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Objective: To elucidate the acceptability of sexual minorities according to Japanese youth, we conducted a survey targeting university students. Methods: Participants were second- to fourth-year students (n=945) at Ibaraki University, Japan, who were randomly chosen for the survey to measure their attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals. We divided the respondents into two groups: one group who had encounters with LGBT people, and one group with no such experience. Chi-square tests were used to compare responses between the groups. Results: More than 60% of the students considered LGBT people to be acceptable; the group with prior encounters had greater levels of acceptance compared to the group without such encounters. Conclusion: This is the first study to clarify the acceptability of sexual minorities among university students in Japan. Our data suggested that having contact with LGBT people in school life may help build an inclusive educational system.

Objective: To elucidate the prevalence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) among Japanese youth, we conducted a survey research that targeted university students. Materials and methods: Participants were first-year students (n=1597) at Ibaraki University, Japan (Phase 1 study) or second- to fourth-year students (n=944) at the university who were randomly preferred in the survey (Phase 2 study). Surveys measured gender identity and sexual orientation, partly using the gender identity scale (GIS). Results: The prevalence of LGBT youth among university students were 2.7%, 0.5%, 5.3%, and 0.8% (Phase 1 study) or 1.4% (Phase 2 study), respectively. The GIS scores of the transgender group were significantly lower than those of the female, male, and LGB groups (p Discussion: This is the first to clarify the prevalence of LGBT among youth in Japan. It has been suggested that such individuals in Japan, as in other countries, are at risk for physical and mental health concerns, thereby necessitating social and medical intervention. Further investigation in these areas will be needed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of a 20-m shuttle-run test as an aerobic fitness test for Japanese children, adolescents, and young adults. Participants were 62 boys and 70 girls aged 8–17 years and 56 men and 99 women aged 18–23 years. Stepwise regression analysis was used to elucidate the relationship between shuttle-run performance, age, gender, and anthropometric parameters (as independent variables) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), determined directly on a treadmill, as a dependent variable. We observed high multiple correlations for adults (R2 = .88) and for children and adolescents (R2 = .80). Therefore, it is suggested that our multiple regression equations are more appropriate for predicting VO2peak in Japanese children, adolescents, and adults.

PURPOSE Exercising in cold air enhances bronchial responsiveness (BR) as compared with exercising in warm air. This may be due to intrathoracic cooling or to increased vagal activity caused by facial cooling. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects on BR of cold air inhalation and of facial exposure to cold air, as well as the combined effect of both. METHODS Fourteen children with asthma (eight girls) performed four exercise challenge tests in a climatic chamber, under one of the following conditions: 1) inhaling warm air while the face was exposed to warm air (WW, 21 degrees C, 25% relative humidity (RH)); 2) inhaling warm air while the face was exposed to cold air (WC, 0 degrees C, 80% RH); 3) inhaling cold air while the face was exposed to cold air (CC); and 4) inhaling cold air while the face was exposed to warm air (CW). The study was analyzed, using a one- and two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Postexercise forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) values as percent predicted (% pred) showed significant reductions over time (P < 0.001), significant differences among the four experimental conditions (P < 0.001) and a significant condition x time interaction (FEV1:P < 0.001, MMEF:P < 0.01). FEV1 was significantly lower for CC and WC, as compared with WW and CW at 5 and 10 min postexercise. The lowest postexercise values for FEV1 occurred in the CC and WC sessions (76% predicted in both). A similar pattern was obtained for MMEF. CONCLUSION Facial cooling combined with either cold or warm air inhalation causes the greatest EIB, as compared with the isolated challenge with cold air inhalation. We suggest that vagal mechanisms play a major role in exercise and cold-induced bronchoconstriction.

This study sought to establish body volume measurement by the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) dilution technique and to assess the body composition of healthy subjects and patients with the complications of cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Sixty-six healthy males and females ranging in age from 18 to 41 years and 10 patients with the complications ranging in age from 23 to 34 years participated in the study. The SF6 dilution method determines absolute body volumes by measuring the SF6 concentration inside a closed chamber containing the subjects. No detectable deviations were indicated between the body volume measured by SF6 and the volume determined by underwater weighing (r = 0.999). Body volume for patients with complications was also successfully assessed by the SF6 technique. All 10 subjects were short, but body composition measures were within normal ranges except for two obese females. Inactivity was suggested as a relevant factor for the excess adiposity. Thus, this new method of measuring body volume offers promising possibilities for future research in body composition, especially for application in clinical practice. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Maltais DB, Pierrynowski MR, Galea VA, Matsuzaka A, Bar-Or O: Habitual physical activity levels are associated with biomechanical walking economy in children with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005;84:36-45. Objective: To evaluate in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy the relationship between habitual physical activity and biomechanical treadmill walking economy and whether treadmill belt speed or walking time affect economy. Design: Physical activity was measured in 11 subjects (10.6-16.3 yrs) with mild cerebral palsy using a triaxial accelerometer. To determine biomechanical walking economy, subjects' stride lengths and vertical sacral excursions were measured during each minute of three 3-min walks on a treadmill (at 60%, 75%, and 90% of individually determined fastest treadmill walking speed). Results: Biomechanical walking economy at 60%, 75%, and 90% of (their) fastest speed each explained about half of the intersubject variance in daily physical activity (movement counts). A similar relationship was found between these biomechanical walking economy variables and movement counts at or above the 80th and 90th percentile (total minutes per day, number of 5-min bouts per day). Walking economy was 23.9% higher when subjects walked at 90% than when they walked at 60% of their fastest walking speed. No other speed-related effects on economy were found, nor did time affect economy. Conclusions: Within this population, those with high biomechanical treadmill walking economy are the more habitually physically active. Treadmill belt speed, but not walking time, affects biomechanical walking economy.

This study sought to establish body volume measurement by the sulfur hexafluoride (SF

This study was undertaken to compare the contribution of both the anaerobic threshold (AT) and onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) with endurance performance in eleven non-endurance trained active male adults. AT determination was based upon both blood lactate and gas exchange criteria, while OBLA was determined as the point corresponding to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·l−1. A dependent t-test revealed significantly higher values for OBLA related variables as compared with corresponding AT related variables, thereby validating the comparison of these two categories of variables in relation to endurance performance. Approximately 67, 60, 37, and 50% of the variance in endurance performance were accounted for by \(\dot V\)O2 (ml · kg−1 · min−) AT-WR, OBLS-\(\dot V\)O2 (ml · kg−1 · min−), and OBLA-WR, respectively. When AT-HR (X2) was added to the \(\dot V\)O2 (X1) as another predictor, the contribution of these variables to endurance performance increased appreciably to 84%. The resultant multiple regression equation was Y=−4.564 X1+2.68 IX2+90.6 (SEE=9.9 s). Consequently, it is suggested that variables related to an abrupt increase in blood lactate, together with several gas exchange responses, could explain endurance performance in a shorter distance to a greater extent than variables related to a rigid threshold of 4 mmol·l−1.

重症心身障害児の健康管理上重要な基礎資料を得るため, 茨城県立コロニーの重症心身棟に入所中の男子23名, 女子18名を対象として, 身長, 体重, 皮脂厚および基礎代謝量を測定した。なお, 基礎代謝量のデータが得られたのは, 男子20名, 女子15名であった。得られた結果は次のとおりである。1) 昭和56年国民栄養調査成績を基準として比較すると, 身長, 体重は, 女子1名の身長を除き, 全ての被験者で標準値を下回り, 特に体重は著しく下回っていた。皮脂厚も大部分が標準より著しく低値を示した。2) 1日当たり基礎代謝量は, 当該年齢の基準値に比べて著しく劣っていた。その大きな理由は被験者の体位が著しく劣っていることにあると考えられる。体重当たり基礎代謝量では, 大きなバラツキがあるが, 平均すると男子は基準値とほぼ同じ, 女子ではやや大であった。体重当たり基礎代謝量が比較的高かった理由としては, 被験者の体重が身長に比して軽いことがあげられる。体表面積当たり基礎代謝量では, 被験者の原因疾患, 症状により大きなバラツキがあるが, 一般に, 基準値に比べて低値を示すものが多かった。重症心身障害児の1日当たり基礎代謝量は, その体重に相当する年齢の基礎代謝基準値に比べて明らかに低かった。

Ethanol extract of ELEUTHEROCOCCUS SENTICOSUS Maxim, was discreetly examined as regards its effect on the maximal working capacity of man, using six male adolescents. Single, blind, cross-over studies were conducted where the extract treatment was compared with no treatment and with placebo treatment. Significant increase was noted in all four parameters recorded in the tests due to extract administration. Especially striking was 23.3% increase in total work due to the extract compared with only 7.5% rise due to the placebo. This increase in total work seemed to be partially attributable to the improvement of subject's bodily oxygen metabolism that was reflected in the increase in maximal oxygen uptake and that in maximal oxygen pulse.

The purpose of present study was to assess the relationship between anaerobic threshold (AT) and performances in three different distance races (i.e., 5 km, 10 km, and 10 mile). AT, VO2 max, and related parameters for 17 young endurance runners aged 16--18 years tested on a treadmill with a discontinuous method. The determination of AT was based upon both gas exchange and blood lactate methods. Performances in the distance races were measured within nearly the same month as the time of experiment. Mean AT-VO2 was 51.0 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (2.837 l . min-1), while VO2 max averaged 64.1 ml . kg-1 . min-1 (3.568 l . min-1). AT-HR and %AT (AT-VO2/VO2 max) were 174.7 beats . min-1 and 79.6%, respectively. The correlations between VO2 max (ml . kg-1 . min-1) and performances in the three distance races were not high (r = -0.645, r = -0.674, r = -0.574), while those between AT-VO2 and performances was r = -0.945, r = -0.839, and r = -0.835, respectively. The latter results indicate that AT-VO2 alone would account for 83.9%, 70.4%, and 69.7% of the variance in the 5 km, 10 km, and 10 mile performances, respectively. Since r = -0.945 (5 km versus AT-VO2) is significantly different from r = -0.645 (5 km versus VO2 max), the 5 km performance appears to be more related to AT-VO2 than VO2 max. It is concluded that individual variance in the middle and long distance races (particularly the 5 km race) is better accounted for by the variance in AT-VO2 expressed as milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight than by differences in VO2 max.

TANAKA, KIYOJI, YOSHIYUKI MATSUURA, AKIRA MATSUZAKA, KOHJI HIRAKOBA, SHUZO KUMAGAI, SUB O. SUN, and KATSUMI ASANO. A longitudinal assessment of anaerobic threshold and distance-running performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 278–282, 1984. Longitudinal changes in the anaerobic threshold (AT) and distance-running performances (DRP) were assessed with a 4.5-month interval between the pre-, mid-, and post-tests in a relatively homogeneous (in terms of both maximal aerobic power and DRP) sample of 21 male, trained, endurance runners (JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-198406000-00020/ENTITY_OV0398/v/2017-05-02T160503Z/r/image-png age = 18.5 yr) than had been employed previously. ANOVA with repeated measures followed by the Newman-Keuls post-hoc comparison revealed that there were significant alterations in both DRP and AT. Even in this improved state, higher relationships (r≥0.75) between the DRP and AT-related attributes held up consistently over the 9-month training period. Anaerobic threshold (expressed as ml O2·min-1·kg-1) showed a correlation higher than 0.80 with 10,000-m race time in every set of tests. When the relationships between the absolute amount of change in the JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-198406000-00017/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160503Z/r/image-pngO2@AT and the absolute amount of change in DRP were evaluated, significant correlations (r=-0.56 to −0.83) were found in several different time periods. Running velocity at AT (V@AT) also improved significantly, and was closely related to DRP changes. It is speculated that DRP changes are more directly accounted for by the JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-198406000-00017/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160503Z/r/image-pngO2@AT and/or V@AT changes rather than changes in other physiological attributes.