Search

We report fourteen and twenty-eight protocluster candidates at z = 5.7 and 6.6 over 14 and 19 deg2 areas, respectively, selected from 2,230 Lyα emitters (LAEs) photometrically identified with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) deep images. Six out of the 42 protocluster candidates include at least 1 spectroscopically confirmed LAEs at redshifts up to z = 6.574. By the comparisons with the cosmological Lyα radiative transfer (RT) model reproducing LAEs with the reionization effects, we find that more than a half of these protocluster candidates might be progenitors of the present-day clusters with a mass of ≳ 1014M⊙. We also investigate the correlation between LAE overdensity and Lya rest-frame equivalent width (EW), because the cosmological Lyα RT model suggests that a slope of EW-overdensity relation is steepened towards the epoch of cosmic reionization (EoR), due to the existence of the ionized bubbles around galaxy overdensities easing the escape of Lyα emission from the partly neutral intergalactic medium. The available HSC data suggest that the slope of the EW-overdensity correlation does not evolve from the post-reionization epoch z = 5.7 to the EoR z = 6.6 beyond the moderately large statistical errors.

The survey of Lyman $\alpha$ emitters (LAEs) with Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam, called SILVERRUSH (Ouchi et al.), is producing massive data of LAEs at $z\gtrsim6$. Here we present LAE simulations to compare the SILVERRUSH data. In 162$^3$ comoving Mpc$^3$ boxes, where numerical radiative transfer calculations of reionization were performed, LAEs have been modeled with physically motivated analytic recipes as a function of halo mass. We have examined $2^3$ models depending on the presence or absence of dispersion of halo Ly$\alpha$ emissivity, dispersion of the halo Ly$\alpha$ optical depth, $\tau_\alpha$, and halo mass dependence of $\tau_\alpha$. The unique free parameter in our model, a pivot value of $\tau_\alpha$, is calibrated so as to reproduce the $z=5.7$ Ly$\alpha$ luminosity function (LF). We compare our model predictions with Ly$\alpha$ LFs at $z=6.6$ and $7.3$, LAE angular auto-correlation functions (ACFs) at $z=5.7$ and $6.6$, and LAE fractions in Lyman break galaxies at $5, Comment: PASJ in press, 30 pages, 20 figures

We present average stellar population properties and dark matter halo masses of $z \sim 2$ \lya emitters (LAEs) from SED fitting and clustering analysis, respectively, using $\simeq$ $1250$ objects ($NB387\le25.5$) in four separate fields of $\simeq 1$ deg$^2$ in total. With an average stellar mass of $10.2\, \pm\, 1.8\times 10^8\ {\mathrm M_\odot}$ and star formation rate of $3.4\, \pm\, 0.4\ {\mathrm M_\odot}\ {\rm yr^{-1}}$, the LAEs lie on an extrapolation of the star-formation main sequence (MS) to low stellar mass. Their effective dark matter halo mass is estimated to be $4.0_{-2.9}^{+5.1} \times 10^{10}\ {\mathrm M_\odot}$ with an effective bias of $1.22^{+0.16}_{-0.18}$ which is lower than that of $z \sim 2$ LAEs ($1.8\, \pm\, 0.3$), obtained by a previous study based on a three times smaller survey area, with a probability of $96\%$. However, the difference in the bias values can be explained if cosmic variance is taken into account. If such a low halo mass implies a low HI gas mass, this result appears to be consistent with the observations of a high \lya escape fraction. With the low halo masses and ongoing star formation, our LAEs have a relatively high stellar-to-halo mass ratio (SHMR) and a high efficiency of converting baryons into stars. The extended Press-Schechter formalism predicts that at $z=0$ our LAEs are typically embedded in halos with masses similar to that of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC); they will also have similar SHMRs to the LMC, if their SFRs are largely suppressed after $z \sim 2$ as some previous studies have reported for the LMC itself., 34 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables. Accepted for publication in PASJ

We study the UV luminosity functions (LFs) at $z\sim 4$, $5$, $6,$ and $7$ based on the deep large-area optical images taken by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru strategic program (SSP). On the 100 deg$^2$ sky of the HSC SSP data available to date, we make enormous samples consisting of a total of 579,565 dropout candidates at $z\sim 4-7$ by the standard color selection technique, 358 out of which are spectroscopically confirmed by our follow-up spectroscopy and other studies. We obtain UV LFs at $z \sim 4-7$ that span a very wide UV luminosity range of $\sim 0.002 - 100 \, L_{\rm UV}^\ast$ ($-26 < M_{\rm UV} < -14$ mag) by combining LFs from our program and the ultra-deep Hubble Space Telescope legacy surveys. We derive three parameters of the best-fit Schechter function, $\phi^\ast$, $M_{\rm UV}^\ast$, and $\alpha$, of the UV LFs in the magnitude range where the AGN contribution is negligible, and find that $\alpha$ and $\phi^\ast$ decrease from $z\sim 4$ to $7$ with no significant evolution of $M_{\rm UV}^\ast$. Because our HSC SSP data bridge the LFs of galaxies and AGNs with great statistical accuracy, we carefully investigate the bright end of the galaxy UV LFs that are estimated by the subtraction of the AGN contribution either aided with spectroscopy or the best-fit AGN UV LFs. We find that the bright end of the galaxy UV LFs cannot be explained by the Schechter function fits at $> 2 \sigma$ significance, and require either double power-law functions or modified Schechter functions that consider a magnification bias due to gravitational lensing., Comment: 30 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in PASJ special issue

We present an unprecedentedly large catalog consisting of 2,230 > L* Lya emitters (LAEs) at z=5.7 and 6.6 on the 13.8 and 21.2 deg2 sky, respectively, that are identified by the SILVERRUSH program with the first narrowband imaging data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. We confirm that the LAE catalog is reliable on the basis of 96 LAEs whose spectroscopic redshifts are already determined by this program and the previous studies. This catalogue is also available on-line. Based on this catalogue, we derive the rest-frame Lya equivalent-width distributions of LAEs at z~5.7-6.6 that are reasonably explained by the exponential profiles with the scale lengths of ~120-170A, showing no significant evolution from z~5.7 to z~6.6. We find that 275 LAEs with a large equivalent width (LEW) of >240A are candidates of young-metal poor galaxies and AGNs. We also find that the fraction of LEW LAEs to all ones is 4% and 21% at z~5.7 and z~6.6, respectively. Our LAE catalog includes 11 Lya blobs (LABs) that are LAEs with spatially extended Lya emission whose profile is clearly distinguished from those of stellar objects at the >~ 3sigma level. The number density of the LABs at z=6-7 is ~ 10^-7-10^-6 Mpc^-3, being ~ 10-100 times lower than those claimed for LABs at z~ 2-3, suggestive of disappearing LABs at z>~6, albeit with the different selection methods and criteria for the low and high-z LABs., 19 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in PASJ special issue

We present Lya and UV-nebular emission line properties of bright Lya emitters (LAEs) at z=6-7 with a luminosity of log L_Lya/[erg s-1] = 43-44 identified in the 21-deg2 area of the SILVERRUSH early sample developed with the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey data. Our optical spectroscopy newly confirm 21 bright LAEs with clear Lya emission, and contribute to make a spectroscopic sample of 96 LAEs at z=6-7 in SILVERRUSH. From the spectroscopic sample, we select 7 remarkable LAEs as bright as Himiko and CR7 objects, and perform deep Keck/MOSFIRE and Subaru/nuMOIRCS near-infrared spectroscopy reaching the 3sigma-flux limit of ~ 2x10^{-18} erg s-1 for the UV-nebular emission lines of He II1640, C IV1548,1550, and O III]1661,1666. Except for one tentative detection of C IV, we find no strong UV-nebular lines down to the flux limit, placing the upper limits of the rest-frame equivalent widths (EW_0) of ~2-4 A for He II, C IV, and O III] lines. Here we also investigate the VLT/X-SHOOTER spectrum of CR7 whose 6 sigma detection of He II is claimed by Sobral et al. Although two individuals and the ESO-archive service carefully re-analyze the X-SHOOTER data that are used in the study of Sobral et al., no He II signal of CR7 is detected, supportive of weak UV-nebular lines of the bright LAEs even for CR7. Spectral properties of these bright LAEs are thus clearly different from those of faint dropouts at z~7 that have strong UV-nebular lines shown in the various studies. Comparing these bright LAEs and the faint dropouts, we find anti-correlations between the UV-nebular line EW_0 and UV-continuum luminosity, which are similar to those found at z~2-3., Comment: 26 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in PASJ special issue

We present the SILVERRUSH program strategy and clustering properties investigated with $\sim 2,000$ Ly$\alpha$ emitters at $z=5.7$ and $6.6$ found in the early data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey exploiting the carefully designed narrowband filters. We derive angular correlation functions with the unprecedentedly large samples of LAEs at $z=6-7$ over the large total area of $14-21$ deg$^2$ corresponding to $0.3-0.5$ comoving Gpc$^2$. We obtain the average large-scale bias values of $b_{\rm avg}=4.1\pm 0.2$ ($4.5\pm 0.6$) at $z=5.7$ ($z=6.6$) for $\gtrsim L^*$ LAEs, indicating the weak evolution of LAE clustering from $z=5.7$ to $6.6$. We compare the LAE clustering results with two independent theoretical models that suggest an increase of an LAE clustering signal by the patchy ionized bubbles at the epoch of reionization (EoR), and estimate the neutral hydrogen fraction to be $x_{\rm HI}=0.15^{+0.15}_{-0.15}$ at $z=6.6$. Based on the halo occupation distribution models, we find that the $\gtrsim L^*$ LAEs are hosted by the dark-matter halos with the average mass of $\log (\left < M_{\rm h} \right >/M_\odot) =11.1^{+0.2}_{-0.4}$ ($10.8^{+0.3}_{-0.5}$) at $z=5.7$ ($6.6$) with a Ly$\alpha$ duty cycle of 1 % or less, where the results of $z=6.6$ LAEs may be slightly biased, due to the increase of the clustering signal at the EoR. Our clustering analysis reveals the low-mass nature of $\gtrsim L^*$ LAEs at $z=6-7$, and that these LAEs probably evolve into massive super-$L^*$ galaxies in the present-day universe., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in PASJ special issue

We present clustering properties from 579,492 Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z~4-6 over the 100 deg^2 sky (corresponding to a 1.4 Gpc^3 volume) identified in early data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru strategic program survey. We derive angular correlation functions (ACFs) of the HSC LBGs with unprecedentedly high statistical accuracies at z~4-6, and compare them with the halo occupation distribution (HOD) models. We clearly identify significant ACF excesses in 10", Comment: 34 pages, 27 figures, PASJ in press

Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) is a wide-field imaging camera on the prime focus of the 8.2m Subaru telescope on the summit of Maunakea in Hawaii. A team of scientists from Japan, Taiwan and Princeton University is using HSC to carry out a 300-night multi-band imaging survey of the high-latitude sky. The survey includes three layers: the Wide layer will cover 1400 deg$^2$ in five broad bands ($grizy$), with a $5\,\sigma$ point-source depth of $r \approx 26$. The Deep layer covers a total of 26~deg$^2$ in four fields, going roughly a magnitude fainter, while the UltraDeep layer goes almost a magnitude fainter still in two pointings of HSC (a total of 3.5 deg$^2$). Here we describe the instrument, the science goals of the survey, and the survey strategy and data processing. This paper serves as an introduction to a special issue of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, which includes a large number of technical and scientific papers describing results from the early phases of this survey., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables. Corrected for a typo in the coordinates of HSC-Wide spring equatorial field in Table 5

The Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) is a three-layered imaging survey aimed at addressing some of the most outstanding questions in astronomy today, including the nature of dark matter and dark energy. The survey has been awarded 300 nights of observing time at the Subaru Telescope and it started in March 2014. This paper presents the first public data release of HSC-SSP. This release includes data taken in the first 1.7 years of observations (61.5 nights) and each of the Wide, Deep, and UltraDeep layers covers about 108, 26, and 4 square degrees down to depths of i~26.4, ~26.5, and ~27.0 mag, respectively (5sigma for point sources). All the layers are observed in five broad bands (grizy), and the Deep and UltraDeep layers are observed in narrow bands as well. We achieve an impressive image quality of 0.6 arcsec in the i-band in the Wide layer. We show that we achieve 1-2 per cent PSF photometry (rms) both internally and externally (against Pan-STARRS1), and ~10 mas and 40 mas internal and external astrometric accuracy, respectively. Both the calibrated images and catalogs are made available to the community through dedicated user interfaces and database servers. In addition to the pipeline products, we also provide value-added products such as photometric redshifts and a collection of public spectroscopic redshifts. Detailed descriptions of all the data can be found online. The data release website is https://hsc-release.mtk.nao.ac.jp/., 34 pages, 20 figures, 7 tables, moderate revision, accepted for publication in PASJ

FIRST program from the Japanese Cabinet Office; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT); Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Toray Science Foundation; NAOJ; Kavli IPMU; KEK; ASIAA; Princeton University; National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NNX08AR22G]; National Science Foundation [AST-1238877]; Ehime University; KAKENHI through the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science [23244025, 15H02064]; World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI Initiative), MEXT, Japan; Hayakawa Satio Fund - Astronomical Society of Japan

We have found that the dialysis of curdlan dissolved in alkaline solution into aqueous solutions of metal salts yielded multifold gel structures. Aqueous sodium chloride and potassium chloride as well as pure water induced isotropic gels. Aqueous calcium salts induced liquid crystalline gel with refractive index gradient/amorphous gel alternative structure. Aqueous salts of trivalent aluminum and ferric cations induced a rigid liquid crystalline gel, which shrank above a threshold concentration of each salt. On the other hand, Liesegang ring-like pattern was observed with aqueous solutions of mixed salts of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride. The patterns have been classified to discuss the mechanism of forming the variety of structures.

To track the three-dimensional behavior of liquid surfaces in storage tanks on orbit, a numerical scheme based on the level set method was developed. For the verification of the numerical methods, experimental data were acquired through the observation of the unsteady deformations of liquid surfaces in cylindrical containers under low-gravity conditions in a drop tower. Primary emphasis was placed on the dynamic behavior of the liquid surface and the displacement of the contact line on the solid wall. Based on the results, the boundary condition for surface tension was discussed and the model of wetting phenomena was adequately introduced into the computation. Compared with the experimental data, the corresponding numerical results showed good agreement. With the developed code, the flowfields at the draining process in the liquid oxygen (LO X ) tank for the upper-stage propulsion system of an H-IIA launch vehicle under low-gravity conditions were also investigated. It was found that the buoyancy induced by a slight acceleration was efficient to prevent dip growth and that the serviceable propellant in the launch-vehicle tank could thereby be increased in a realistic situation.

LE-7A engine inducers require high head rise and high suction performance in spite of cavitating conditions because a low-speed, low-pressure pump is not used in front of the main pump in the LE-7A engine. During the development phase, use of the LE-7A fuel turbopump with an original inducer resulted in a noticeable deterioration of suction performance near the required net positive suction head. When the pump inlet pressure was gradually reduced, the inducer caused sudden remarkable head degradation, and the rotor vibration was greatly amplified because the frequency of the vibration almost coincided with that of the second critical speed of the turbopump. This vibration was caused by a rotating-stall-type phenomenon, which is considered to be closely related to backflow cavitation at the inducer inlet. Improvement of the inducer was indispensable for enhancement of the reliability of the hydrogen turbopump. Thus, an inlet flow coefficient larger than that of the original inducer was selected to reduce the inlet backflow. A redesign of the original inducer and test results of the hydrogen turbopump with the newly developed inducer are reported.

近い将来の再使用型ロケットエンジンの性能向上の一案として，伸展ノズルやデュアルベルノズルが有望であると考えられている．そこで，これらのノズルの基本特性を把握するために，４種のノズル（標準ノズル，伸展途中の過渡状態を模擬したステップノズル，デュアルベルノズルおよび可動伸展ノズル）を用いて，高空性能燃焼試験を実施した．試験で計測したノズル性能，圧力分布および熱伝達率等のデータをＣＦＤ解析結果と比較検討した．その結果，デュアルベルノズルの性能は標準ノズルやステップノズルよりも低く，現状のノズルコンターはさらに改良の余地があることが判明した．また，可動伸展ノズルの伸展時には，固定ノズルと伸展ノズル隙間からの燃焼ガスの逆流は認められず，ノズル壁面の熱伝達率は過渡的に約20％増加することが判明した．これらの現象はＣＦＤ解析結果とも一致し，ＣＦＤ解析によってノズルのステップ流れや逆流が予測できる目処を得た．

Oxidants have been shown to be involved in alcohol-induced liver injury. This study was designed to determine whether cocoa flavonoid extract, composed mostly of epicatechin and epicatechin oligomers, protects against early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed high-fat liquid diets with or without ethanol (10-14 g/kg per day) and cocoa extract (400 mg/kg per day) continuously for 4 weeks using an enteral feeding protocol. Mean body weight gains ( approximately 4 g/day) were not significantly different between treatment groups. Cocoa extract did not affect average daily urine ethanol concentrations ( approximately 200mg/dL). After 4 weeks, serum alanine amino transferase levels of the ethanol group were increased nearly fourfold (110+/-16 IU/L) compared to control values (35+/-3 IU/L); this effect of ethanol was blocked by cocoa extract (60+/-6 IU/L). Additionally, enteral ethanol caused severe fat accumulation, mild inflammation, and necrosis in the liver; cocoa extract significantly blunted these changes. Increases in liver TNFalpha protein levels caused by ethanol were completely blocked by cocoa extract. Further, ethanol significantly increased the accumulation of protein adducts of 4-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation serving as an index of oxidative stress; again this was counteracted by the addition of cocoa extract. These results indicate that dietary flavanols such as those found in cocoa can prevent early alcohol-induced liver injury.

Carbohydrate expression of cancer cells is closely related to the metastatic nature of colorectal cancer. In the present study we investigated the relevance of carbohydrate expression profiles of colorectal cancer cells in the primary lesion to metastatic distribution patterns as well as prognosis in 134 cases. Carbohydrate expression was estimated by histochemistry with 17 kinds of lectins and 3 kinds of Lewis-related monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), and correlations between the staining and clinicopathological parameters were examined. The results showed that lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and peritoneal metastasis correlated with staining with lectins that bind galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine residues (Gal/GalNAc) such as Maclura pomifera (MPA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Helix pomatia (HPA), and Vicia villosa (VVA). In contrast, hepatic metastasis correlated with staining with Anguilla anguilla lectin (AAA), anti-LewisX (LEX-2), anti-sialyl Lewisa (NS19-9), and anti-sialyl-dimeric LewisX (FH-6) MAbs, all of which bind preferentially to fucosylated carbohydrate chains. The five-year survival rate of patients was related to the staining of cancers with MPA, HPA, FH-6 or NS19-9, and MPA- and FH-6 staining were independent prognostic factors. We conclude that carbohydrate expression profiles of cancer cells are relevant to the route of tumor cell dissemination, metastatic pattern as well as prognosis of colorectal cancer.

The full material constants of a 40% Sc-AlN thin film were systematically determined. First, 4 kinds of MEMS resonators and a Lamb wave resonator were used to determine the material constants as much as possible. The other unknown material constants together with the material constants which needed more accurate estimation were determined based on ultrasonic microspectroscopy and parameter fitting. The phase velocity versus frequency (v-f) characteristics of A 0 and S 0 mode leaky Lamb waves in a self-suspended ScAlN film were measured using an ultrasonic microscope, and then theoretical v-f characteristics were fitted to the measured ones by tuning the material constants as parameters.

To give appropriate assesment of propellant management systems for space application, the behavior of two-phase flows under low gravity conditions was both experimentally and numerically studied. By use of a numerical analysis method with C-CUP(CIP Combined Unified Procedure)scheme coupled with Level Set method and CSF(continuum Surface Force)model, the flow fields in a liquid rocket propellant tank were simulated. Main concern was placed on the generation of a deep dip of the gas phase. The numerical results were compared with corresponding experimental data obtained in a drop tower, and they showed good agreement. The generation of the dip was clearly revealed, and the phenomenon of gas suction was properly reproduced in the simulation. The effect of gravity force on the dip generation was studied, and it was found that the dip generation was alleviated with increase in the gravity force.

A combustion chamber partially coated with ZrO 2 /Ni functionally graded materials (FGM) was cyclically tested, using a bipropellant of nitrogen tetroxide (NTO)/ monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) at a chamber pressure (P c ) of 0.9 MPa, to show the effect of such coatings on the life span of the chamber. This thermal barrier coatings were applied using a process that employed the electroforming method. The C * efficiency (ηC * ) for the durability tests of the partially ZrO 2 /Ni FGM-coated chamber was 97% at P c =0.9 MPa and mixture ratio (MR) of NTO/MMH=1.65. At the cylindrical section of the chamber, the thermal barrier coating subsequent to composed of pure ZrO 2 remained partially intact. However, the inner surface coating of the chamber throat section suffered premature delamination. The typical damage mode observed in a carbon fiber-reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) chamber of a bipropellant engine in our previous study was also seen near the injector face. In the cycle durability tests, the damage to the coating was inspected by means of the Replica method. After a total of 260 firing tests, a profile of the coating damage was obtained by means of a computer-aided micro-analyzer (CMA) system.

Curdlan ((1 → 3)-β-D-glucan) was found to be fractionated through liquid—liquid phase equilibrium with the mixture dimethyl sulfoxide + lithium chloride as a solvent and acetone as a precipitant. Light scattering and viscosity measurements were made on solutions of fractionated samples in 0.3 M NaOH in the range of the molecular weight Mw, from 5.3 × 104 to 2.0 × 106. The observed intrinsic viscosity [η] was analysed by the Yamakawa—Fujii—Yoshizaki theory of a wormlike chain, and the persistence length, molecular weight per unit contour length and molecular diameter were determined roughly as 6.8 nm, 890 g nm−1 and 1.1 nm, respectively. These molecular parameters represented the molecular weight dependence of [η] and the mean-square radius of gyration 〈s2〉z, reasonably indicating an effect of the excluded volume at large Mw. Detailed behaviour of curdlan in 0.3 M NaOH could not be revealed on account of a large uncertainty caused by microgel aggregates in the light scattering measurements.

Recently, it was reported that the piezoelectric characteristic of AlN was enhanced by doping Sc, and that 40% Sc-doped AlN (Sc0.4Al0.6N) had approximately 5 times higher piezoelectricity than pure AlN. In this study, we designed, fabricated and evaluated Lamb wave resonators using a Sc0.4Al0.6N thin film. First, we examined elastic constants c44E and c44D of Sc0.4Al0.6N using a thickness-shear wave resonator excited by parallel electric field, and then designed Lamb wave resonators using revised material constants. The Lamb wave resonators were fabricated by electron beam lithography, reactive ion etching, XeF2 release etching etc. The maximum and average electromechanical coupling coefficients were 8.3% and 6.8%, respectively, for 2.6 GHz devices working in S0 mode.

Curdlan beads consisting of liquid crystalline gel (LCG) and amorphous gel (AG) in alternating layers in a wide range of diameters were newly prepared by interfacial insolubilization reactions using calcium chloride as the setting reagent. The thickness of the liquid crystalline layer was proportional to the diameter of the gel bead, and the proportional constant agreed with that determined for the cylindrical gel prepared by a dialysis method. The proportional constant initially increased with increasing calcium concentration of the dispersing medium and saturated at a high concentration limit. These results suggest that the mechanisms for forming the alternating LCG/AG structures prepared with different boundary conditions are the same. The LCG/AG structure could be controlled by calcium concentration.

We present the Lya luminosity functions (LFs) derived by our deep Subaru narrowband survey that identifies a total of 3,137 Lya emitters (LAEs) at $z = 2.2$ in five independent blank fields. The sample of these LAEs is the largest, to date, and covers a very wide Lya luminosity range of $\log L_{Ly\alpha} = 41.7-44.4$ erg s$^{-1}$. We determine the Lya LF at $z = 2.2$ with unprecedented accuracies, and obtain the best-fit Schechter parameters of $L^{*}_{Ly\alpha} = 5.29^{+1.67}_{-1.13} \times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$, $\phi^{*}_{Ly\alpha} = 6.32^{+3.08}_{-2.31} \times 10^{-4}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, and $\alpha = -1.75^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$ showing a steep faint-end slope. We identify a significant hump at the LF bright end ($\log L_{Ly\alpha} > 43.4$ erg s$^{-1}$). Because all of the LAEs in the bright-end hump have (a) bright counterpart(s) either in the X-ray, UV, or radio data, this bright-end hump is not made by gravitational lensing magnification bias but AGNs. These AGNs allow us to derive the AGN UV LF at $z \sim 2$ down to the faint magnitude limit of $M_{UV} \simeq -22.5$, and to constrain the faint-end slope of AGN UV LF, $\alpha_{AGN}=-1.2 \pm 0.1$, that is flatter than those at $z > 4$. Based on the Lya and UV LFs from our and previous studies, we find the increase of Lya escape fraction $f^{Ly\alpha}_{esc}$ from $z \sim 0$ to $6$ by two orders of magnitude. This large $f^{Ly\alpha}_{esc}$ increase can be explained neither by the evolution of stellar population nor outflow alone, but the evolution of neutral hydrogen HI density in inter-stellar medium that enhances dust attenuation for Lya by resonance scattering. Our uniform expanding shell models suggest that the typical HI column density decreases from $N_{HI} \sim 7 \times 10^{19}$ ($z \sim 0$) to $\sim 1 \times 10^{18}$ cm$^{-2}$ ($z \sim 6$) to explain the large $f^{Ly\alpha}_{esc}$ increase., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, 5 tables, Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

The characteristics of curdlan preparations that were dehydrated after heating at various temperatures in water were examined by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy. X-Ray diffraction patterns showed that crystallinity was higher in preparations heated to above 80°C, with heated preparations at 170°C having the highest crystallinity. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the temperature of the endothermic peak caused by swelling decreased and that the peak area became smaller with increasing heating temperatures. Moreover, preparations of (1 → 3)-β- d -glucans of low molecular mass, DPn 131 and 49, with and without heating at 120°C gave similar X-ray diffraction patterns and differential scanning calorimetry curves to those of the original curdlan. The crystallinity was particularly high without heating in the preparation of DP n 49 though the endotherm associated with the breakage of hydrogen bonds was lower and the enthalpy smaller than found for the original curdlan. Electron microscopic studies showed that longer and wider microfibrils were formed in curdlan gels, while shorter microfibrils or crystals were formed with the lower molecular mass samples of (1 → 3)-β- d -glucan, which are incapable of forming gels.

The developing countries in their effort in promoting and guiding their industrialization program require effective land use and transportation planning to facilitate the urbanization process and optimize the use of resources. The recent rapid industrialization process in the Johor Bahru metropolitan area due to overspill development from Singapore, the Johor (Malaysia) and Batam Island (Indonesia), the Singapore development triangle proposal and policy deregulation of the Johor State government need reexamination of the existing Structure Plan policy (1984) framework for this region. The authors made observations on the current development and land use and transport policy framework of Johor Bahru-Pasir Gudang Structure Plan (1984), Malaysia with a view towards improving the land use and transportation planning approach.

By alteration of pH values and addition of salts and sugar during the process of ham preparation, the denaturation temperatures of whey protein concentrates (WPC) and their constituents, α-lactalbumin (α-La) and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The denaturation temperatures of WPC, α-La, and β-Lg shifted to the higher temperature by alteration of pH values to an isoelectric value for each protein, and addition of sodium chloride. These results may due to alteration of the balance of forces (such as charge-charge interactions, hydrophobic bonding, and hydrogen bonds etc.) which have been implicated in the stabilization of the secondary-tertiary structure of a globular protein according to the change of pH values or addition of sodium chloride. Secondly, effects of the addition of WPC on model hams preparation were studied. The DSC curves of the model ham paste added WPC showed another endothermic peak besides the endothermic peaks that were found in the model ham paste without WPC. From these results, it became evident that WPC, a-La, and β-Lg denaturated at the heating temperature (ca.75°C) in ham preparation process. The ability of water-retention was improved and some properties, such as strength, cohesiveness, elasticity and chewyness, became higher in the ham added WPC.

The development of H-II launch vehicle was initiated by the National Space Development Agency of Japan in 1985 and has reached its final stage. Based on experiences of the H-I development, both the 1st and the 2nd stages of H-II rocket have employed advanced cryogenic propulsion systems to inject a 4 ton-class payload into geostationary transfer orbit. The second stage is powered by an upgraded version of the H-I's LE-5 cryogenic engine, LE-5A. The qualification firing tests of LE-5A completed in March, 1991 and the captive firing tests of the second stage system are under way. These test results show that its performance and reliability is satisfactory. The first stage uses a newly developed, high performance LH2/LOX engine, LE-7. In the course of the LE-7 development, some technical difficulties were encountered and lead to the delay of the engine qualification firing test and the 1st stage system firing test. This paper presents the current development status of the cryogenic propulsion systems for H-II launch vehicle, placing an emphasis on the test results.

Gel formation of curdlan at 100–130°C and behaviors of curdlan gels under frozen state were investigated by measuring gel strength and syneresis. Even when aqueous suspensions of curdlan were heated to 100°C or higher, they formed a gel, and gel strength increased with temperature. Curdlan gel was also stable against freezing and thawing. The syneresis of a 4% curdlan gel after freezing and thawing was reduced from 20.6% to about 2.1% by addition of 5% waxy corn starch and to 8.9% by addition of 20% sucrose. Suggested by these findings, new applications to foods have been developed, especially those subject to retorting and/or freezing.

The interactions of poly(γ-glutamic acid) with Cu(II) and Mn(II) ions in aqueous solution were studied by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonances. The addition of Cu(II) ions to poly(γ-glutamic acid) solution selectively broadens the α-proton signal, the side-chain carboxyl carbon signal, and the α-carbon signal. The addition of Mn(II) selectively broadens the α-proton signal, the side-chain carboxyl carbon signal, and the main chain carbonyl carbon signal. It is concluded that the oxygen atom of the side-chain carboxyl group of poly(γ-glutamic acid) binds to Cu(II) and Mn(II) ions in aqueous solution at neutral pH and at room temperature. It is also probable that the nitrogen atom of the amide group binds to Cu(II) and that the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group binds to Mn(II). These groups bound to Cu(II) and Mn(II) ions undergo rapid exchange between the bound and free states, and the life time of the bound state is short, less than 10−4 s for Mn(II) complex.

Curdlan dissolved in alkaline solution forms a unique gel consisting of liquid crystalline gel (LCG) and amorphous gel (AG) in alternating layers by a dialysis into aqueous calcium chloride. The unique structure has been investigated by measuring the birefringence of the gel Deltan, the ratio q of the thickness of LCG layer delta to the gel radius R, and the calcium content in the gel C(Ca) in a wide range of molecular weights of fractionated Curdlan, as well as unfractionated Curdlan as a control. With increasing molecular weight of Curdlan, Deltan increased and q = delta/R decreased, and both became saturated at high molecular weight. Deltan and q for unfractionated Curdlan were smaller and larger, respectively, than those for fractionated Curdlan. C(Ca) was constant irrespective of molecular weight and its distribution, which means that the abundance of calcium ions per glucose unit in the gel does not depend on the degree of orientation of mesogens. These results suggest that the amorphous phase appears when the size of the Curdlan molecules is larger than the average intermolecular distance, resulting from the random coil to triple helix transformation of Curdlan molecules associated with lowering hydroxide anion concentration in the dialysis process.