Search

During the wake of infectious diseases, they were the arch nemesis of physicians. People used to die even due to the slightest of diseases. Any infection even as small as a regular fever sometimes meant the loss of life. Soon, the researchers came forward with antibiotics as the ultimate weapon against bacterial diseases. Mankind triumphed over diseases. The happiness of this success soon turned into a premonition of fear. The ultimate weapon of mankind was going blunt against bacteria due to the development of resistance in the bacteria for countering antibiotics. The bacteria once again started causing incurable infections that were reminiscent of the dark past mankind was trying to overcome. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) means bacteria's ability to survive despite the application of antibiotic drugs in the effective vicinity. This means that the drugs that previously killed the bacteria easily are now unable to affect them. All this happened due to antibiotic misuse, allowing the bacteria to develop resistance. But the days of fear because of antimicrobial resistance will soon be left behind because nanotechnology is here to rescue us from this dire situation. If researched enough nanotechnology has various applications that can easily help us solve the antimicrobial resistance issue in a short time. Nanotechnology can not only help mankind in battling diseases by attacking microbes directly, but it also has several applications in various other fields. The advancements achieved through nanotechnology in diagnosis, treatment, and improved nutrition can all help us synergistically to combat the prevalence of diseases in our society. This review will delve into the deeper aspects of combating antimicrobial resistance using nanotechnology. A better explanation of antimicrobial resistance concepts will explain how AMR developed in bacteria and which mechanisms the bacteria adapt to nullify the effect of antibiotic effects. A better comprehension of bacterial resistance action will ultimately assist in understanding how the nanoparticles can be used to exploit those mechanisms for killing these pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical (seeding density, incubation period, incubation temperature and rolling speed) and chemical (amount of cell culture growth medium and fetal calf serum) factors were optimized for enhancing biomaö production of Baby Hamster Kidney cells (BHK-21) cells in roller bottle. The roller culture bottles (480 cm[sup 2]) were used for the propagation of the cells. Seeding of 10 million cells per bottle showed complete monolayer with maximum cell density (4.7 ×10[sup 7]) within 60 h that was significantly higher than those of other seeding densities of the cells (P< 0.05). The BHK-21 cells grew well at 35oC and 37oC within 60 h post incubation and formed confluent monolayer. However, the cell count declined significantly when the roller bottles were incubated at 39oC (P< 0.05). The bottles kept at rolling speed of 3 rpm yielded maximum count of the cells while higher or lower rotation speed showed adverse effects on the cell growth. Feeding of the cells with 100 mL of the growth medium (5% fetal calf serum) showed optimum growth of the cells. It is concluded that BHK-21 cells in roller bottle (480 cm[sup 2]) grew well and showed more than 4.7×10[sup 7] cell count/bottle under optimized conditions such as 10 million seeding cell density, incubation time 60 h, incubation temperature 37oC, 3 rpm, and 100 mL growth medium. © 2014 Friends Science Publishers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]