the tested mild steel coupon. The electrochemical impedance studies also indicated that the charge transfer resistance increased with an increase in OHB concentration. The morphological analysis confirmed the inhibition performance of OHB and the protective barrier film conformed to Langmuir monolayer adsorption. The experimental and theoretical corrosion kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were in agreement and revealed that an adsorption film of Fe–N coordination bonds formed on the mild steel surface.

Iron (III) oxide, a stable semiconductor with versatile applications, was synthesized alongside Sn-doped Fe2O3 (Sn–Fe2O3) using the sol-gel technique. Characterization via X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of α- and γ-Fe2O3 phases in the synthesized powders. Incorporation of the dopant reduced the initial band gap energy of Fe2O3 (2.2 eV) by approximately 0.1 eV. To evaluate photocatalytic performance, Fe2O3 and Sn–Fe2O3 were tested for decolorization efficiency of a methyl orange solution. Results revealed the 5 wt% Sn-doped catalyst as optimal, achieving complete degradation of methyl orange within 120 min under simulated solar light. The addition of small amounts of Sn effectively reduced the Fe2O3 band gap and significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. Investigation of pH and dye concentration impact on photocatalytic degradation revealed superior activity under acidic conditions compared to alkaline. Furthermore, maintaining a moderate concentration of methyl orange (10 ppm) ensured optimum photocatalytic activity.

Background: Type1 Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic diseases among children, and associated with morbidity, mortality, and enormous healthcare expenditures. Objectives; to estimate the prevalence, incidence, and describe the epidemiological characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among children in Karbala governorate, Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among all children who attended the main DM center in Karbala Teaching Hospital for Children, Public Clinics, and Primary Health Care centers. Data was collected by structured questionnaire and biochemical and anthropometric measurements. The statistical analysis data entry was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: Total number of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus patients aged 0-15 years in Karbala in 2015 was 199; making 44.66/100 5. Fifty-four patients were newly diagnosed patients making an incidence of 12.11/100 5. There was nearly equal distribution among both sexes. Most of the cases were from urban areas and most of the patients had a Family history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetic ketoacidosis was reported in 16.8% of the patients. Only 31.6% of patients had HbA1c < 7%. Half of the patients had a history of admission to the hospital for diabetes. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the only independent variables significantly correlated with poor glycemic control were lack of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose, irregular visits to the Diabetic Center, and positive family history of diabetes. Conclusion: Only one-third of T1DM children in Karbala city had controlled blood sugar. Lack of regular blood glucose monitoring and irregular contact with health care providers were the main determinants of uncontrolled blood sugar.