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Abstract Background Placental malaria (PM) is characterized by Plasmodium parasite sequestration in the placenta. It is responsible for various adverse pregnancy outcomes, including maternal anaemia and low birth weight (LBW). This study aimed to assess prevalence and risk factors of PM, and gestational malaria (GM), together with the prevalence of congenital malaria (CM), maternal anaemia, and LBW among parturient women attending delivery ward of Metti Health Centre (Metti HC) in Majang Zone of Gambella Region, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 180 parturient women attending delivery ward of Metti HC was conducted from November 2022-March 2023. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and anti-malarial intervention data were collected. Capillary, placental and cord blood, and placental biopsy were collected to diagnose malaria using rapid diagnostic test (RDT), microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and histopathology. Haemoglobin concentration and blood group of the mother and weight of the newborn were determined. Statistical analyses were done by SPSS Version 26.0. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and Chi-square test were done to identify risk factors. Results were presented in text, tables and graphs. Results The prevalence of GM, PM, CM, maternal anaemia, and LBW was 24.4% (95% CI 18.1–30.1), 34.4% (95% CI 27.4–41.4), 5.0% (95% CI 2.4–8.8), 41.7% (95% CI 34.6–49.0) and 27.8% (95% CI 21.6–34.6), respectively. Risk factors of GM were: presence of malaria history within the previous year (AOR: 5.10; 95% CI 1.64–15.83), lack of indoor residual spray (IRS) within the previous year (AOR: 2.98; 95% CI 1.05–8.45), and lack of antenatal care (ANC) contact during the index pregnancy (AOR: 3.96; 95% CI 1.44–10.87). Risk factors of PM were: presence of malaria history within the previous year (AOR: 2.98; 95% CI 1.05–8.45), and lack of ANC contact during the index pregnancy (AOR: 4.83; 95% CI 1.91–12.18). The risk of CM (p

Abstract Background The Toronto Addis Ababa Academic Collaboration in Emergency Medicine (TAAAC-EM) is a bi-institutional partnership between the University of Toronto (UofT) and Addis Ababa University (AAU) focused on addressing the need for emergency medicine (EM) postgraduate training and care in Ethiopia. Toxicology is a key competency in EM. EM physicians are often the first and sole clinicians to identify and treat patients presenting with a wide range of intoxications. The goal of this project was to conduct an educational needs assessment to inform the development of a context-specific toxicology curriculum for the AAU EM training program. Methods Our needs assessment employed a survey (available electronically and in paper format) and face-to-face interviews conducted with Ethiopian EM faculty (all graduates of the AAU EM residency training program) and current AAU EM residents. The survey was distributed in October 2018 and the interviews were conducted in November 2018. Results Of the 63 surveys distributed, we received 17 complete responses and completed 11 interviews with AAU EM faculty and residents. The survey conducted on toxicology training highlighted overall satisfaction with current training, with thematic analysis revealing key areas for growth. System-related themes focused on resource availability, healthcare access, and public health education. Provider-related themes emphasized the need for context-specific training, including common local toxins, and for advanced toxicology training such as poison center rotations. Patient-related themes centered on specific toxicological presentations in Ethiopia, highlighting the importance of public health advocacy, education on safe handling, and governmental regulation of toxic substances. Both survey and interview data highlighted challenges stemming from inconsistent availability of resources and underscored the need for tailored education to manage poisoned patients with locally available resources. Conclusions Our findings indicate the need to focus on the most prevalent local toxicological presentations and practical management challenges in local contexts, including resource limitations and delayed presentations. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of public health initiatives such as regulation of the sale and promotion of safe handling of toxic substances to mitigate toxicological risks. These findings are likely relevant to other resource-constrained settings outside of Ethiopia.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are common nosocomial pathogens in hospital settings. Recently, they have also been found in non-hospital environments, such as poultry farms. While most studies in Ethiopia have focused on these bacteria's antibiotic resistance patterns in hospitals, information regarding their prevalence and resistance in veterinary settings, particularly poultry farms, is limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolated from chicken droppings on poultry farms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2022 to June 2022. A total of 87 poultry farms were included in this study, and pooled chicken dropping samples were collected. The samples were subsequently transferred to buffered peptone water and cultured on MacConkey agar. Species of the isolates were identified via routine biochemical tests, including oxidase, catalase, urease, Simon's citrate, sulfide indole motility medium, triple sugar iron agar and growth at temperatures of 37 °C and 42 °C. The Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and then exported to SPSS version 26 for analysis. Fisher's exact test was used to observe an appropriate association between independent variables and the occurrence of isolates. The results are presented in the text, figures and tables. Results: Among the 87 poultry farms, 41 (47.1 %) were positive for Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Among these strains, 24 (27.6 %) P. aeruginosa strains and 13 (14.9 %) A. baumannii strains were recovered. P. aeruginosa showed complete resistance to tetracycline (24, 100.0 %) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (24, 100.0 %). Additionally, there was a high rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin (13, 54.2 %) and amikacin (12, 50.0 %). Similarly, 13 (100.0 %) A. baumannii isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and 12 (92.3 %) were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. However, both isolates presented lower resistance rates to piperacillin-tazobactam (4, 9.8 %) and cefepime (7, 17.1 %). Both A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa exhibited multidrug resistance in 10/13 (76.9 %) and 16/24 (66.7 %) of the strains, respectively. The overall prevalence of multidrug resistance in this study was 28/41 (68.3 %). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that poultry farms may be potential reservoirs for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii, including antibiotic-resistant strains. This is a significant concern to public health because poultry farmers may be contaminated, increasing their dissemination to the community. Therefore, poultry farmers should improve sanitation and reduce the misuse and overuse of antibiotics at poultry farms.

ABSTRACT Background and Aims Women's autonomy in healthcare decision‐making is crucial for improving maternal and child health. Despite its importance, there is limited evidence on autonomous healthcare decision making particularly in postpartum women. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of postpartum women's autonomy in healthcare decision making and its associated factors in Chencha town, Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross‐sectional study was conducted among 617 postpartum women in southern Ethiopia from October 1 to November 30, 2023. A study participants were selected by a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected through pretested and interviewer administered questionnaire. Following coding and entry into Epi‐data version 3.1, the data were exported into statistical package for social science software (SPSS version 26) for analysis. A logistic regression model was fitted and, variables with p

Natural wetlands and paddy fields support a rich diversity of life forms. The study objective includes assessing the macrophyte community in relation to environmental variables and providing information on floristic compositions. The research is significant for determining the extent of disturbance and potential remedies from the standpoint of the health of the wetland ecosystem. Macrophytes were sampled and water quality parameters were measured from 20 sites across five wetlands. Cluster analysis grouped the sites into three categories based on their level of disturbance. An ordination method was employed to elucidate the gradients and relationships between environmental factors and species assemblages. Agricultural activities in the area disrupt wetland ecosystems, significantly altering vegetation composition and reducing biodiversity. These changes were primarily driven by variations in water quality and nutrient levels. In total, 37 macrophyte species were recorded in natural wetlands, while 33 species were identified in paddy fields. Key species, including Digitaria sanguinalis, Phalaris paradoxa, and Echinochloa stagnina, served as crucial animal fodder, while Cyperus papyrus and Typha latifolia supported the subsistence livelihoods of local communities. Dilmo Wetland exhibited the highest species richness in both natural wetlands (S = 29) and paddy fields (S = 21). The greatest Shannon-Wiener index values were observed at Dilmo Wetland, with H′ values of (2.91) in natural wetlands and (2.67) in paddy fields, while Shesher Wetland had the highest dominance index (D = 0.28). Current research has shown that wetlands near the Lake Tana littoral zone faced the most severe disturbances due to human activities, seasonal flooding, and invasive species (Eichhornia crassipes), which caused significant declines in biodiversity. To preserve the biodiversity and ecosystem health in floodplain areas, implementing sustainable wetland management interventions is essential.

This paper presents an analysis of the verbal negation of declarative main clauses in Dawurotsuwa. This study aims to describe verbal negation in Dawurotsuwa, a language that is scarcely described. Having prepared phrases and sentences for elicitation, which are appropriate and purposefully fitting to the verbal predication negation in English and Amharic, the data were collected from native speakers of Dawurotsuwa. The finding shows that the language suffixes negative markers to the root. Verbal negation in main clauses is formed by suffixing the morphemes -kk-/-nn- to the verb along with other inflectional suffixes, such as person, number, and aspect. The negative morpheme -kk- is used for all persons except 3SG.M. The morpheme -nn- is used for 3SG.M and infinite verb forms. Negation in Dawurotsuwa is asymmetric, in which the structural difference between affirmative and corresponding negative goes beyond the mere existence of the negative marker. The negative and perfective aspect marker co-occur together though the perfective aspect marker is substituted by another marker in the negative. The imperfective aspect is not marked in the language. The language emphasizes negation by attaching -ttenne to the verb following the person and number marker. In ellipsis, the morpheme -kka is suffixed to the pronouns or nominal elements for representing all other elements of the antecedent clause omitted in both affirmatives and negatives.

This study aimed to examine the influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction among trainers in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges in Addis Ababa City Administration. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, a sample of 230 trainers was selected from two colleges through simple random sampling. Standardized questionnaires were employed to collect data on organizational culture and job satisfaction, which underwent analysis using statistical techniques, including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Spearman’s rho correlation, Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 23. The findings revealed that adhocracy was the dominant cultural type in TVET colleges, and trainers expressed satisfaction with their jobs in both institutions. Furthermore, the study identified that organizational culture types explained 30% of trainers’ job satisfaction, with market culture emerging as the sole significant and positive predictor of job satisfaction in the area (0.74). Additionally, a weak to moderate positive correlation was observed between organizational culture and trainers’ job satisfaction. Notably, a statistically significant difference was noted between male and female trainers regarding job satisfaction. Consequently, the study recommends prioritizing efforts to enhance market culture to sustain trainers’ job satisfaction.

Abstract Background Asymptomatic malaria in pregnancy (AMiP) is a daunting public health problem with multifaceted adverse outcomes for mothers, fetuses, newborns and beyond. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of AMiP and anaemia in Majang Zone, Gambella, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 425 pregnant women attending the antenatal care (ANC) clinics of five health facilities in the Majang Zone from November 2022 to February 2023. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and anti-malarial intervention data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A capillary blood specimen was collected to diagnose malaria and anaemia as well as determine the blood group. Malaria was diagnosed by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), microscopy, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Statistical analyses were done by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26.0. The association between dependent and independent variables was assessed by multivariable binary logistic regression, considering P

Background: The maternity continuum of care includes attending at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits, delivering in a health facility, and receiving postnatal care. However, in many developing nations, including Ethiopia, completion of this continuum is low, contributing to high maternal mortality. So far, no studies have assessed this issue in the study area. Objective: To assess the completion of maternity continuum of care and associated factors among women who gave birth in the last 6 months in Kena district, southern, Ethiopia, 2023. Design: Cross-sectional study using quantitative data collection method. Methods: The study was conducted among 592 women in southern Ethiopia from April to June 2023. A study participants were selected by a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Then, data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using statistical package for social science software (SPSS version 26). Logistic regression was used to identify factors related to the maternity continuum of care, with statistical significance set at p

IntroductionRecently, women have been taking leadership positions in the hope of reducing gender inequality. However, it is unclear whether these female leaders have made a significant contribution to closing the gender gap. Guided by social role theory, this research explored the roles of female principals in reducing gender inequality in primary schools.MethodsThe study used a multisite case study design. Data were collected from 39 respondents: female directors, male and female students, and male and female teachers. Focus group discussions and interviews were the tools for gathering relevant data. The study utilized a six-staged thematic analysis approach with the help of NVivo 11 versions of qualitative analysis software.ResultsThe study revealed that, besides being role models and counselors to female students, the role of female directors in minimizing gender inequality was insufficient due to the deeply entrenched traditional discrimination against women.DiscussionGender inequality in education stems from social roles, and female principals are assumed to help avoid or minimize gender disparity in a male-dominated world. However, achieving gender equality requires the collective efforts of parents, principals, society, and the government. Future quantitative or mixed-method research is important to determine the extent to which female principals have contributed to reducing gender inequality.

There is growing recognition that climate change is a worldwide phenomenon with far-reaching effects and that it is linked to an increase in the frequency of extreme weather occurrences. In rural areas of most of the sub-Saharan countries and other developing countries in the world, the frequent occurrences of extreme weather events such as flooding, heat waves, and drought have significantly destroyed livelihood activities of poor communities. Unfavorable geographic characteristics, a lack of resources, and a higher reliance on climate-sensitive sources of income among many community members in poor nations all contribute to the impact. These include livelihood activities associated with land use and agricultural practices. Sadly, the population’s capacity and incentive to stay in rural areas have been altered because of climate change and its detrimental impacts on agricultural output, income, and subsistence living; as a result, many rural dwellers are migrating to urban areas. Rural populations migrate to urban areas in search of economic opportunities to earn a living. It is evident that the expected opportunities in urban areas are not always available; thus, most of the rural migrants are stuck in informal settlements, shanty towns, and slums without access to services. Consequently, it is evident that climate change is somehow transferring poverty from rural to urban areas. This study adopted the push/pull theory as a theoretical framework to guide the discussion and analysis. Based on an extensive review of the existing literature using qualitative document analysis, the purpose of this article is to examine the role of climate change on rural–urban migration, which ultimately contributes to the increase in urban poverty. The article concludes by reviewing the current (limited) research on climate change and poverty and argues for a research agenda in the context of sub-Saharan Africa toward sustainable ways to respond to the challenges of climate-induced migration, urbanization, and poverty.

Farmers in Ethiopia and other sub-Saharan African countries often implement various agricultural land management (ALM) practices to mitigate the negative impact of land degradation, increase crop yield, improve income, and safeguard the security of food. Despite the widespread use of these measures, their effect on crop productivity and related income has received relatively little attention in research, particularly in the context of mixed farming systems. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ALM practices on crop production and household income in southern Ethiopia. Data was gathered from 423 sampled respondents, which included adopters and non-adopters of ALM practices. This study adopted multistage sampling to gather the data through a survey questionnaire. This study’s findings reveal that ALM strategies have a considerable impact on crop productivity and the incomes of farm households (p

BackgroundAlthough micronutrients (MNs) are important for children’s growth and development, their intake has not received enough attention. MN deficiency is a significant public health problem, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence using advanced statistical methods, such as machine learning. Therefore, this study aimed to use advanced supervised algorithms to predict the micronutrient intake status in Ethiopian children aged 6–23 months.MethodsA total weighted of 2,499 children aged 6–23 months from the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data set were utilized. The data underwent preprocessing, with 80% of the observations used for training and 20% for testing the model. Twelve machine learning algorithms were employed. To select best predictive model, their performance was assessed using different evaluation metrics in Python software. The Boruta algorithm was used to select the most relevant features. Besides, seven data balancing techniques and three hyper parameter tuning methods were employed. To determine the association between independent and targeted feature, association rule mining was conducted using the a priori algorithm in R software.ResultsAccording to the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey, out of 2,499 weighted children aged 12–23 months, 1,728 (69.15%) had MN intake. The random forest, catboost, and light gradient boosting algorithm outperformed in predicting MN intake status among all selected classifiers. Region, wealth index, place of delivery, mothers’ occupation, child age, fathers’ educational status, desire for more children, access to media exposure, religion, residence, and antenatal care (ANC) follow-up were the top attributes to predict MN intake. Association rule mining was identified the top seven best rules that most frequently associated with MN intake among children aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia.ConclusionThe random forest, catboost, and light gradient boosting algorithm achieved a highest performance and identifying the relevant predictors of MN intake. Therefore, policymakers and healthcare providers can develop targeted interventions to enhance the uptake of micronutrient supplementation among children. Customizing strategies based on identified association rules has the potential to improve child health outcomes and decrease the impact of micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia.

Abstract Background Hypertension (HTN) is a major global health problem that affects approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide, and 1–2% of this population has hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive crisis is becoming a major health issue in low-income countries. However, few studies have been conducted in developing countries such as Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the determinants of hypertensive crisis among patients visiting adult emergency departments of public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Method A hospital-based unmatched case–control study was conducted among 85 cases with a hypertensive crisis and 170 controls with hypertension without a hypertensive crisis in the adult emergency departments of public hospitals in Addis Ababa from March 15 to May 15, 2021. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were performed. Finally, a statistically significant level was declared at a p value of less than 0.05. The result was summarized and presented in text, tables, and graph. Result The odds of having hypertensive crisis were 3.6 times (AOR = 3.621) higher among participants with a history of hypertension compared to those without a history of hypertension. There was also 4 times increased risk of hypertensive crisis among participants who presented with diabetes mellitus than participants who presented without it (AOR = 4.179). Similarly, participants who presented with stroke had 7 times higher odds of having hypertensive crisis (AOR = 7.174) than participants without stroke. Conclusion This study demonstrated a statistically significant association between unemployment, diabetes mellitus, stroke, heart failure, history of hypertension, family history of hypertension, and regular follow-up with a hypertensive crisis. The Ethiopian Ministry of Health, Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, and hospitals shall give due attention to the HTN crisis. Health care workers, hospital managers, and other stakeholders shall work towards the early detection and management of HTN-crisis to prevent related morbidity, disability, and mortality.

Ephrem Araya Henok,1 Aseer Manilal,1 Yisiak Oumer,2 Gebre Keyta,1 Melkam Birru,1 Birhane Desta Araya,3 Addis Aklilu,1 Reham Mosleh Alahmadi,4 Gurusamy Raman,5 Akbar Idhayadhulla6 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; 3School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 4Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; 5Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk-Do, South Korea; 6Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 621007, IndiaCorrespondence: Aseer Manilal, Email aseermanilal@gmail.comBackground: Bacterial otitis media (OM) is a common infection among the pediatric community worldwide and is the first reason for prescribing antibiotics in pediatric practices. However, if not promptly diagnosed and appropriately treated, it may persist and cause severe intra- and extra-cranial hard-to-cure complications. Hence, knowing the magnitude, etiology, and antibiotic susceptibility profile is very important for the proper management.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 312 pediatrics (1 to 18 years) attending the Ear Nose Throat outpatient departments of the two title hospitals from 25 February to 30th August 2022. Patients were chosen through a systematic random sampling method. Data were obtained by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. Samples were collected to identify the causative bacteria as per microbiological guidelines. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done according to the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion; SPSS version 25 was used for the analysis.Results: The overall prevalence of otitis media was 67.3% (n=210); CSOM showed a slight preponderance (n=107) Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria were present in 59.8% (n=137) and 40.1% (n=92), respectively. Otitis media was predominantly caused by S. aureus (n=52, 56.5%), followed by Proteus spp. (n=33, 24%). Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to co-trimoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin, and tetracycline, whereas their positive counterparts were considerably penicillin and co-trimoxazole resistant. Overall, 61.5 and 19.2% of the isolates were MDR and XDR, respectively. MRSA, MR-CoNs, and VRE were 38.4% (n=20), 17.1% (n=5), and 58.3% (n=12), respectively; 19.7% (n=25) of Gram-negative bacteria produced ESBL, and 7% (n=9) were carbapenem-resistant. History of exposure to loud noise [AOR=3.4; CI=1.14– 10.23; P-value=0.028] and family history of smoking at home [AOR=2.9; CI=1.18– 7.25; P-value=0.020] have the greatest odds of otitis media.Conclusion: Overall, the prevalence of otitis media is showing an upward trend, and MDR among bacterial isolates is increasing alarmingly.Keywords: otitis media, prevalence, bacterial etiology, drug resistance, southern Ethiopia

This study examines the contribution of eucalyptus tree expansion on rural households' food security status, focusing on the specific context of Ethiopia. Eucalyptus trees pose a significant challenge to the rural food system, warranting investigation. A composite food security indicator was used, and data were collected through household surveys, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regression models were employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that among the sampled households, 31.2% were classified as food secured, 24.8% as intermediate food secured, and 44.0% as food insecured. Econometric estimations highlight the positive influence of variables such as total land holding and livestock on the likelihood of being in the food secured category. Moreover, a unit increase in income earned from the sale of eucalyptus trees leads to an 8.5% higher probability of being in the intermediate category, while decreasing the likelihood of falling into the categories of food insecurity by 8.1% and food security by 0.4%. Importantly, this study uncovers the diverse consequences of eucalyptus trees across different food security categories, suggesting that the planting of eucalyptus trees for improving rural livelihoods and food security must be tailored to specific household conditions. The research outcomes provide valuable insights for guiding future policies, practices, and research endeavors aimed at achieving a sustainable food system in rural Ethiopia.

Background. Stunting remains a major public health issue in developing countries like Ethiopia. It is termed as a chronic malnutrition which leads to morbidity and mortality among children. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with stunting among 6 to 59 months children in Ethiopia. Methods. A total weighted sample of 34 930 children aged 6 to 59 months was included in this study. A Multilevel Mixed-Effect logistic regression was carried out. The Median Odds Ratio (MOR) and the Intra class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated. An adjusted odds ratio along with a 95% confidence interval was reported and statistical significance was declared at a P -value ≤ .05. Results. The weighted prevalence of stunting in Ethiopia was 48.3% (95% CI: 47.8%, 48.8%). Being male, increased in age, having multiple births (twin), having less than 2 years birth interval, history of diarrhea, anemia, lack of maternal and paternal formal education, having poor and middle-wealth status, and living in rural areas were significantly associated with stunting. Conclusions. The prevalence of stunting is high in Ethiopia. The risk factors mentioned above increase the likely hood of stunting among children. Therefore, we recommend that responsible bodies place a greater emphasis and priority on promoting parental education, awareness on the impact of the birth interval on child nutrition, the prevention of childhood diarrhea and anemia, improving household economic status, and reducing rural-urban disparities.

Objective Investigate the association between the dietary diversity of preschool children and proximate factors including household food insecurity, maternal food choice, preferences, khat use, and levels of depressive symptoms.Design Cross-sectional survey of randomly selected households.Setting Haramaya Health and Demographic Surveillance site in Eastern Ethiopia, predominantly smallholder farming households.Participants 678 preschool children (24–59 months) and their mothers.Methods The key outcome, the adequacy of dietary diversity of preschool children, was calculated using a 24-hour parental dietary recall. Binary logistic regression was then used to identify maternal and household factors associated with dietary adequacy versus inadequacy.Results The majority (80.53%) of surveyed children had low dietary diversity (mean Dietary Diversity (MDD)) score of 3.06±1.70 on a 7-point scale). Approximately 80% of households exhibited food insecurity. Households with greater food security (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.96, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.23), healthier maternal food choice (AOR=2.19, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.31) and broader maternal food preferences (AOR=4.95, 95% CI 1.11 to 21.95) were all associated with higher dietary diversity of their preschool children (p≤0.05). Other covariates associated with adequate child dietary diversity included improved household drinking water sources (AOR=1.84, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.92) and family planning use (AOR=1.69, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.86). Despite predictions, however, maternal depression and khat consumption were not identified as factors.Conclusions The dietary diversity of preschool children is extremely low—a pattern observed in both food-secure and food-insecure households. Key factors include maternal selection of food for convenience and ease, preferences that do not include animal protein or healthier food choices, and lack of access to improved drinking water sources. Interventions around maternal food choice and preferences could improve preschool children’s nutritional health.

This study investigates Ethiopian secondary school teachers' attitudes towards their teaching profession, focusing on gender, education qualifications, and subject streams. It provides nuanced insights into the reasons behind negative attitudes, exploring societal attitudes, low salaries, and challenges faced by teachers. Using a cross-sectional design, 351 secondary school teachers in different regions completed a comprehensive questionnaire during their summer in-service training at an undisclosed university. Findings reveal that approximately half of the teachers exhibit negative attitudes, linked to societal attitudes and inadequate salaries. The study also examines the teachers' motivations for choosing the teaching career and reveals that most secondary school teachers joined the teaching profession because of a lack of alternative professions. The study also finds no statistically significant differences in attitudes by gender, education qualification, or subject stream. The study concludes that teachers fall short in student service delivery and strongly recommends that policymakers attract high-achieving individuals by offering competitive salaries, improving working conditions, and emphasizing the positive impact of teaching on societal development. Future research could employ qualitative methods to delve deeper into the underlying causes and nuanced situations influencing teachers’ perspectives on their profession in this, and other, low-income countries.

AbstractThe war in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia) that started at the beginning of November 2020 has brought devastating damage to smallholder agriculture and food security. However, empirical evidence on the effect of war on smallholder agriculture has not studied systematically. Thus, this research was initiated to address the knowledge gap. A survey was done on selected 4376 households using systematic random sampling. All the data required for the study was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interview. The study revealed that 81% of the smallholder households lost their crop followed by livestock (75%) and farm tools (48%). Overall, 94% of the households reported that at least one of their agricultural components (crop, livestock and farm tools) was looted and/or destroyed by the belligerents. Of which, 37% of the respondent’s crop, livestock and farm tools were totally damaged. Moreover, farmers have limited access to their farms, agricultural inputs, and services. Consequently, more than 5.2 million people are currently in need of immediate humanitarian assistance. To avert the worsening situation, immediate intervention is needed to deliver food and agricultural input supplies and rehabilitate the agricultural extension system and infrastructure.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features, and treatment outcome of women with preeclampsia and eclampsia at Gondar University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Amhara, Northern Ethiopia, in 2021. Methods: An institutional-based retrospective chart review was conducted at Gondar University Specialized Hospital from March to June 2021. The study participants were chosen using a simple, systematic random sampling method. A pretested check list was used to collect data from medical records. The collected data was coded, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to SPSS version 26 for descriptive and inferential analysis. A Fisher’s exact test was used to determine statistically significant factors at a p-value of

AbstractThe study aimed to investigate undergraduate students’ perceptions of the service quality at Madda Walabu University. An innovative sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed to comprehensively analyse students’ experiences. The quantitative analysis utilized the well-established and adapted SERVQUAL tool with a substantial sample of 409 students. The initial analysis revealed a negative gap score between students’ expectations and their actual perceptions of service quality, with all dimensions of service quality reflecting negative gap scores. This prompted further qualitative exploration with a smaller group of 14 students, and the qualitative data supplemented the quantitative findings, providing a holistic perspective. The study found a disparity between students’ expectations and their perceived scores across all dimensions of service quality, namely tangible (−1.13), reliability (−0.93), responsiveness (−0.46), assurance (−0.58), and empathy (−1.05). The qualitative data strengthened the understanding of the reasons behind the negative gap scores between students’ expectations and perceptions across all dimensions of service quality. Overall, the study definitively concluded that Madda Walabu University was not effectively meeting the needs of its students. There is an urgent necessity for the institution to provide services that align with customers’ expectations. This realization underscores a critical recommendation for the university: in order to enhance its image and attract competent students, it must prioritize customer satisfaction and diligently address the highlighted shortcomings.

Mohammed Seid,1 Mesafint Markos,1 Addis Aklilu,1 Aseer Manilal,1 Abdurezak Zakir,1 Teshome Kebede,2 Kebede Kulayta,3 Gessila Endashaw4 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 2Arba Minch General Hospital, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 4Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mohammed Seid, Email mohamedseid2005@gmail.comBackground: Globally, urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common health issue among women. Investigating risk factors associated with culture-proven UTIs and the antimicrobial resistance profile of uropathogens would provide insight into planning prevention and control measures.Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with UTIs among sexually active women and determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic bacterial isolates.Methods: A case-control study was conducted from February to June 2021, involving 296 women (62 case group and 234 control group in a ratio of 4:1). Cases were defined as culture-confirmed UTIs, and controls were non-UTIs. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic, clinical, and behavioral data. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify risk factors, and the strength of association was measured by adjusted odds ratios and a 95% confidence interval used at P-values < 0.05.Results: The results revealed that recent coitus and frequency of coitus more than three times per week (P=0.001) were independent predictors of UTIs. Swabbing from back to front, a history of UTI and a delay in voiding were also independent predictors (P < 0.05). On the other hand, a daily water intake of 1 to 2 litres reduced the risk of UTI (P= 0.001). The predominant uropathogenic isolate was Escherichia coli (35.48%). Over 60% of isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole, penicillin, cephalosporin, and fluoroquinolones. The most effective antibiotics included piperacillin-tazobactam, aminoglycosides, carbapenem, and nitrofurantoin. 85% and 50% of isolates were MDR and ESBL producers, respectively.Conclusion: The finding indicates the importance of public intervention targeting the identified risk factors and the resistance phenotype to reduce the burden of UTIs with antimicrobial resistance in the study area.Keywords: risk factors, adolescents and young women, bacteriuria, symptomatic UTIs, uropathogens, antimicrobial resistance, ESBL producing, case-control, Ethiopia

Aseer Manilal,1 Kuzhunellil Raghavanpillai Sabu,2 Azene Tsefaye,1 Teklu Teshome,3 Addis Aklilu,1 Mohammed Seid,1 Gebre Kayta,1 Amanuel Albene Ayele,4 Akbar Idhayadhulla5 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 2Department of Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 3Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 4Department of Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 5Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Trichy, Tamil Nadu, 621007, IndiaCorrespondence: Aseer Manilal, Email aseermanilal@gmail.comBackground: The diminishing efficacy of antibiotics currently in use and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a grave threat to public health worldwide. Hence, new classes of antimicrobials are urgently required, and the search is continuing.Methods: Nine plants were chosen for the current work, which are collected from the highlands of Chencha, Ethiopia. Plant extracts containing secondary metabolites in various organic solvents were checked for antibacterial activity against type culture bacterial pathogens and MDR clinical isolates. The broth dilution technique was used to evaluate the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of highly active plant extracts, and time-kill kinetic and cytotoxic assays were performed using the most active plant extract.Results: Two plants (C. asiatica and S. marianum) were highly active against ATCC isolates. The EtOAc extract of C. asiatica produced the highest zone of inhibition ranging between 18.2± 0.8– 20.7± 0.7 and 16.1± 0.4– 19.2± 1.4 mm against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. The EtOH extract of S. marianum displayed zones of inhibition in the range of 19.9± 1.4– 20.5± 0.7 mm against the type culture bacteria. The EtOAc extract of C. asiatica effectively curbed the growth of six MDR clinical isolates. The MIC values of C. asiatica against the Gram-negative bacteria tested were 2.5 mg/mL, whereas the corresponding MBC values were 5 mg/mL in each case. The MIC and MBC values were the lowest in the case of Gram-positive bacteria, ie, 0.65 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. A time-kill assay showed the inhibition of MRSA at 4 × MIC and 8 × MIC within 2 hours of incubation. The 24 h LD50 values of C. asiatica and S. marianum corresponding to Artemia salina were 3.05 and 2.75 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: Overall results substantiate the inclusion of C. asiatica and S. marianum as antibacterial agents in traditional medicines.Keywords: plant extract, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, Chencha, secondary metabolites, drug resistance

Abstract Background Land degradation is a major challenge that adversely affects soil fertility, agricultural production, and environmental sustainability. To curb this, various agricultural land management (ALM) measures have been practiced for the last three decades. This research investigated the effects of ALM practices on selected soil quality indicators in the Ojoje sub-watershed, Southern Ethiopia Highlands. A total of 72 composite soil samples were collected from non-treated and treated plots (i.e., land treated for 5 and 10 years with only physical practices and integrated measures) at a depth of 0–20 cm. A one-way ANOVA was used to demonstrate statistically significant variations on soil quality indicators. Simple regression analysis was used to explain the proportional variance of soil quality indicators due to ALM measures. Result The findings of the study indicate that integrated ALM practices have positive effects on the soil quality indicators. Most soil quality indicators, such as the soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, sulfur, boron and percentage of cation exchange capacity, were significant (p

Abstract This paper aims to examine the major determinants and challenges of women's participation in income-generating activities focusing on rural women of Ethiopia. To carry out this study, both primary and secondary data were used. Randomly selected 161 households were the source of primary data for this study. Secondary data were collected from the review of related literature. A binary logistic regression econometric model was implemented to identify major determinants of women's participation in income-generating activities. The finding of this study revealed that in the study area, women are not allowed by their husbands to participate in high-income earning activities. They are considered a housewife and only husband are expected to participate in high income-generating activities due to the local customs. In the study area, women's participation in the income-generating activity is determined by age, husband’s education, women's education, family size, land size, market distance, livestock holding, and access to credit. This paper contributes to the literature on women's participation challenges in income-generating activities, giving emphasis to rural women's perspectives. It provides the basis for further studies aimed at challenges hindering women's participation in high-income earning activities, particularly in developing countries.

IntroductionIn Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the effect of dietary protein intake on women’s body mass index. Therefore, this study investigated the association between dietary protein intake, diet quality, and overweight and obesity.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 897 women of reproductive age. Food frequency questionnaires were used to assess 7-day dietary intake. It was converted into protein and other macro-nutrient intakes, Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women, and Global Dietary Quality Score. Body Mass Index (BMI) of overweight & obese women were defined as ≥25 kg/m2. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (in a multivariate logistic regression model) was used to determine the strength of the association between BMI and dietary protein intake, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsThe median dietary protein intake was 41.3 (32.9, 52.6) grams/day or 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) grams/kilogram of body weight/day. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 7.5% (n = 67). Only 220 (24.5%) women could meet the recommended minimum dietary diversity of five or more food groups out of 10 per day. Furthermore, only 255 (28.4%) women were found to have a low risk for nutrient adequacy. Interestingly, women who consumed moderate dietary protein had a significantly lower likelihood of being overweight or obese, with AOR of 0.21 (95% CI 0.10–0.48). Similarly, those who consumed a high amount of protein had even lower odds, with AOR of 0.03 (95% CI 0.01–0.14), compared to those who consumed a low amount of dietary protein. Age of 40–49 years (AOR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.24–8.95) compared to 18–29 years, non-farmers (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI 1.55–6.62), higher consumption of food from unhealthy groups (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.05–1.61), and high fat intake (AOR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.09) were associated with overweight and obesity.Conclusions and recommendationsThe study indicated an inverse relationship between BMI and dietary protein intake. It also revealed that women who consumed foods from unhealthy or unhealthy when consumed in excessive amounts were more likely to be overweight or obese. Increasing dietary protein consumption can help reproductive-age women reduce the odds of obesity and overweight. Furthermore, community-based educational programs, policy changes, and healthcare services can support this effort.

IntroductionEmerging evidence indicates that children can be concurrently wasted and stunted (WaSt), increasing their mortality risk. However, more is needed to know about WaSt in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the trends and predictors of WaSt using Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey datasets from 2000 and 2019.MethodsThe study included a total weighted sample of 34,930 children aged 6–59 months. Descriptive and weighted multilevel mixed-effects (fixed and random effects) logistic regression analyses were carried out. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Median Odds Ratio (MOR) were calculated.ResultsThe prevalence of WaSt was 1,682 (4.82%) with a significantly decreasing trend, yielding a percent change of −57.51% (−69.37% to −23.52%) from 2000 to 2019. In the adjusted model, the odds of WaSt increased in boys, children with a shorter preceding birth interval, small birth size, delayed initiation of complementary foods, diarrhea, fever, and anemia, mother’s lack of formal education, and being a farmer, and poor/middle wealth index, and lack of mass media exposure. WaSt was inversely related to the child’s age. Adjusted ICC and MOR were 31.16% and 3.20%, respectively.Conclusion and recommendationsThe study highlights the importance of considering individual and community-level factors to address WaSt, such as timely initiation of complementary foods, improving access to health services, quality diet, and prevention of communicable diseases. Furthermore, programs that have positive impacts on formal education and employment opportunities for girls, as well as that increase access to mass media, are required.

Natural fibers continue to drive enormous interest from researchers and textile manufacturers mainly due to their eco-friendly and cost-effective features. This is implied in terms of their low cost, renewability, biodegradability, and the need for low energy for their production. The purpose of the present study is to extract and characterize textile fibers from a native plant in Ethiopia known as finger euphorbia. The finger euphorbia fibers were extracted from the plant using water retting and alkali methods. The extracted fiber was analyzed using FT-IR to know the unknown functional group and the chemical bonds on the fiber molecule. Extracted performance was studied from 1%, 3%, and 5% NaOH for 60 min at boiling temperature. The tensile strength of finger euphorbia fiber was 5.8cN/dtex (water retting) and 3.4 cN/dtex (3% NaOH extracted) almost similar to sisal fibers. The moisture content of finger euphorbia fiber was 9.08% by water retting and 8.4% by 3% NaOH almost similar to jute and flax fibers. The fineness of 1.87 tex water retting decreased from 1.02 tex. Natural Fibers from the finger euphorbia could be used as an alternative material like composite, apparel, and related textile applications.

Abstract Background Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) morbidity and mortality are rising in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. The shift in health-care resources from communicable diseases to chronic conditions has created formidable health-care challenges. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among ACS patients. Methods A cross-sectional design was used to enroll participants admitted to one of 3 emergency units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about ACS was measured using modified ACS response index questionaries. Results Participant’s (N = 330) mean age was 57.9 ± 14.1, majority male (n = 219, 66.36%). Half of the study participants have inadequate Knowledge (n = 147, 44.6%), unfavorable attitudes (n = 152, 46%), and belief (n = 153, 46.4%) about ACS symptoms even after being diagnosed and treated in the emergency unit. The most frequently recognized ACS symptoms were chest discomfort (n = 274, 83%), fatigue (n = 267, 80.9%) and chest pain (n = 266, 80.6%) while Jaw pain (n = 101, 30%) neck pain (n = 146,44.2%), were less often recognized. Nearly two thirds of the participants (n = 214, 65%) would not prefer to use emergency medical services (EMS) to come to the hospital. Factors associated with adequate knowledge were age

Background: Most children in low-income countries complete their elementary education with low competency in essential reading, writing, and arithmetic skills. Besides, about 250 million students are not learning the basics, most of whom have spent at least four years in school, and this failure is coined the global learning crisis. This study aimed to examine educational quality management practices perceived by secondary school teachers. Methods: The study employed a multilevel mixed-method design. Employing a simple random sampling technique, the researcher selected 251 teachers from 10 secondary schools in the research regions. He collected data through a researcher-designed questionnaire, school standards, and student achievement records from November 2018 to March 2019. He analyzed data from a questionnaire using frequency, percentage, mean, Pearson correlation, and exploratory factor analysis. The document review concerning quality management was analyzed using content analysis to triangulate the quantitative findings. Results: At the school level, the study revealed the impracticality of laboratories. Besides, incompetent and unmotivated teachers and students ran the education business from the input side. At the same level, principals' management practices on staff development and encouraging parents to support their schools were low. The principals' management practices in the teaching-learning process were also undesirable at the classroom level. Overall, the study revealed incredibly insufficient input, process, and output management in the study context. Conclusion: Hence, the study concluded that it is difficult to achieve the very objectives of producing creative, critical, and problem-solving individuals through this type of educational provision and its management. Due to this, it is not easy to achieve quality education for all goals.

Abstract Background Despite improvement, sepsis mortality rates remain high, with an estimated 11 million sepsis-related deaths globally in 2017 (Rudd et. al, Lancet 395:200-211, 2020). Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are estimated to account for 85% of global sepsis mortality; however, evidence for improved sepsis mortality in LMICs is lacking. We aimed to improve sepsis care and outcomes through development and evaluation of a sepsis treatment protocol tailored to the Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Emergency Department, Ethiopia, context. Methods We employed a mixed methods design, including an interrupted times series study, pre-post knowledge testing, and process evaluation. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients receiving appropriate sepsis care (blood culture collection before antibiotics and initiation of appropriate antibiotics within 1 h of assessment). Secondary outcomes included time to antibiotic administration, 72-h sepsis mortality, and 90-day all-cause mortality. Due to poor documentation, we were unable to assess our primary outcome and time to antibiotic administration. We used segmented regression with outcomes as binomial proportions to assess the impact of the intervention on mortality. Pre-post knowledge test scores were analyzed using the Student’s t-test to compare group means for percentage of scenarios with correct diagnosis. Results A total of 113 and 300 patients were enrolled in the pre-implementation and post-implementation phases respectively. While age and gender were similar across the phases, a higher proportion (31 vs. 57%) of patients had malignancies in the post-implementation phase. We found a significant change in trend between the phases, with a trend for increasing odds of survival in the pre-implementation phase (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.98–1.56), and a shift down, with odds of survival virtually flat (OR 0.95, 95% CI. 0.88–1.03) in the post-implementation phases for 72-h mortality, and trends for survival pre- and post-implementation are virtually flat for 90-day mortality. We found no significant difference in pre-post knowledge test scores, with interpretation limited by response rate. Implementation quality was negatively impacted by resource challenges. Conclusion We found no improvement in sepsis outcomes, with a trend for increasing odds of survival lost post-implementation and no significant change in knowledge pre- and post-implementation. Variable availability of resources was the principal barrier to implementation. Trial registration Open Science Framework osf.io/ju4ga . Registered June 28, 2017

This study was initiated to estimate households’ willingness to pay for improved water services and identify its determinants by using the contingent valuation method in Bonga town of Kaffa zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional data from a total of 212 sampled households’ from two randomly selected kebeles of Bonga town. Contingent valuation survey responses were analyzed through descriptive and econometric analysis using Probit and Bivariate probit model. Double bounded dichotomous choice with open-ended follow-up format was used to elicit the household’s willingness to pay. The descriptive analysis showed that out of the total 205 valid responses indicated that most households’ have perceived the problem of existing water services and were willing to pay for its improvement. Results from the study showed that about 80.98% of the sampled households were willing to pay the initial bid offered for an improvement in their water services scheme. The Probit model regression result shows that the age, daily water use, satisfaction level, fetching time, initial bid, ownership of the house, quality, family size, stay in town, and income were important factors that influenced WTP for improved water service. The study also shows that the maximum willingness to pay for improved water service was calculated to be 57.62 Birr and 30.11 Birr per month from double bounded and open-ended format respectively. The study also reveals that the aggregate welfare gains from the improvement of water supply in the study area were calculated to be 1,176,531 and 614,810 ETB per month from double bounded dichotomous choice and open-ended format respectively. Therefore, the policymakers, as well as project implementers who design solutions to address the problem of water service in the study area, should take account of these factors into their decision.

Dagninet Alelign,1 Teshome Tena,2 Dagimawie Tadesse,1 Moges Tessema,2 Mohamed Seid,1 Yisiak Oumer,1 Addis Aklilu,1 Kassaw Beyene,3 Alehegn Bekele,4 Getachew Abebe,4 Mathewos Alemu5 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 2School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 3Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 4Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 5Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Bonga University, Bonga, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Dagninet Alelign, Tel +251-964-428-118, Email dagninet.alelign@gmail.comBackground: In the thoughts of all orthopedicians, the emergence of drug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacterial infections at orthopedic surgical sites is the most feared problem. Thus, this study aimed to determine the bacteriological profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and biofilm forming ability of isolates, as well as factors associated with orthopedic surgical site infections (OSSIs).Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1st, 2021, to February 30th, 2022 at Arba Minch General Hospital. About 245 suspected orthopedic patients with surgical site infection were enrolled and structured questionnaires were used to collect the required information. Wound swabs or pus aspirates were aseptically collected. The frequency and type of bacterial pathogen(s), antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and biofilm formation were used to determine and characterize the magnitude of OSSIs. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze factors associated with OSSIs.Results: The overall magnitude of symptomatic OSSIs was 29.4% (72/245). External fixation [AOR = 4.761, 95% CI: (1.108– 20.457)], implant use [AOR = 3.470, 95% CI: (1.460– 8.246)], length of time for surgery [AOR = 3.225, 95% CI: (1.545– 6.731)], and post-operative hospitalization [AOR = 4.099, 95% CI: (2.026– 8.293)] were all statistically significant. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated bacteria, accounting for 76%. Methicillin-resistant was observed in 57.9% and 40% of isolated S. aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), respectively. One-third of the isolated E. faecium was vancomycin-resistant (VRE). Overall, 67.1% (51/76) of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). About 27.6% (21/76) of isolates were found to be strong biofilm producers.Conclusion: OSSIs were shown to be caused by a significant number of drug-resistant and biofilm-producing bacterial isolates. To mitigate the problem, aseptic surgical practice and conventional wound management, as well as constant observation of antimicrobial resistant patterns, should be followed.Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility, bacterial pathogen, biofilm, orthopedic surgical site infection, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Malaria is among the leading public health problems worldwide. Female anopheles mosquito orchestrates the transmission of malaria by taking gametocytes and introducing sporozoite while taking blood meals. Interrupting transmission is the major strategy for malaria elimination. The gametocyte stage is essential for the onward transmission of malaria. Thus, understanding its basic biology and epidemiology is key to malaria control and elimination. Therefore, the current review focuses on revealing the biology, prevalence, and determinants of gametocyte carriage as well as its implication on mitigation of malaria. It also illustrates the role of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic Plasmodium infections and G-6-PD deficiency in gametocyte carriage and hence malaria transmission.Gametocytogenesis is initiated at committed merozoites and gives rise to the development of gametocytes. The trigger for gametocytogenesis depends on the host, parasite, and intervention factors. Gametocytes pass through five developmental stages identifiable by molecular markers. A considerable number of malaria patients carry gametocytes at a sub-microscopic level, thereby serving as a potential infectious reservoir of transmission. Factors involving the human host, Plasmodium parasite, and intervention parameters play a critical role in gametocyte biology and prevalence.The contribution of asymptomatic and sub-microscopic infections to malaria transmission is unknown. The clear impact of G-6-PD deficiency on malaria control and elimination remains unclear. Lack of clarity on such issues might impede the success of interventions. Basic science and epidemiological studies should continue to overcome the challenges and cope with the ever-evolving parasite and guide interventions.

Background: Medication errors are the most common medical errors in the world. In particular, pediatric patients are more susceptible to severe injuries and death. Despite their multidimensional impact, medication errors are not recognized well in developing nations, including Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of medication errors and associated factors among pediatric inpatients in public hospitals of Gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 416 pediatric inpatients from August 1, 2020, to February 30, 2021. Open data kit tools and Stata version 16.0 were used for data collection and analysis, respectively. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors associated with medication errors. An adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval was computed and a P-value of 5 days (aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.93) were significantly associated with medication errors. Conclusion: Medication errors were high among pediatric inpatients as compared to previous national studies. To reduce the occurrences of medication errors, it is critical to create a suitable working environment, arrange education and training opportunities for providers, involve families in the medication administration process, and strictly adhere to medication administration rights.

Kuzhunellil Raghavanpillai Sabu,1 Sujith Sugathan,2 Akbar Idhayadhulla,3 Melat Woldemariam,4 Addis Aklilu,4 Gelila Biresaw,4 Behailu Tsegaye,5 Aseer Manilal4 1Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 2Department of Botany, Sree Narayana College, Kollam, Kerala, India; 3Research Department of Chemistry, Nehru Memorial College (affiliated with Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India; 4Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 5Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medicine, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Aseer Manilal Email aseermanilal@gmail.comBackground: Mangroves contain several bioactive compounds, some of which have been used for centuries as remedies for several ailments.Methods: Foliar parts of Excoecaria agallocha were extracted in organic solvents and in water using a Soxhlet apparatus and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against nine type-culture pathogens, six clinical isolates, and two fungal pathogens with agar well diffusion assays. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by broth dilution and extracts further subjected to brine-shrimp cytotoxic assays using Artemia salina. Chemical constituents were analyzed with thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).Results and Discussion: Ethyl acetate extract displayed the broadest antimicrobial activity. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be the most susceptible among the clinical and type-culture groups corresponding to inhibition zones: 17.3± 1.1 and 23.5± 1.3 mm in diameter, respectively. Anticandidal activity was found to be lower against Candida albicans and C. tropicalis (10.3± 0.6 and 11.9± 0.85 mm diameter). Also, this extract was found to be bactericidal for S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus (MBC:MIC ≤ 2). C cytotoxic activity LD50 was 521 μg/mL. On GC-MS, squalene [(6E, 10E, 4E, 18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene] was the major compound. Bioassay-guided (antibacterial) TLC revealed the presence of one major active fraction, F2, with an Rf value of 1.21. FT-IR analysis of this fraction also implied that it was squalene, which might have a functional role in the mechanism of chemical defense.Keywords: mangrove, plant extract, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, bioactive compounds, squalene

Abstract Background Ethiopia is a major producer of cereals and the largest wheat producer in sub-Saharan Africa. The wheat sub-sector is strategic for the Government of Ethiopia, where wheat has several food uses which can be prepared in modern or culturally processed techniques. Crop production and productivity including wheat is a function of all the recommended technology packages not only variety. Adoption of all recommended production technologies play a significant role in improving wheat production and productivity which in turn has clear implication on food security of Ethiopia and welfare of the farmers. Recent studies conducted focused on adoption of only single technology, primarily variety adoption, without considering its associated production technologies. Therefore, this study attempts to identify the major factors determining adoption of improved wheat (Shorma , Degelu , Danda and Kakawa) production technologies in Gorche district, Ethiopia. Methodology The finding of this study is based on primary data collected from 150 randomly selected households and secondary data collected from literature review. Primary data were collected from these respondents using structured and semi-structured interviews. Tobit model was applied to identify factors affecting the adoption and intensity of adoption of improved wheat production technology in the study area. Result The results of tobit model showed that land holding, annual income, level of education, membership in social organizations, access to credit, and positive attitude toward improved wheat production technology positively and significantly influence the adoption and intensity of adoption of the improved wheat production technology. On the other hand, age and market distance significantly and negatively impact adoption and intensity of adoption of the improved wheat production technology. Conclusion Adoption and intensity of adoption of improved wheat production technology is a function of socio-economic, demographic, farmer’s attitude and institutional factors. The policy relevance of our findings is that investment in education, strengthening social capital through available local social networks, provision of attitude-focused training and continuous technical support on improved wheat production technologies, improving income, expanding access to credit and market are important to facilitate adoption of improved wheat production technologies. Hence, addressing constraints associated with credit and market access, improvement in income, attitudes of farmers towards improved technology would improve the adoption and intensity of adoption of improved wheat production technologies.

The Ashute geothermal field (around Butajira) is located near the western rift escarpment of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift (CMER), about 5–10 km west of the axial part of the Silti Debre Zeit fault zone (SDFZ). Several active volcanoes and caldera edifices are hosted in the CMER. Most of the geothermal occurrences in the region are often associated with these active volcanoes. The magnetotelluric (MT) method has become the most widely used geophysical technique for the characterization of geothermal systems. It enables the determination of the subsurface electrical resistivity distribution at depth. The high resistivity under the conductive clay products of hydrothermal alteration related to the geothermal reservoir is the main target in the geothermal system. The subsurface electrical structure of the Ashute geothermal site was analyzed using the 3D inversion model of MT data, and the results are endorsed in this work. The ModEM inversion code was used to recover the 3D model of subsurface electrical resistivity distribution. According to the 3D inversion resistivity model, the subsurface directly beneath the Ashute geothermal site can be represented by three major geoelectric horizons. On top, a relatively thin resistive layer (>100 Ωm) represents the unaltered volcanic rocks at shallow depths. This is underlain by a conductive body (< 10 Ωm), possibly associated with the presence of clay horizon (smectite and illite/chlorite zones), resulting from the alteration of volcanic rocks within the shallow subsurface. In the third bottom geoelectric layer, the subsurface electrical resistivity gradually increases to an intermediate range (10–46 Ωm). This could be related to the formation of high-temperature alteration minerals such as chlorite and epidote at depth, suggesting the presence of a heat source. As in a typical geothermal system, the rise in electrical resistivity under the conductive clay bed (products of hydrothermal alteration) may indicate the presence of a geothermal reservoir. Otherwise, no exceptional low resistivity (high conductivity) anomaly is detected at depth.

This study aimed to explore factors determining research production at Madda Walabu University. The study has employed a case study design to collect data through interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and document analysis. The study recruited six participants using purposive sampling techniques for interviews. Besides, seven discussants were selected using a purposeful sampling technique for FGD. The study revealed that the research practices at the three colleges were in their infancy stage. The primary factors that hindered research practice were lengthy research administrations, a lack of budget, a lack of facilities, and a lack of interest in conducting research. Hence, the study recommends that the university revisit research policies and provide authority and responsibility for schools to manage research in their respective schools. The study also recommended that the university should fulfill its facilities to achieve its vision.

Textile processing is one of the oldest and most technologically complex industries. This industry's fundamental strength stems from its strong production base of a diverse range of fibers/yarns ranging from natural to synthetic fibers and chemicals. Textile mills and their wastewater have grown in proportion to the increase in demand for textile products, causing a major pollution problem around the world. Many chemicals used in the textile wet-processing like dyes and auxiliary chemicals are hazardous to the environment and human health. The global environmental problems associated with the textile industry are typically those related to water pollution caused by the discharge of untreated effluent, and the use of toxic chemicals, during processing. Textile effluent is a critical environmental concern because it reduces oxygen concentrations due to the presence of hydrosulfides and blocks the passage of light through water bodies, both of which are harmful to the water ecosystem. Thus, this review focuses on textile effluent treatment techniques and the physical-chemical treatment parameters taken into consideration during primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment processes. It also discusses effluent of biological-oxygen-demand (BOD) and chemical-oxygen-demand (COD), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. With more severe restrictions expected in the future, control measures must be implemented to minimize effluent pollution. Textile manufacturing processes encompass pretreatments, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations. These production processes not only consume large amounts of energy and water but also produce a significant amount of waste products. To reduce the impact of textile process pollution, practices like sustainable dyeing, the use of new and less polluting technologies, effective treatment of effluent, and recycling waste processes need to be adapted. Finally, future perspectives, and a summary of the present article are given.

Abstract Background Dietary folate inadequacy is one the most common micronutrient deficiencies that cause neural tube defect (NTD) among infants in Sub-Saharan African countries. This study aims to determine the dietary intake of folate among women of reproductive age (WRA) of Kersa, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study took place among voluntary women that were selected from 1140 random households. Using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, participant’s weekly dietary intake history of Ethiopian foods and dietary folate intake was worked out. Statistical analysis was done at a 95% confidence interval. Modified Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with dietary folate consumption. Result The estimated median usual intake of folate was 170 μg/d (IQR: 118.3; 252.2) and about 33% of WRA had low folate intake and 73.9% were at risk for folate inadequacy. From the reported food groups, Beans and Peas, Starchy staples, and Vitamin-A rich dark-green leafy vegetables were the top three ranked foods that contributed much of the dietary folate. The following conditions were statistically related to dietary folate inadequacy; women’s age, being in poor wealth index, low dietary diversity, having seasonal employment, and reliance on market food sources. Conclusions We found that women’s dietary intake of folate in Kersa is very low and cannot protect their offspring from the risk of having NTD. They could also potentially be predisposed to poor health outcomes. Diversifying and fortification of Ethiopian wheats and salts could decrease the burden of folate deficiency in the country.

Microbe exposure to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical agents plays a role in the development of antibiotic resistance. The risks and consequences associated with extensive disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic remain unclear. Some disinfectants, like sanitizers, contain genotoxic chemicals that damage microbial DNA, like phenol and hydrogen peroxide. This damage activates error-prone DNA repair enzymes, which can lead to mutations that induce antimicrobial resistance. Public health priority programs that have faced drug-resistance challenges associated with diseases, such as tuberculosis, HIV, and malaria, have given less attention to risks attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. Pathogen-specific programs, like the directly observed treatment strategy designed to fight resistance against anti-tuberculosis drugs, have become impractical because COVID-19 restrictions have limited in-person visits to health institutions. Here, we summarized the key findings of studies on the current state of antimicrobial resistance development from the perspective of current disinfectant use. Additionally, we provide a brief overview of the consequences of restricted access to health services due to COVID-19 precautions and their implications on drug resistance development.

Abdurezak Zakir, Belayneh Regasa Dadi, Addis Aklilu, Yisiak Oumer Department of Medical Microbiology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Belayneh Regasa Dadi Email belayjanimen@gmail.comBackground: Currently extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) and carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacteria are the greatest concern among the neonatal population with very limited therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ESβL and carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacilli, associated factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns among neonates in intensive care units.Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2021 on 212 neonates in intensive care units. Risk factors data were collected by using a well-designed questionnaire. A rectal swab sample was collected using a sterile cotton swab and inoculated on MacConkey agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using various biochemical tests. ESβL and carbapenemase were first screened by indicator cephalosporins (cefotaxime (30μg) and ceftazidine (30μg)) and carbapenem (meropenem and ertapenem), respectively. ESβL and carbapenemase were confirmed by a double-disk synergy test and modified carbapenem inactivation methods, respectively. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The overall prevalence of ESβL-producing gram-negative bacilli was 72/212 (34%). The predominant ESβL-producing isolate was Klebsiella pneumoniae 23/72 (31.9%) followed by Escherichia coli 17/72 (23.6%). Five (2.4%) carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli were isolated. ESβL-producing isolates showed a high resistance against ampicillin 72/72 (100%), augmentin 69/72 (95.8%) and gentamycin 57/72 (79.2%). The majority 63/72 (87.5%) of isolated ESβL-producing gram-negative bacilli were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Rectal carriage of ESβL by neonates showed a statistically significant association with endotracheal intubation (p = 0.001; AOR = 4.2; 96% CI = (1.8– 9.5)), treatment with ampicillin+gentamycin (p = 0.004; AOR = 3.3; 95% CI = (1.5– 7.6)) and staying in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between 11 and 20 days (p = 0.042; AOR = 2; 95% CI = (1.0– 4.5)).Conclusion: A high prevalence of ESβL-producing bacterial isolates was observed for commonly used antibiotics which needs further attention. Therefore, continuous and regular follow-ups of drug resistance patterns is important for the proper treatment and management of ESβL and carbapenemase producing gram-negative bacilli.Keywords: extended-spectrum β-lactamase, carbapenemase, gram-negative bacilli

There is a gap in evidence linking antenatal care (ANC) utilization, nutrition counseling, and knowledge of pregnant women about infant and young child feeding (IYCF), particularly in low-income settings. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the association between ANC follow-up and nutrition counseling with IYCF knowledge. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 390 pregnant women in the rural kebeles of the Harari region from January to June 2019. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews on tablet computers. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed. An adjusted odds ratio (with 95% CI) was used to determine the strength of association between IYCF knowledge with ANC follow-up and nutrition counseling by adjusting for educational status, occupation, gravida, and distance to the nearest health center. Overall, 54.4% [95% CI 49.2, 59.2] of currently pregnant women were knowledgeable about IYCF of which only 20% started ANC follow-up and 24.4% received nutrition counseling. Out of 288 multigravida women, only 51.4% had ANC follow-up during their last pregnancy. In the adjusted model, ANC follow-up during the current pregnancy (AOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.07–3.22), those who received nutrition counseling (AOR 1.92, 95% CI 1.09–3.38), literate in education (AOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.07–2.73), multigravida (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.12–3.43), and far from the nearest health center (AOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.93–0.97) were significantly associated with the mothers IYCF knowledge. Thus, health care providers should encourage mothers to attend ANC during pregnancy and provide nutrition counseling about the IYCF.

Asaye Mitiku,1 Addis Aklilu,2 Gelila Biresaw,2 Addisu Gize3 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia; 3Department of Microbiology, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Addisu Gize 1271, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmail addisu.gize@sphmmc.edu.etBackground: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very frequent infection both in the community and hospital patients, and the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community setting and infections with this pathogen become a prevalent problem among UTI patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine prevalence and associated factors of methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among urinary tract infection suspected patients attending at Arba Minch General Hospital.Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional study was done at Arba Minch General Hospital from July to October 2020. Midstream urine specimen was collected from outpatients, cultured and biochemical tests were performed to identify the intended pathogen, finally the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA was done and possible associated factors were determined. The cleaned data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results: Four hundred and twenty two (422) adult outpatients were enrolled in this study, of which males accounted for 238 (56.4%) of the participants. The mean and standard deviation age of the participants was 27.4 (SD 27.4 ± 15.6) years. A total of 54 S. aureus isolates were recovered from urine specimen. The prevalence of MRSA among the isolated S. aureus was 23/54 (42.59% (95% CI (35.0, 47.0)). Participants who had previous exposure to UTI (p < 0.002), presence of chronic disease (p < 0.029), and hospitalization (p < 0.006) were statically associated with the prevalence of MRSA. From all the MRSA isolates, 53.7% were resistant against Nitrofurantoin.Conclusion: This study revealed that MRSA could be prevalent in isolates from patients suspected of urinary tract infection and exhibiting different resistance pattern for antibiotics commonly used for treatment of staphylococcal infections.Keywords: methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus, urinary tract infection, Arba Minch General Hospital Southern Ethiopia