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Research trends studies have emerged in education technologies (ET) to determine research manner and changes. Although the precedent examples dated back to the 1950s, trend studies within ET have gradually been increasing since the 1970s. This study aimed to examine the ET publications and research trends in a 5-year time period from 2014 to 2018. With a bibliographic mapping tool, namely VOSviewer, three research questions were addressed relating to collaborations, concepts, and citations in educational technology studies. The data set was extracted from ISI Web of Science databases and included 1690 articles published in six educational technology journals between 2014 and 2018. We used co-authorship analysis to determine the collaborating researchers' institutions and their geographical locations (countries) when they published the articles. A co-occurrence analysis was used to investigate concepts. Finally, a co-citation analysis was employed to determine the most cited papers and journals. Co-authorship analyses revealed that the number of articles published by researchers affiliated with institutions in the USA was the highest in the data set. According to co-occurrence analysis, online learning, especially in open learning environments, was the most studied concept. Moreover, co-citation analysis showed that the most frequently cited articles were published in Computers & Education. Additional findings, discussion, and limitations of the study were explained in the full text.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the reflective thinking levels of prospective teachers and the change of their reflectivity levels within the teaching practicum process. For this purpose, the blog postings, which written by the prospective teachers at different themes, were analyzed. Within the scope of the study, reflective thinking levels were discussed based on the six different criteria with the following titles: Attending to feeling, sharing personal experience, analysis and meaning-making, depth of reflection, language use and writing quality, use of textual evidence and historical context, and transfer of knowledge. In this study, the document analysis method was used as a data collection technique. The study was carried out with 37 prospective teachers, attending Teaching Practicum in the Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology (CEIT) of a state university in Ankara, Turkey. Prospective teachers wrote about their teaching experiences throughout teaching practicum on their blogs. Blogs were evaluated with the help of the reflection level rubric, which prepared by the researchers. It was concluded that the lowest reflection level emerged with regard to the use of textual evidence and historical context criteria and that less reflective blogs were, in almost all criteria, with respect to the overall evaluation of the course (Theme-5). In the last section, further results and related recommendations are mentioned.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlations between prospective teachers' lifelong learning tendencies and their information literacy self-efficacy. It is also to find out if such properties differed significantly in terms of gender, grade, computer usage skills, achievement perception, and willingness to pursue an academic career and workplace belief in achievement. Participants in this study were 200 prospective teachers from Hacettepe University, Faculty of Education in Ankara, Turkey. Data were gathered through Lifelong Learning Tendencies and Information Literacy Self-efficacy Scales. The findings revealed that prospective teachers' lifelong learning tendencies and their information literacy self-efficacy were quite high. Their lifelong learning tendencies did not differ in terms of their computer usage skills whereas a significant difference was found in terms of their gender, grade, achievement perception, willingness to pursue an academic career and achievement in workplace. No differences were found in the prospective teachers' information literacy self-efficacy in terms of gender and grade; however, significant differences were found in terms of computer usage skills, achievement perception, willingness to pursue an academic career and belief in achievement in workplace. A moderate but significant positive correlation was found between their lifelong learning tendencies and information literacy self-efficacy.

The purpose of this study is to examine the scope of the field of instructional design and technology, along with the working area (desk) of the expert in this field, in the context of the effects of the pandemic. The study is a bibliographic mapping research. The data set includes bibliographic records of 2.397 scientific texts retrieved from the WOS Core Collection within the time range of 2017-2022 using search terms instructional design or instructional designer. Co-occurrence analyses encompassing author keywords were conducted on the data. As a result, maps and related outputs were obtained that reveal the concepts that the field focused on before and after the pandemic, as well as the relationships between these. Additionally, attempts were made to identify emerging concepts for both periods based on the outputs. According to the results, there has been a significant expansion in the concepts falling within the scope of instructional design and technology, and consequently in the roles and responsibilities of designers, in conjunction with the 2020s and the Covid-19 pandemic. Design concepts and variables, context, human factors, and research methodology are enriched within this expansion. This enrichment shifts the design process from a micro perspective focusing on learning environment and environmental variables to a macro perspective that emphasizes instructors, educational institutions, and culture. Within this perspective, while the weight of real instructional problems increases, the emphasis on theory, approach, and models significantly decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flipped learning is a type of blended learning that reverses traditional conceptions about pre-class and in-class activities. This pedagogical approach offers students the opportunity to exert more control over their learning. However, teachers should monitor whether in-class activities deepen pre-learning. In this paper, we present students' experiences regarding the advantages, challenges and future preferences of using BYOD in flipped learning. According to students, being allowed to use their own devices in classroom activities provided them a more comfortable learning environment. The model increased their productivity because they were familiar with their personal devices. Students reported that the BYOD model made storing and retrieving files easier, which enabled them to continue studying without remembering settings. However, students identified challenges, such as being required to carry heavy devices and dealing with poor classroom infrastructure. A few students decided they would rather not bring their own devices again due to weight, but the others indicated that they would prefer to participate in BYOD-embedded flipped learning in the future.

In this study, a Scientific Communication Curriculum (SCC) was designed for middle school students and teachers to equip them with scientific communication (SC) skills, and the skills included in the SCC were integrated into the middle school lessons. Within the framework of the Curriculum Design Research (CDR), designing the Scientific Communication Curriculum (SCC) and integrating into the lessons were conducted by two cycles and each cycle consisted of four stages; analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation. In the first cycle, SCC was developed and implemented for the evaluating the effectiveness of the SCC in terms of teaching scientific communication skills to the students with the help of Information Technology (IT) course teacher. In the second cycle, the scientific communication skills were integrated into the lessons in collaboration with the teachers and the School Librarian (SL). As a part of the design process, the Teacher Training Program (TTP) was organized to equip all middle school teachers with scientific communication skills and to help them how to teach and how to integrate the SC skills. Furthermore the TTP served as a professional development component of the CDR framework. Based on the quasi-experimental study results and also opinions of the students and the IT teacher towards the first implementation stage, it was concluded that the SCC was effective in equipping students with scientific communication skills. Regarding the findings from the second cycle, the integration process was satisfying for the teachers and the SL. Teachers found the TTP helpful for their professional development. According to views of the teachers and the SL on the integration process was a positive and useful step for them. The results of this study were addressed and discussed under the headings of design principles, curriculum components, and professional development that are components of the CDR model.

The success of the flipped learning approach is directly related to the preparation process through the online learning environment. It is clear that the desired level of academic achievement cannot be reached if the students come to class without completing their assignments. In this study, we investigated the effect of the use of gamification in the online environment of flipped learning to determine whether it will increase interaction data, participation, and achievement. We used a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, which implies collecting and analyzing quantitative and then qualitative data. In the online learning environment of the experimental group, we used the gamification. However, participants in the control group could not access the game components. According to the findings, the experimental group had higher scores in terms of interaction data, participation, and achievement compared with the control group. Students with low participation can be encouraged to do online activities with gamification techniques.

Problem Statement: While designing a learning environment it is vital to think about learner characteristics (learning styles, approaches, motivation, interests… etc.) in order to promote effective learning. The learning environment and learning process should be designed not to enable students to learn in the same manner and at the same level, but rather designed by giving thought to students' existing learning styles. Purpose of the Study: The aim of this study is to examine primary students' and inspectors' opinions on different learning environments designed according to students' learning styles and its effects on students' achievement. Method: Fifty-five seventh grade students and seven inspectors constituted the research sample. The data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire; a mathematics achievement test and the Pat Wyman Personal Learning Style Inventory were used as data collection tools in the research. Since the group consisted of less than 30 participants, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Paired Samples was used. Findings and Results: The difference of pre-post test results of visual auditory learners, auditory-kinesthetic learners, and visual-auditory learners are statistically significant. When the ranked average of different grades and their sums are considered, the observed difference is in positive ranking, meaning it is in favor of post-test results. According to these results, different learning environments designed for visual-auditory-kinesthetic learners have a positive effect on student grades. The majority of the students stated that the aforementioned activities used in the mathematics lesson could also be used in other school subjects. Conclusions and Recommendations: Student responses emphasized that learning environments should be designed according to student learning styles. Inspectors underlined that learning styles designed according to students' individual learning styles may increase student success. In addition, inspectors thought that some of the advantages of designing learning environments according to students' learning styles included an opportunity to learn fairly, an increase in student motivation towards the lesson, and enabling students to learn at their own pace. In the upcoming studies, student behaviors and motivations towards environments designed according to students' learning styles will be analyzed.

In this study, Information Technologies teachers' views and usage cases on performance based assesment methods (PBAMs) are examined. It is aimed to find out which of the PBAMs are used frequently or not used, preference reasons of these methods and opinions about the applicability of them. Study is designed with the phenomenological design which is a qualitative research method. Interviews, observations and document analysis methods are used and triangulation is ensured. The study is carried out with the teachers who thought to reflect the phenomenon (performance based assesment methods used in Information Technologies lesson) clearly. All of the 6 Information Technologies teachers working in 5 different schools of Ankara are graduated from Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies. As a result of the study, it is found that teachers are not using the PBAMs enough. It is seen that portfolios, projects and performance tasks are used but the other methods are almost never used. Teachers show the lack of time and the difficulty of these methods as the most important two deterrent factors in front of the applicability of PBAMs. Enabling students to take responsibility, process evaluation and performance evaluation are the factors leading to the usage of these PBAMs.

Flipped learning becomes increasingly popular in higher education with the widespread use of the Internet. The traditional methods are deeply teacher-centered and students usually listen to the teacher during the course. This is different in flipped learning and the time spent in the classroom involves rich learning activities. It allowed learners to take a more active role in the class than the traditional methods. However, flipped learning also has many challenges for students. The purpose of this study is to determine the benefits and challenges of flipped learning in higher education. Participants' views of flipped learning were collected through a questionnaire with open-ended questions. The results indicated that implementing flipped learning gave students a chance to experience greater instructional flexibility during both online and in-class sessions. The students said that they felt more responsible for their own learning. And some of them expressed disappointment with the lack of immediate feedback while watching videos and with their poor Internet accessibility outside of the classroom.

Aim/Purpose: The main aim of this study was modeling a collaborative process for knowledge visualization, via the creation of infographics. Background: As an effective method for visualizing complex information, creating infographics requires learners to generate and cultivate a deep knowledge of content and enables them to concisely visualize and share this knowledge. This study investigates creating infographics as a knowledge visualization process for collaborative learning situations by integrating the infographic design model into the team-based and technology-mediated Bridge21 learning model. Methodology: This study was carried out using an educational design perspective by conducting three main cycles comprised of three micro cycles: analysis and exploration; design and construction; evaluation and reflection. The process and the scaffolding were developed and enhanced from cycle to cycle based on both qualitative and quantitative methods by using the infographic design rubric and researcher observations acquired during implementation. Respectively, twenty-three, twenty-four, and twenty-four secondary school students participated in the infographic creation process cycles. Contribution: This research proposes an extensive step-by-step process model for creating infographics as a method of visualization for learning. It is particularly relevant for working with complex information, in that it enables collaborative knowledge construction and sharing of condensed knowledge. Findings: Creating infographics can be an effective method for collaborative learning situations by enabling knowledge construction, visualization and sharing. The Bridge21 activity model constituted the spine of the infographic creation process. The content generation, draft generation, and visual and digital design generation components of the infographic design model matched with the investigate, plan and create phases of the Bridge21 activity model respectively. Improvements on infographic design results from cycle to cycle suggest that the revisions on the process model succeeded in their aims. The rise in each category was found to be significant, but the advance in visual design generation was particularly large. Recommendations for Practitioners: The effectiveness of the creation process and the quality of the results can be boosted by using relevant activities based on learner prior knowledge and skills. While infographic creation can lead to a focus on visual elements, the importance of wording must be emphasized. Being a multidimensional process, groups need guidance to ensure effective collaboration. Recommendation for Researchers: The proposed collaborative infographic creation process could be structured and evaluated for online learning environments, which will improve interaction and achievement by enhancing collaborative knowledge creation. Impact on Society: In order to be knowledge constructors, innovative designers, creative communicators and global collaborators, learners need to be surrounded by adequate learning environments. The infographic creation process offers them a multidimensional learning situation. They must understand the problem, find an effective way to collect information, investigate their data, develop creative and innovative perspectives for visual design and be comfortable for using digital creation tools. Future Research: The infographic creation process could be investigated in terms of required learner prior knowledge and skills, and could be enhanced by developing pre-practices and scaffolding.

Along with the integration of network and communication innovations into education, those technology enriched learning environments gained importance both qualitatively and operationally. Using network and communication innovations in the education field, provides diffusion of information and global accessibility, and also allows physically separated multiple users to communicate and work together (Chiu and Hsiao, 2010). Herewith study groups have the opportunity of communicate, collaborate and discuss each other via the collaborative learning environments in which more than one method is used. One of the environments which set this process to work is "Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Environment (CMCLE)". The study group is composed of 99 undergraduate students, 46 of females and 53 of males. A computer supported collaborative learning environment is developed by researchers. The study comprised of four weeks of "The Interpersonal Communication Conflict" subject in the "Effective communication" course. Within the aim of this study, students' messages are analyzed with regard of contribution quality and the process of computer supported collaborative learning environment is discussed. [Paper presented at the World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Educational Leadership (WCLTA) (3rd, 2012).]

This study examines learning styles of students receiving education via online learning environments, and their preferences concerning the online learning environment. Maggie McVay Lynch Learning Style Inventory was used to determine learning styles of the students. The preferences of students concerning online learning environments were detected through the prioritization of determined main factors and sub-factors. Conjoint analysis, which is a multivariate statistical method, was employed in this study. The prepared conjoint questionnaire was administered both to the entire research group and to visual, auditory and kinesthetic style learning student groups separately. The findings obtained were interpreted by matching with their learning styles. It was concluded that online learning students attached great importance to the employed technology characteristic and to the student-administrator interaction. Considering general of the students, the synchronization or asynchronization of mode of communication and the existence or non-existence of technical support in the prepared environment were not considered important. It was concluded that as the learning styles of students varied, their views about other variables, the interaction preferences in the online learning environment in particular, also differed. Learning styles of students and their preferences concerning the learning materials also showed a parallelism.

Every learning environment may attempt to raise successful students, but will not achieve the desired results if several essential elements are not considered in the instructional design process. These elements can be classified interior and exterior conditions. Learner characteristics, items of the interior conditions such as learning style, age, maturity level, interest are essential in designing learning environments process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of learning styles on students' achievement in different learning environments which were designed according to principles of Generative Theory of Multimedia Learning. Research was conducted in the framework of single group repeated measures experimental design model and three different learning environments (text based, narration based and computer mediated (narration + music + text + static picture) were planned and study group studied in these environments at different times. The two instruments were used to collect data for this study. The pre-posttest designed to identify students' achievement score and Kolb's Learning Style Inventory to measure students' learning style. As a result, it has been clarified that the type of the learning style was not significantly effective on students' achievement in different learning environments. (Contains 1 figure and 4 tables.)

In this ever more digital and visual world, it has become more vital that students are encouraged to create content during the learning process through effective visualization of their knowledge. Infographics are an effective method for such visualization. The current study therefore proposes an infographic design rubric (IDR) as a criteria-based framework to be used in the learning process for the creation and evaluation of infographics. The IDR was developed based on the infographic design model (IDM), a process of how to design infographics for teachers and learners using the three main components of content generation, visual design generation and digital design. The development process was conducted in the five design cycles of criteria determination, validity and reliability studies involving colleagues, university students, pre-service teachers and teachers. IDR criteria were generated based on content generation and visual design generation dimensions of IDM. The content generation dimension focuses on the quality and organization of the information presented, while the visual design generation dimension investigates the visual features of the infographic. Results of the inter-rater reliability analysis represent significant intraclass correlations. The proposed IDR is considered to be an important step for visualization in the learning process.

Visual cognitive style is an individual difference that is related to the preference or visual imagery tendency of an individual of processing visual information. This study examines the visual cognitive styles of university students according to their study subject, study year and genders and includes 448 first- and third-year university students from seven departments. The results indicate that spatial imagery tendencies were stronger among students in the sciences, whereas verbal tendencies were strong among students in linguistic fields. The spatial imagery tendencies of third-year students from the Department of Physics Engineering and the verbal tendencies of third-year students from the Department of English Language Teaching were significantly higher than those of first-year students of related departments. Different from previous studies the finding about the tendency increment among first to third year of study is remarkable which can be investigated through experimental studies.

The rapid growth in the use of learning technologies, particularly the use of the web based technologies and communications have offered educators with many more opportunities to investigate the most suitable learning environments for their students' learning styles. The purpose of the present study was to examine the students' learning styles and their views on blended learning. The study was conducted with thirty-four students at Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. The two instruments were the questionnaire designed to identify students' views on blended learning and Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI) to measure students' learning styles. Additional data were gathered from achievement scores of students; and records demonstrate students' participation to e-learning environment. Results revealed that students' views on blended learning process, such as ease of use of the web environment, evaluation, face to face environment etc., differ according to their learning styles. Results also revealed that the highest mean score corresponds to face to face aspect of the process when students' evaluation concerning the implementation is taken to consideration. The overall findings showed no significant differences between students' achievement level according to their learning styles. (Contains 5 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to extend the evaluation of learners' views on blended learning and its implementation process by developing and validating an objective assessment instrument. Cronbach' alpha, item analysis and item discrimination indices, principal component analysis, varimax rotation, and discriminant validity were used to measure the reliability and validity of the scale. A 50-item refined version of the scale was found to be highly reliable and of reasonable length. Further refinement was made based on principal component analysis. This indicated two major components, which facilitate the elicitation of learners' views on blended learning and its implementation process in relation to the complexity levels of the learning process. The scale is recommended to identify individual's views on blended learning and its implementation process and thus, to contribute to the improvement of a blended learning environment for learners.

Explains the past, discusses the present, and makes projections for the future of educational technology in Turkey. Topics include historical background of Turkey and of educational technology in Turkey; the role of the Ministry of National Education; distance education; technology-based education; and the national information infrastructure. (Author/LRW)

Focuses on the Turkish educational system, technological developments, and changing educational needs. Discusses instructional technology programs in Turkey; new information technology (IT) policies in Turkey; the World Bank supported "Project for Globalization in Education 2000"; IT policies for teacher training programs; and the outlook for the future. (AEF)