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By nature, humans are “ tojisha (participating subjects/player–witnesses)” who encounter an unpredictable real world. An important characteristic of the relationship between the individual brain and the world is that it creates a loop of interaction and mutual formation. However, cognitive sciences have traditionally been based on a model that treats the world as a given constant. We propose incorporating the interaction loop into this model to create “world-informed neuroscience (WIN)”. Based on co-productive research with people with minority characteristics that do not match the world, we hypothesize that the tojisha and the world interact in a two-dimensional way of rule-based and story-based. By defining the cognitive process of becoming tojisha in this way, it is possible to contribute to the various issues of the real world and diversity and inclusion through the integration of the humanities and sciences. The critical role of the brain dopamine system as a basis for brain–world interaction and the importance of research on urbanicity and adolescent development as examples of the application of WIN were discussed. The promotion of these studies will require bidirectional translation between human population science and animal cognitive neuroscience. We propose that the social model of disability should be incorporated into cognitive sciences, and that disability-informed innovation is needed to identify how social factors are involved in mismatches that are difficult to visualize. To promote WIN to ultimately contribute to a diverse and inclusive society, co-production of research from the initial stage of research design should be a baseline requirement.

Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Fahr's disease or primary familial brain calcification, manifests as bilaterally symmetric calcifications in the brain. Clinical symptoms range from movement disorders to cognitive impairment and psychiatric symptoms. Since 2012, IBGC has been reported as an inherited disorder with several causative genes, including SLC20A2; however, the genotype-phenotype association remains unclear. Furthermore, longitudinal follow-up studies investigating the prognosis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in IBGC are lacking. A 36-year-old woman who experienced recurrent psychosis since the age of 30 years was admitted to our hospital. Her symptoms included delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behavior. Cranial CT revealed calcification of the bilateral basal ganglia and dentate nucleus. The possibility of metabolic or endocrinological disorders causing secondary calcification was excluded via laboratory examinations. The genetic analysis revealed SLC20A2 mutation, and therefore, she was diagnosed with definite IBGC. At the age of 37, 42, and 43 years, similar psychosis recurred due to a decrease in medication. Each episode was relieved within one week with a low dose of risperidone (1.5-2 mg/day p.o.). Eventually, remission was maintained with risperidone (1.5 mg/day). To our knowledge, genetically confirmed case of IBGC with psychosis has been rarely reported. Recurrent psychosis can be the sole symptom of SLC20A2-associated IBGC and may be remitted with a low dose of risperidone. Literature review including eight case reports shows no superiority between medications. Although our case indicates that a low dose of antipsychotics can alleviate symptoms without any side effects and should be continued to prevent relapse in some patients with IBGC, there has been still shortage of the clinical evidence. Further longitudinal studies on genotype-phenotype associations may expedite personalized medicine for patients with IBGC.

To compare the energy efficiency of Wearable Power-Assist Locomotor (WPAL) with conventional knee-ankle-foot orthoses (MSH-KAFO) such as Hip and Ankle Linked Orthosis (HALO) or Primewalk.Cross over case-series.Chubu Rosai Hospital, Aichi, Japan, which is affiliated with the Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety.Six patients were trained with MSH-KAFO (either HALO or Primewalk) and WPAL. They underwent 6-minute walk tests with each orthosis. Energy efficiency was estimated using physiological cost index (PCI) as well as heart rate (HR) and modified Borg score. Trial energy efficiency with MSH-KAFO was compared with WPAL to assess if differences in PCI became greater between MSH-KAFO and WPAL as time goes on during the 6-minute walk. Spearman correlation coefficient of time (range: 0.5-6.0 minutes) with the difference was calculated. The same statistical procedures were repeated for HR and modified Borg score.Greater energy efficiency, representing a lower gait demand, was observed in trials with WPAL compared with MSH-KAFO (Spearman correlation coefficients for PCI, HR and modified Borg were 0.93, 0.90 and 0.97, respectively, all P 0.0001).WPAL is a practical and energy efficient type of robotics that may be used by patients with paraplegia.

Activities of HCl in the HClCuCl2, HClNiCl2 and HClFeCl3 aqueous solution systems, which cannot be determined by the e.m.f. method, were calculated at 298 K by applying the McKay-Perring method based on the measured water activities. The water activities of these solutions and those of HClNaCl solutions were determined by a transpiration method, and the b values involved in the corrected Zdanovskii equation were evaluated as a function of water activity. The calculated values of a(HCl) of the aqueous solution system of HClNaCl agreed well with those determined by the e.m.f. method at both dilute and concentrated HCl levels. The activities of HCl in the solution systems being studied were then calculated. The change in a(HCl) with an increase in the chloride concentration is attributable to the change in ionic strength of the solution, and thus the concentration of the chemical species present in the solution.

reacted fraction vs time is illustrated in Figures 3(a) through (e). Under the experimental conditions of small particle size and low temperature, tr and td are comparable. This can be seen in Table I and Figures 3(a) and (b). In Figures 3(c) and (d), the cases of higher temperature (about 50 ~ and larger particle size are shown. In these conditions, the reaction time was determined mostly by diffusion. As clearly shown in Table I and Figures 3(a) through (d), the prediction is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data in the temperature range 25 ~ to 50 ~ When temperature was further increased to 90 ~ as in condition v in Table I and Figure 3(e), a rather significant disagreement occurred between the prediction and experimental result. The observed reaction rate was slower than that predicted by the present rate equation. This slow rate may be due to the fact that, at a high temperature and NaCl concentration, the reaction may no longer be controlled by PbCI2 diffusion, because the solubility and diffusivity of PbC12 are high enough that they do not offer a resistance for the reaction. If this is the case, other factors such as the diffusion of ferric ion can become the rate-controlling step. This assumption is based on two observations given in Reference 2.