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Abstract Background Classic vitrification methods are not appropriate when there are minimal numbers of viable sperm, and the new methods emphasize the low semen volumes in these cases. The aim was to assess the efficacy of the cryotech as a device for freezing low sperm volume, through the two methods of open (OVS) and closed (CVS) vitrification systems. Methods Testicular biopsy samples from 30 men with obstructive azoospermia (OA) were assigned to three groups fresh control (FC), OVS, and CVS. Testicular sperms were selected using an ICSI injection pipette and vitrified on the cryotech straws, containing one droplet of freezing medium. After warming, sperm head morphometric characterizations were evaluated with the MSOME technique. Sperm motility, membrane integrity, chromatin quality assessment including DNA fragmentation, Chromomycine A3 staining (CMA3), and Aniline Blue (AB) were assessed. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) was done to examine sperm acrosome integrity. Results The mean sperm motility, viability, and sperm with intact acrosome reduced after vitrification, in both methods of CVS, and OVS, but the results were more promising in the closed method (p

Abstract Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are widely used in many compounds. Recent evidence has displayed some cytotoxic effects of TiO 2 NPs on male reproduction. Objective: The effects of TiO 2 NP administration on sperm parameters and chromatin and seminiferous histopathology of male mice were investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 NMRI male mice (35 ± 3 gr, 8-12-week-old) were divided into four groups (n = 8/each): treated groups were fed orally with 2.5 (group I), 5 (group II) and 10 (group III) mg/kg/day TiO 2 NPs for 40 days and the control group received phosphate buffered saline. Sperm parameters, DNA integrity and chromatin quality were assessed using chromomycin A3, aniline blue, toluidine blue staining and TUNEL. Hematoxylin eosin staining was performed to measure spermatogenic cells and the total diameter of seminiferous tubules. Also, sex hormone and malondyaldehyde levels were measured. Results: Abnormal sperm tails rose in group III (28.87 ± 4.91) in comparison with the control group (12.75 ± 3.95). However, chromomycin A3 staining and TUNEL showed higher levels in group III in comparison with the control group, whereas aniline blue and toluidine blue staining showed no differences. A significantly lower spermatogenesis index and lumen parameters were observed in group III. Leydig cell numbers, cellular diameters and the area of the seminiferous tubules were lower in the treated groups. The testosterone level was also lower in these groups and the percentage of malondyaldehyde in the seminal fluid was higher. Conclusion: Exact mechanisms of TiO 2 NPs are not clear; however, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of TiO 2 NPs may relate to oxidative stress. Given their widespread use, TiO 2 NPs should be a public health focus of attention.

Mashhad, the second-most populous city in Iran, is situated in a hot and dry climate, and climate change has led to the temperature in this city climbing in recent years. This study's objective is to design a green roof per the region's hot and arid climate to maximize plant growth. The thermal comfort of citizens is explored in this study. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to 406 individuals for this experiment. The frequency measurement test was utilized to do statistical computations in order to quantify the sample's frequency, while the chi-square test (chi-square) was utilized to assess the relationship between class and rank variables. Residents from thirteen distinct neighborhoods are selected at random and proportionally. The findings of this study indicate that the positive effects of green roofs extend beyond the city of Mashhad and have a global impact. When green roof development is performed on a large scale in a city or region, many of the negative consequences of environmental change over the past several decades will be offset. By putting green roofs on buildings and all over cities, the effects of climate change are being fought off better.However, a scientific and preferred approach for installing and cultivating green roofs in Mashhad is of greater importance. Using the data analysis of the questionnaire, the desires, interests, and concerns of Mashhad's population were identified. The following development plan shows how the green roof field can grow desirably and acceptably.

The special features of some old residential complexes make reconstructing a better option than rebuilding. The complexity of redesign issues, the ability of computers to solve problems, and the capability of evolutionary optimization techniques in architecture make the use of these methods a priority over traditional processes. This paper, while introducing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as one of the swarm intelligence based algorithms, answers the question of how this algorithm can be used to redesign residential complexes. To achieve this, after reviewing the application of PSO algorithms in architectural space planning, the redesign criteria and constraints was divided into four categories; including primary design specifications, contact-related criteria, designer-related criteria and redesign-related constraints. After the quantification process of these criteria, how to implement the algorithm to achieve optimal plans for each of the five plan types available in high-rise apartment complex in Mashhad, Iran, was shown as a case study.

Background: Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a relatively uncommon histological subtype of breast cancer that is a cystic form of papillary mucinous carcinoma. It is regularly negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors and it is most often diagnosed in older than 55-60 years old. The incidence of breast mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is about 1-6% of primary breast cancers. Here, we present a case of breast mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of left breast in a 69-year-old female which is positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors. Case Presentation: In this article, we describe a case of a-69-year-old female with a painful mass in her left breast. Based on intraoperative pathology consult, neoplastic tissue mostly floating in mucinous lakes with invasion to surrounding stroma was seen. Immunohistochemistry profile showed positive estrogen and progesterone receptors and negative for HER2. Conclusion: Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of breast is typically triple negative for hormone receptors. But ER and PR positive variant of this tumor is rare, giving the chance of a better prognosis for the patient with hormonal therapy.

Abstract Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused >3.5 million deaths worldwide and affected >160 million people. At least twice as many have been infected but remained asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. COVID‐19 includes central nervous system manifestations mediated by inflammation and cerebrovascular, anoxic, and/or viral neurotoxicity mechanisms. More than one third of patients with COVID‐19 develop neurologic problems during the acute phase of the illness, including loss of sense of smell or taste, seizures, and stroke. Damage or functional changes to the brain may result in chronic sequelae. The risk of incident cognitive and neuropsychiatric complications appears independent from the severity of the original pulmonary illness. It behooves the scientific and medical community to attempt to understand the molecular and/or systemic factors linking COVID‐19 to neurologic illness, both short and long term. Methods This article describes what is known so far in terms of links among COVID‐19, the brain, neurological symptoms, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. We focus on risk factors and possible molecular, inflammatory, and viral mechanisms underlying neurological injury. We also provide a comprehensive description of the Alzheimer's Association Consortium on Chronic Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (CNS SC2) harmonized methodology to address these questions using a worldwide network of researchers and institutions. Results Successful harmonization of designs and methods was achieved through a consensus process initially fragmented by specific interest groups (epidemiology, clinical assessments, cognitive evaluation, biomarkers, and neuroimaging). Conclusions from subcommittees were presented to the whole group and discussed extensively. Presently data collection is ongoing at 19 sites in 12 countries representing Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Discussion The Alzheimer's Association Global Consortium harmonized methodology is proposed as a model to study long‐term neurocognitive sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Key Points The following review describes what is known so far in terms of molecular and epidemiological links among COVID‐19, the brain, neurological symptoms, and AD and related dementias (ADRD) The primary objective of this large‐scale collaboration is to clarify the pathogenesis of ADRD and to advance our understanding of the impact of a neurotropic virus on the long‐term risk of cognitive decline and other CNS sequelae. No available evidence supports the notion that cognitive impairment after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is a form of dementia (ADRD or otherwise). The longitudinal methodologies espoused by the consortium are intended to provide data to answer this question as clearly as possible controlling for possible confounders. Our specific hypothesis is that SARS‐CoV‐2 triggers ADRD‐like pathology following the extended olfactory cortical network (EOCN) in older individuals with specific genetic susceptibility. The proposed harmonization strategies and flexible study designs offer the possibility to include large samples of under‐represented racial and ethnic groups, creating a rich set of harmonized cohorts for future studies of the pathophysiology, determinants, long‐term consequences, and trends in cognitive aging, ADRD, and vascular disease. We provide a framework for current and future studies to be carried out within the Consortium. and offers a “green paper” to the research community with a very broad, global base of support, on tools suitable for low‐ and middle‐income countries aimed to compare and combine future longitudinal data on the topic. The Consortium proposes a combination of design and statistical methods as a means of approaching causal inference of the COVID‐19 neuropsychiatric sequelae. We expect that deep phenotyping of neuropsychiatric sequelae may provide a series of candidate syndromes with phenomenological and biological characterization that can be further explored. By generating high‐quality harmonized data across sites we aim to capture both descriptive and, where possible, causal associations.

Immune system disorders and increased inflammation in the male reproductive system can lead to fetal risk in the early stages of development and implantation. Antioxidants such as vitamin C can play a protective role against sperm inflammatory reactions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin C on the expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes in the male partners of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. In this randomized clinical trial, twenty male partners of couples with RPL were examined for sperm parameters and expression profile of some inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes before and after treatment with vitamin C. There was a statistically significant higher rate of normal morphology and sperm concentration in each patient before and after treatment with vitamin C p≤0.05. The mRNA levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly decreased in the sperm of patients after treatment with vitamin C compared to before treatment. In contrast, the gene expression levels of interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor-beta showed a significant increase in the sperm of patients after treatment with vitamin C. Oral daily administration of vitamin C may be effective in the fertility potential of male partners of couples with RPL not only through the improvement of the sperm parameters but also by modulating the expression profile of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. Further studies on protein levels are needed to clarify the role of TNF-⍺ and IFN-γ as a prognostic value in evaluating the recurrent abortion risk in infertile male partners. This trial is registered with IRCT20180312039059N1.

Background: Among the inflammatory factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is one of the strongest predictors of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of serum hs-CRP level with shift work among reproductive age women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2017 to May 2018 in three cities in Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Through purposive sampling, 350 women (172 shift workers and 178 day workers) were recruited. The guideline recommended by the American Heart Association and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was used to interpret the result of hs-CRP measurement as the following: less than 1 µg/ml: low CVD risk; 1–3 µg/ml: moderate CVD risk; and more than 3 µg/ml: high CVD risk. The data were analyzed using the independent-sample t and the chi-square tests as well as the logistic regression analysis. Results: 11.1% of participants had a serum hs-CRP level of more than 3 µg/ml. This rate among shift workers was significantly greater than day workers (15.6% vs. 7.0%; p=0.012). After adjusting the effects of potential confounders shift work significantly increased the odds of serum hs-CRP level of more than 3 µg/ml by 2.45 times (OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.01–5.93, p=0.047). Conclusion: Shift work is a significant predictor of high serum hs-CRP level probably due to its association with sleep problems and occupational stress. Improving the knowledge of female shift workers about the importance of quality sleep can reduce their CVD risk and improve their health.

Learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in an enjoyable and challenging environment can make an appropriate context for promoting language achievement. It seems textbooks play a pivotal role in this regard. This study aimed at examining the impact of the supplementary materials on learners' emotional stance and their perceptions of classroom activities (interest, challenge, joy, and choice). To do so, a three-phase study was designed: in phase 1, to evaluate Prospect series (textbook taught in Iranian junior high schools) based on emotional factors, a questionnaire measuring the emotional side of the series was utilized. In the second phase, taking into account the obtained results of the first phase and according to Mortiboy’s (2005) guidelines for teaching with emotional intelligence, supplementary materials were designed. In the third phase, the designed tasks and activities were implemented in a class (experimental group). The results of t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated that the designed tasks had a positive and significant effect on learners' emotional facet, perceptions of class activity, and language achievement.

While some biomolecules have been explored to identify potential biomarkers for the prognosis of COVID-19 patients, there is no reliable prognostic indicator of the disease progression and severity. We aimed to evaluate the ability of the C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict COVID-19 infection outcome. This retrospective study was conducted on 429 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 30, 2020, and April 30, 2020. The study population was divided into severe (n = 175) and nonsevere cases (n = 254). Data on demographic characteristics, clinical features, and laboratory findings on admission were collected. The proportion of patients with increased CRP levels was significantly higher in severe cases than in nonsevere patients. Analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve found that CRP could be used as an independent factor in predicting the severity of COVID-19. Also, patients with CRP >64.75 mg/L were more likely to have severe complications. In conclusion, CRP serum levels can predict the severity and progression of illness in patients with COVID-19.

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most invasive chemotherapeutic agents, which used commonly despite of its wide spectrum toxicity. Clinical evidence showed toxic side effects of CP in multiple organ systems. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of American ginseng on CP-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (220±30 gr) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 in each). Group 1 as control received normal saline by gavage, group 2 received CP (6.1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a period of 50 days. Group 3 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Group 4 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) 1h prior to the administration of CP in the equal dose of group 2. The animals scarified one day after the last treatment and the effects of American ginseng on the sperm vital parameters, testicular functions, biochemical factors, and structural malformations evaluated. Results: Serum testosterone concentration was significantly decreased whereas the level of malondialdehyde and DNA damage were significantly increased in animals of CP group (p

Objective: Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vitamin C on sperm parameters, sperm chromatin quality and apoptosis resulted of vitrification in neat semen and prepared spermatozoa of normozoospermic samples. Material and methods: Forty semen samples from normozoospermic men were included in this prospective study. Each sample was divided into five groups. Group I: control or fresh semen, group II: semen prepared by swim-up method and then vitrified, group III: neat semen was vitrified, group IV: vitamin C (600 μM) was added to prepared spermatozoa and then vitrified and group V: vitamin C (600 μM) was added to neat semen and then vitrified. After warming, sperm analysis was done accordingly. For evaluating the sperm chromatin/DNA integrity status and acrosome reaction, we used toluidine blue (TB), acridine orange (AO), terminal transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin end labeling (TUNEL) and double staining tests. Results: All of the sperm parameters (count, motility, morphology and viability) had significant differences (P

Objective: Presence of vitrification method in sperm freezing and the introduction of solid surface vitrification beside rapid freezing in vapour, opens an easy and safe way to help infertility centres. While the effects of cryopreservation on motility, morphology and viability of sperm are documented, the question of the probable alteration of sperm DNA, chromatin and acrosome integrity after freezing and thawing procedures in different methods is still controversial. Materials and methods: Normal sample were collected according to WHO strict criteria. Sperm suspensions were mixed 1:1 with 0.5 M sucrose and divided into four equal aliquots for freezing: fresh, nitrogen direct immersion vitrification (Vit), solid surface vitrification (SSV) and in vapour (Vapour). Sperm suspensions were transferred into a 0.25 ml sterile plastic. Then straw was inserted inside the 0.5 ml straw. For thawing, the straws were immersed in a 42 °C water bath. Beside the sperm parameters, we assessed the acrosome reaction by double staining, chromatin integrity by toluidine blue (Tb) and chromomycin A3 (CMA3) and DNA integrity by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) respectively. Results: In progressive motility, the highest rate occurred in Vit (39.9 ± 13.3). Moreover, the lowest rate of immotile sperm was in Vit (32.7 ± 16.3). In normal morphology, the group Vit was similar to the fresh, while SSV and Vapour were significantly different from the fresh. The percentage of acrosome-reacted sperms was more in Vit (81.3 ± 10.2) than the fresh group. TUNEL+ results showed that DNA fragmentation was significantly increased in Vit (p-value = 0.025). While in SSV and Vapour results were comparable to fresh. There was a significant correlation between TUNEL+ and normal morphology, TB, CMA3 and presence of intact acrosome. Conclusion: Sperm in Vapour was healthier in terms of DNA, chromatin and acrosome integrity. In contrast of higher motility and normal morphology; DNA, chromatin and acrosome integrity were decreased in Vit. However, these findings were more acceptable in SSV or Vapour.

Family welfare through humane communication as well as interactive opportunities among family members and relatives has always been integral to pertinent housing design. Due to different needs of family members at different age or social status, the residential spaces should be designed according to these real needs or it would result in an increasing individualism and unfavorable impacts to family structure. In the process of human psychological development, privacy and community are two essential needs, which have a special place in the hierarchy of human motivational needs. Every pattern of human behavior requires a desirable level and good balance of both types of communications. However, current housing policies in Iran mitigate the chance of providing spaces that increase residences interactions. This study introduces a special instruction and principles to design residential spatial territories and pursues spatial approaches in housing design that promotes family relationship and improves family interactions. This study's main question is the role of housing's spatial organization and its territories in the family members' mutual interaction. The aim of this research thus is to identify the role of spatial organization of housing and its territories in creating interaction and communication between family members and providing grounds for a suitable pattern and model for housing design. In fact, the design of spatial organization of housing as one of the most valuable physical and cultural pieces of each community plays an important role in flourishing and improving the society. In this regard, the design of individual as well as collective territories, communicative spaces, spatial linkages, and the position of territories to each other is taken for analysis. A qualitative research strategy based on questioners is used for the purpose of this study. In this regard, three different prototypes were proposed in the questionnaires. Subjects responses were summarized and coded represented in tables and matrixes. The resulting analytic information derived from these tables and matrixes, exhibit significant differences between residents of each prototype. After categorizing the responses and finding out satisfaction codes in the responses, these codes were counted to define which prototype was more satisfying. After this, the results were compared to the literature review and the final guidelines were developed. These guidelines will help to provide a space syntax, which is a modifying factor in design of individual as well as collective territories, communicative spaces and their spatial configuration. Designing residential spaces based on these guidelines helps to increase residences’ satisfaction and improve their interactions with their family members.

“Flexibility” is generally defined as the ability to change in materials. In architecture and environmental designing, particularly in designing residential places that forms the main subject in this study, the term refers to spatial flexibility in man-made spaces and their changes to achieve new conditions, needs and activities. Although flexibility in architecture can be formed in response to climatic and structural changes, but in this study the main point referred to from the term, is the ability to react and respond to factual changes in life conditions. The origin of these changes is based on the changes of internal human needs rather than the changes in external forces such as environmental forces, energy and statics concepts. Flexibility points to the idea of conformity among different objects in the course of time. Therefore a flexible house is the one that is capable to adapt with the needs of people and attract their partnership. People’s adaptation with their needs increases with their partnership in the procedure that results in an increase in general satisfying feels from residential places. In the recent years, the shortage of housing and their low quality has been always considered as a socio-economic problem. Flexibility, if adopted with the structural changes in space and its various usages, forms one of the major concepts that lead to enhancement of the residential places. The way the designers look at this concept, results in different kinds and degrees of flexibility in designing residential places. As the definitions show, if flexibility is observed in architectural designs, many favorite enhancements would be seen in visual scenes. Although flexibility form the key concept of social and spatial elements in the traditional residential architecture, nowadays it is ignored in all the globe especially in Iran so that it is stopped in researches and canceled from designing plans either in managing or execution levels. Besides many concepts for the term “flexibility”, this paper is seeking to answer some questions like “which factors cause any enthusiastic trend to flexibility in contemporary Iranian architecture?”, “in what range these factors change?” and “how these factors tend to change to influence on the designs? Descending or ascending?” Thus, in this study we attempted to identify the causes of ignoring flexibility principals in contemporary Iranian architecture. To gain this objective, various economic, social, political and structural factors that are regarded as the obstacles of forming flexible housing, directly or indirectly, were identified and analyzed by the use of dynamic analytical systems, feedback management systems, economic systems, demographic researches, social systems and all types of the systems currently prevalent in the market. The results can be used by designers to put away the limitations, damages and the obstacles in the way to achieve flexible residential places.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of American ginseng administered by gastric intubation on sperm vital quality in adult male rats treated with cyclophosphamide (CP).Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups, seven rats in each. The animals allocated to control, CP treated, Ginseng treated and CP-Ginseng treated groups. Rats were treated with CP (6.1 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 6 weeks. American ginseng was used at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day during treatment. Sperm analysis (motion, count, morphology and viability) were evaluated at the end of the experiments. Sperm motion was assessed by Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). The data were analyzed using GB stat software. Probability values of p

Currently, architects are aware of the impact of the environment on children's development. This study investigated children’s attitudes and mental images of a child-friendly kindergarten in order to identify its architectural indicators. The research was conducted in Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of 251 children aged 3 to 7 who were randomly selected from 17 classes in 6 governmental institutions and 5 private institutions prepared for this age group. To discover the expressed interests of children, field studies were used with participatory tools such as semi-structured draw-and-tell interviews about what they had drawn or failed to draw. Concepts extracted from children's drawings and interviews were coded by MAXQDA10 software and classified into five categories: Built environment, Landscaping, Natural environment, Conceptual-symbolic themes and so on. Data were analysed using statistical methods. The results indicated that by linking the natural environment, landscaping and the built environment, a child-friendly kindergarten can be created and that the importance of the connection between architecture and nature is well represented in the mental images of children through landscaping. The results of study, which are applicable in similar fields, raises architects’ awareness of the importance of collaborative design with children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the interactions between the Na neutral atom and Na+ ion and three nanostructures such as sumanene (SM), corannulene (CN), and nanosheet were investigated. The main goal of this work is to calculate the cell voltage (V) for Na−ion batteries, NIBs. The total energies, geometry optimizations, and density of states (DOS) diagrams were studied by using M06−2X level and 6−31+G(d,p) basis set. The DFT calculations indicated that the energy adsorption between Na+ ion and nanostructures, Ead,were increased in the order:SM-i > Sheet > CN-i > CN > SM. Nevertheless, the Vcell for SM has obtained the highest value. The Vcell of NABs are increased in the order: SM > CN > Sheet > SM-i > CN-i.This research theoretically described the possible uses of the mentioned nanostructures as anode the anodes in Na−ion Batteries.

Benzazole-2-ones (benzimidazolones, benzothiazolones, benzoxazolones) are important derivatives of benzazole compounds that exist widely in many biologically and pharmaceutically active molecules. Furthermore, benzazole-2-one derivatives also have many applications in agrochemical and material science. Herein, a novel, practical and green synthesis of titled compounds by the reaction of aniline derivatives with inexpensive and easily accessible sodium cyanate has been reported. Good to excellent yields of products have been obtained under catalyst- and ligand-free conditions in water as solvent. This procedure avoids the use of time-consuming and tedious column chromatography and the products were easily isolated by simple extraction followed by washing with dichloromethane.

< p>Membrane hybrid processes represent innovative separation technologies in which each technique complements the advantages and overcomes the challenges of the other. Dye removal from wastewater is an application for which membrane hybrid processes are widely applied. The focus of this study is also on development of a membrane hybrid process for dye removal from wastewater. Different proportions of NH2-MIL125(Ti) were embedded in a PSf polymeric membrane through the phase inversion method and the membrane performance was evaluated for the degradation of a Methylene Blue dye under three different light conditions of dark environment, UV and visible light irradiation. The synthesized membranes were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM measurements. NH2-MIL125(Ti) nanoparticles were successfully entrapped in the PSf membrane through a simple phase inversion method and addition of NH2-MIL125(Ti) to the PSf membrane resulted in the improvement of membrane porosity. Up to 60% of dye degradation was observed with the 1% NH2-MIL125(Ti)/PSf nanocomposite membrane after 300 minutes of UV light irradiation. Degradation kinetics followed a pseudo first order model, evidence of possible changes in the membrane properties upon irradiation with simulated solar radiation.

This review gives an overview of the applications of ceria nanoparticles as inexpensive, efficient, reusable, and environmentally sustainable heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis of a variety of key medicinal heterocyclic compounds with the emphasis on mechanistic aspects of the reactions. Literature has been surveyed from 2005 to 2018.