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Aims/Introduction This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine whether frequent nutritional education improves the clinical parameters associated with the onset and progression of diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Materials and Methods A total of 96 patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease were randomly assigned to the intensive intervention group that received nutritional education at every outpatient visit, and the usual intervention group that received nutritional education once a year. The anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, blood chemistry, albuminuria, protein and salt intake, and prescribed medications of 87 patients who completed the 2‐year follow up were analyzed. Results In the intensive intervention group, body mass index and salt intake significantly decreased over the study period. Hemoglobin A1c levels and body fat percentage were significantly lower in the intensive intervention group than in the usual intervention group. At the end of the 2‐year intervention period, the intensive intervention group had significantly lower salt intake (8.1 vs 9.4 g/day) than the usual intervention group. A significant positive correlation was found between salt intake and albuminuria in the overall group and intensive intervention group (r = 0.26, P = 0.02, and r = 0.36, P = 0.02, respectively). The intensive intervention group had a significantly lower insulin use rate than the usual intervention group after the 2‐year intervention period (18% vs 42%). No differences were found in estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria. Conclusion Intensive nutritional education is useful for alleviating the risk factors associated with the onset and progression of diabetic kidney disease.

IntroductionGiven an increasing use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the real-world setting, we conducted a prospective observational study (Japan-based Clinical Research Network for Diabetes Registry: J-BRAND Registry) to elucidate the safety and efficacy profile of long-term usage of alogliptin.Research design and methodsWe registered 5969 patients from April 2012 through September 2014, who started receiving alogliptin (group A) or other classes of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs; group B), and were followed for 3 years at 239 sites nationwide. Safety was the primary outcome. Symptomatic hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, skin disorders of non-extrinsic origin, severe infections, and cancer were collected as major adverse events (AEs). Efficacy assessment was the secondary outcome and included changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and urinary albumin.ResultsOf the registered, 5150 (group A: 3395 and group B: 1755) and 5096 (3358 and 1738) were included for safety and efficacy analysis, respectively. Group A patients mostly (>90%) continued to use alogliptin. In group B, biguanides were the primary agents, while DPP-4 inhibitors were added in up to ~36% of patients. The overall incidence of AEs was similar between the two groups (42.7% vs 42.2%). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the incidence of cancer was significantly higher in group A than in group B (7.4% vs 4.8%, p=0.040), while no significant incidence difference was observed in the individual cancer. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the imbalanced patient distribution (more elderly patients in group A than in group B), but not alogliptin usage per se, contributed to cancer development. The incidence of other major AE categories was with no between-group difference. Between-group difference was not detected, either, in the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. HbA1c and fasting glucose decreased significantly at the 0.5-year visit and nearly plateaued thereafter in both groups.ConclusionsAlogliptin as a representative of DPP-4 inhibitors was safe and durably efficacious when used alone or with other OHAs for patients with type 2 diabetes in the real world setting.

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is promising technology for next generation lithography for the fabrication of semiconductor devices. The advantages of NIL are simpler process, less design rule restriction, which lead to lower cost-of-ownership, compared with conventional optical lithography. NIL is one to one lithography and contact transfer technique using template. Therefore template quality variations impact on wafer performance directly. To introduce NIL technology to high volume manufacturing (HVM) of semiconductor devices, improvement of template quality is very important. In the situation of pattern size shrinking, it is necessary to improve CD uniformity and defectivity to achieve the target of HVM. So that high accuracy QA (Quality Assurance) tools are required to qualify CD uniformity and defectivity which are key metrics on high-end template development. In this paper, we show the current status of template development for sub15nm NIL. For the template fabrication, double patterning technologies were applied to extend pattern resolution limit. Template replication was also implemented by template replication system Canon FPA1100-NR2. Finally we will show QA examples for high accuracy template by using key metrics such as CD uniformity, defectivity and Cross-sectional profile.

s Hyperphagia triggers and accelerates diabetes, and prevents proper dietary control of glycemia. Inversely, the impact of hyperglycemia on hyperphagia and possible mechanistic cause common for these two metabolic disorders in type 2 diabetes are less defined. The present study examined the precise developmental process of hyperglycemia and hyperphagia and explored the alterations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), the primary feeding and metabolic center, in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with type 2 diabetes and nearly normal body weight. At mid 3 to 4 weeks of age, GK rats first exhibited hyperglycemia, and then hyperphagia and reduced mRNA expressions for anorexigenic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and glucokinase in ARC. Furthermore, [Ca2+]i responses to high glucose in ARC POMC neurons were impaired in GK rats at 4 weeks. Treating GK rats from early 3 to mid 6 weeks of age with an anti-diabetic medicine miglitol not only suppressed hyperglycemia but ameliorated hyperphagia and restored POMC mRNA expression in ARC. These results suggest that the early hyperglycemia occurring in weaning period may lead to impaired glucose sensing and neuronal activity of POMC neurons, and thereby induce hyperphagia in GK rats. Correction of hyperglycemia in the early period may prevent and/or ameliorate the progression of hyperphagia in type 2 diabetes.

Summary We report a case of a woman with diabetes mellitus caused by a genetic defect in ABCC8-coding sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1), a subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel protein. She was diagnosed with diabetes at 7 days after birth. After intravenous insulin drip for 1 month, her hyperglycaemia remitted. At the age of 13 years, her diabetes relapsed, and after that she had been treated by intensive insulin therapy for 25 years with relatively poor glycaemic control. She was switched to oral sulfonylurea therapy and attained euglycaemia. In addition, her insulin secretory capacity was ameliorated gradually. Learning points: Genetic testing should be considered in any individuals or family with diabetes that occurred within the first year or so of life. Sulfonylurea can achieve good glycaemic control in patients with KATP channel mutations by restoring endogenous insulin secretion, even if they were treated with insulin for decades. Early screening and genetic testing are important to improve the prognosis of patients with neonatal diabetes mellitus arising from ABCC8 or KCNJ11 mutation.

It is generally said that conventional deep ultraviolet inspection tools have difficulty meeting the defect requirement for extreme ultraviolet masks of hp 1X nm. In previous studies, it has been shown that the newly developed optics and systems using deep ultraviolet, named Super Inspection Resolution Improvement method for UnreSolved pattern (SIRIUS), has high sensitivity for nanoimprint lithography templates with unresolved patterns which are the same scale as the wafer. In this paper, the capability of SIRIUS for the extreme ultraviolet mask of hp 1X nm lines and spaces pattern has been studied by evaluating the signal to noise ratio of inspection images and capture rates with 5 runs to the target defects which cause over 10% printed wafer critical dimension errors calculated by simulation. It was demonstrated that the signal to noise ratio was increased and the all target defects became detectable with the throughput of 120 min per 100 × 100 mm2 . Additionally, the printability of natural defects detected with SIRIUS was analyzed. It was confirmed that SIRIUS was able to detect natural defects under 10% of wafer critical dimension. In conclusion, we confirm that SIRIUS can be available for the extreme ultraviolet mask inspection of hp 1X nm lines and spaces pattern.

The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is used to test vascular function and is an arterial stiffness marker and potential predictor of cardiovascular events. This study aimed to analyze the relation between objective indices of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) and the CAVI. One hundred sixty-six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in this study. We used nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and the coefficient of variation of the R-R interval to evaluate DPN. We estimated arteriosclerosis by the CAVI. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed between neuropathy indices and the CAVI. In univariate analysis, the CAVI showed significant associations with sural sensory nerve conduction velocity and median F-wave conduction velocity. Multiple linear regression analysis for the CAVI showed that sural nerve conduction velocity and median F-wave conduction velocity were significant explanatory variables second only to age. In multiple linear regression analysis for sural nerve conduction velocity among neuropathy indices, the CAVI remained the most significant explanatory variable. In multiple linear regression analysis for median nerve F-wave conduction velocity among neuropathy indices, the CAVI remained the second most significant explanatory variable following HbA1c. These results suggest a close relationship between macroangiopathy and DPN.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between atherosclerotic manifestations and brachial and radial arterial wall elasticity (AWE) measured using the phased tracking method in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study included T2DM patients (n=220, mean age 59 years) without a history of stroke or coronary artery disease. The brachial AWE, radial AWE, carotid mean intima-media thickness (IMT), max-IMT and flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) were measured. The patients were classified according to the number of atherosclerotic risk factors, including obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Group 1 included T2DM patients only, group 2 included patients with two risk factors, group 3 included patients with three risk factors and group 4 included patients with four risk factors. The patients were also divided into two groups according to microangiopathic complications, including retinopathy and nephropathy. The between-group differences were analyzed. Results: The brachial AWE (548, 697, 755 and 771 kPa for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) and radial AWE (532, 637, 717 and 782 kPa for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) significantly increased in association with an increasing number of risk factors. The brachial AWE and radial AWE were significantly higher in the patients with microangiopathic complications than in those without microangiopathic complications (brachial AWE 797 and 694 kPa and radial AWE 780 and 660 kPa, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed that, for brachial AWE and radial AWE, the area under the curve was equal to the max-IMT and higher than the mean-IMT and FMD. Conclusions: Upper limb AWE measurement can reflect the degree of atherosclerosis risk overload and may be useful for evaluating vascular complications in T2DM patients. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2013; 20:678-687.

UV nano imprint lithography (UV-NIL) has high-throughput and cost-effective for complex nano-scale patterns and is considered as a candidate for next generation lithography tool. In addition, NIL is the unmagnified lithography and contact transfer technique using template. Therefore, the lithography performance depends greatly on the quality of the template pattern. According to ITRS 2013, the minimum half pitch size of Line and Space (LS) pattern will reach 1x nm level within next five years. On the other hand, in hole pattern, half pith of 2x nm level will be required in five years. Pattern shrink rate of hole pattern size is slower than LS pattern, but shot counts increase explosively compared to LS pattern due to its data volume. Therefore, high throughput and high resolution EB lithography process is required. In previous study, we reported the result of hole patterning on master template which has high resolution resist material and etching process. This study indicated the potential for fabricating 2xnm hole master template [1]. After above study, we aim at fabricating the good quality of 2xnm master template which is assured about defect, CD uniformity(CDU), and Image placement(IP). To product high quality master template, we develop not only high resolution patterning process but also high accuracy quality assurance technology. We report the development progress about hole master template production.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]. Both traditional and nontraditional molecules have been explored to explain the development of DM-related CVD. Molecules associated with the circulatory system, such as the natriuretic peptides, which are counterregulatory hormones involved in the regulation of volume homeostasis and cardiovascular remodeling, are an important clue for understanding the underlying mechanisms of DM-related CVD [2]. The plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level is thus a predictor of CVD events and death [3]. Additionally, the oxidative stress burden may in part explain the link between DM and CVD [4]. Although several markers are applicable, the diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) test and malondialdehyde (MDA) are indicators of the global oxidative stress burden in a clinical setting [5], especially in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) [6, 7]. Liraglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like receptor peptide (GLP)-1 analogue, is a recent treatment modality that may tolerably improve glycemic control [8–10] and provide beneficial cardiovascular effects via extrapancreatic mechanisms [11, 12]. Clinical studies of the association between liraglutide and cardiovascular risk markers, especially nontraditional markers, have been limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 24 weeks of treatment with liraglutide on cardiovascular risk markers such as BNP, d-ROMs, and MDA in patients with T2DM.

A recently discovered satiety molecule, nesfatin-1, is localized in neurons of the hypothalamus and brain stem and colocalized with stress-related substances, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), oxytocin, proopiomelanocortin, noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of nesfatin-1 produces fear-related behaviors and potentiates stressor-induced increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels in rats. These findings suggest a link between nesfatin-1 and stress. In the present study, we aimed to further clarify the neuronal network by which nesfatin-1 could induce stress responses in rats. Restraint stress induced c-Fos expressions in nesfatin-1-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus, and in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) in the brain stem, without altering plasma nesfatin-1 levels. Icv nesfatin-1 induced c-Fos expressions in the PVN, SON, NTS, LC, DR and median raphe nucleus, including PVN-CRH, NTS-NA, LC-NA and DR-5-HT neurons. Nesfatin-1 increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the CRH-immunoreactive neurons isolated from PVN. Icv nesfatin-1 increased plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels. These results indicate that the central nesfatin-1 system is stimulated by stress and activates CRH, NA and 5-HT neurons and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, evoking both central and peripheral stress responses.

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a novel metabolic regulator. This cross-sectional study was performed to clarify how serum FGF21 levels were associated with clinical parameters in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes (n=139). Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters, uses of drugs for diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were examined regarding associations with fasting serum FGF21 concentrations. FGF21 levels were 6-times higher in those subjects taking fibrates. However, a use of thiazolidinediones did not affect serum FGF21 levels while it induced higher serum adiponectin levels. In univariate analyses, FGF21 levels showed associations with a use of fibrates, triglyceride levels, creatinine levels, waist circumference, and BMI. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for age, gender and BMI showed that a use of fibrates, triglyceride levels and creatinine levels were strong contributors to serum FGF21 levels. In contrast, a use of thiazolidinediones, HDL-cholesterol levels and fasting insulin levels were strong contributors to serum adiponectin levels. This study revealed that serum FGF21 levels were biochemical indicators correlating to a set of essential metabolic parameters, which was distinct from that correlating to serum adiponectin levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Avaliaram-se 65 variedades de arroz-de-sequeiro (Oryza sativa L.) quanto à sensitividade à radiação gama. As sementes foram submetidas a sete doses de radiação gama e semeadas em caixas de madeira no delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação em 1992. A medida da sensitividade foi efetuada por meio dos efeitos fisiológicos produzidos na geração M1; determinaram-se as percentagens de emergência, sobrevivência e a altura das plântulas. Os resultados mostraram que a sensitividade à radiação gama foi eficiente para discriminar os grupos Índica e Japônica nas dosagens de 300 e 360 Gy.Sixty-five upland rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) were evaluated in relation to gamma-ray sensitivity. Seeds were subjected to seven doses of gamma-radiation and sown in wooden boxes in randomised complete block design with three replications. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse during the year of 1992. Physiological effects caused by radiation in the M1 generation, were evaluated. The results showed that the sensitivity to the radiation at doses 300 and 360 Gy was useful for distinguishing Indica and Japonica groups.

A caracterização e avaliação de variedades de arroz auxiliam na seleção dos parentais e na ampliação da base genética dos programas de melhoramento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar três grupos de arroz-de-sequeiro (Oryza sativa L.) de diferentes procedências por meio da sensitividade à radiação gama. Sementes de 84 variedades procedentes do Japão, Filipinas e Brasil foram submetidas a v��rias dosagens de radiação gama e semeadas em caixas de madeira no delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, em 1991, no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Mediu-se a sensitividade por meio dos efeitos fisiológicos produzidos na geração M1; determinaram-se as porcentagens de emergência, a sobrevivência e a altura das plântulas. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas de sensitividade à radiação gama entre grupos em todos os caracteres avaliados.The characterization and evaluation of varieties of rice aid in the parents selection and in the increase of the genetic base of breeding programs. The present work was carried out to characterize and to evaluate three groups of rice upland (Oryza sativa L.) of different origins through gamma-ray sensitivity. Seeds of 84 varieties collected from Japan, Philippines and Brazil, were submitted to various doses of gamma-radiation and sown in wooden boxes. The experiment was conducted in 1991 at greenhouse according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Physiological effects caused by radiation in the M1 generation, such as seed emergency, seedling height and survival rate, were determined and evaluated. The results showed significant differences of sensitivity to the radiation among three groups for all traits evaluated.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0006-87052002000100004.pdf: 227729 bytes, checksum: a5f07d3b1a5f27388fbcb1d57ff7e29f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0006-87052002000100004.pdf: 227729 bytes, checksum: a5f07d3b1a5f27388fbcb1d57ff7e29f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:39:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0006-87052002000100004.pdf: 227729 bytes, checksum: a5f07d3b1a5f27388fbcb1d57ff7e29f (MD5) S0006-87052002000100004.pdf.txt: 27427 bytes, checksum: 86b9b7abdf3b937078539f57aaa14c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:10:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0006-87052002000100004.pdf: 227729 bytes, checksum: a5f07d3b1a5f27388fbcb1d57ff7e29f (MD5) S0006-87052002000100004.pdf.txt: 27427 bytes, checksum: 86b9b7abdf3b937078539f57aaa14c26 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:10:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0006-87052002000100004.pdf: 227729 bytes, checksum: a5f07d3b1a5f27388fbcb1d57ff7e29f (MD5) S0006-87052002000100004.pdf.txt: 27427 bytes, checksum: 86b9b7abdf3b937078539f57aaa14c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A caracterização e avaliação de variedades de arroz auxiliam na seleção dos parentais e na ampliação da base genética dos programas de melhoramento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar três grupos de arroz-de-sequeiro (Oryza sativa L.) de diferentes procedências por meio da sensitividade à radiação gama. Sementes de 84 variedades procedentes do Japão, Filipinas e Brasil foram submetidas a várias dosagens de radiação gama e semeadas em caixas de madeira no delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso com três repetições. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, em 1991, no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Mediu-se a sensitividade por meio dos efeitos fisiológicos produzidos na geração M1; determinaram-se as porcentagens de emergência, a sobrevivência e a altura das plântulas. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas de sensitividade à radiação gama entre grupos em todos os caracteres avaliados. The characterization and evaluation of varieties of rice aid in the parents selection and in the increase of the genetic base of breeding programs. The present work was carried out to characterize and to evaluate three groups of rice upland (Oryza sativa L.) of different origins through gamma-ray sensitivity. Seeds of 84 varieties collected from Japan, Philippines and Brazil, were submitted to various doses of gamma-radiation and sown in wooden boxes. The experiment was conducted in 1991 at greenhouse according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Physiological effects caused by radiation in the M1 generation, such as seed emergency, seedling height and survival rate, were determined and evaluated. The results showed significant differences of sensitivity to the radiation among three groups for all traits evaluated. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Genética Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Genética

Insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells is stimulated by glucose. Glucose-induced insulin release is potentiated or suppressed by hormones and neural substances. Ghrelin, an acylated 28-amino acid peptide, was isolated from the stomach in 1999 as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R). Circulating ghrelin is produced predominantly in the stomach and to a lesser extent in the intestine, pancreas and brain. Ghrelin, initially identified as a potent stimulator of GH release and feeding, has been shown to suppress glucose-induced insulin release. This insulinostatic action is mediated by Gα(i2) subtype of GTP-binding proteins and delayed outward K⁺ (Kv) channels. Interestingly, ghrelin is produced in pancreatic islets. The ghrelin originating from islets restricts insulin release and thereby upwardly regulates the systemic glucose level. Furthermore, blockade or elimination of ghrelin enhances insulin release, which can ameliorate glucose intolerance in high-fat diet fed mice and ob/ob mice. This review focuses on the insulinostatic action of ghrelin, its signal transduction mechanisms in islet β-cells, ghrelin's status as an islet hormone, physiological roles of ghrelin in regulating systemic insulin levels and glycaemia, and therapeutic potential of the ghrelin-GHS-R system as the target to treat type 2 diabetes.

Rice (Oriza sativa L.) cultivar IAC-1246 seeds were treated with 10, 15, 20 and 30 Krads of gamma-rays and sodium azide (SA) concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mM to study their efficiency in inducing chlorophyll mutations. Combined treatments incremented the damages when compared to single treatments, especially for seedling height and M 1 panicles fertility. Treatments with SA showed a higher frequency of chlorophyll mutations than the gamma-ray treatments, both in single and combined treatments. The gamma-ray spectrum was different for the various types of mutations, whether in individual or combined treatments. The SA efficiency was higher than that of gamma - rays at 1.0 and 5.0 mM concentrations and lower at 0.5 mM. On average, the additive effect of the mutagenic combinations was more evident than the frequencies of the mutations.

Com o objetivo de estudar a variabilidade genetica intra-especifica em Oncidium varicosum Lindl. (Orchidaceae - Oncidiinae), foram avaliadas cinco populacoes de Minas Gerais, coletadas em Alfenas (AL), Estiva (ES), Pedra do Coracao (PC), Pedra Branca (PB) e Pouso Alegre (PA). Foram considerados 22 caracteres florais, medidos a partir de "vouchers" (fichas florais), empregando-se metodos estatisticos univariados e multivariados (analise discriminante canonica - CDA e analise de agrupamento a partir de distância de Mahalanobis). Houve diferenca significativa (p < 0,05) entre populacoes, pelo teste F, para 13 caracteres. O primeiro eixo canonico separou a populacao PA de PB e de PC. Os individuos de PA sao menores que os de PC, que sao menores que os de PB. AL se sobrepos a PA, ES e PC pelo primeiro eixo, mas se separou completamente de PA e quase que totalmente das demais populacoes de acordo com o segundo eixo canonico, por apresentar caracteristicas como colunas compridas e espessas, sepalas laterais compridas e estreitas e ovarios mais curtos. De acordo com a analise de agrupamento, novamente a populacao AL divergiu das demais. Observou-se que as populacoes ES, PC e PB sao mais proximas entre si, seguidas da populacao de PA. O padrao de variabilidade genetica observado nao parece estar relacionado a diferencas de latitude. Entretanto, parece estar associado a diferencas de longitude, embora este unico fator pode nao ser suficiente para explica-lo.

Mutagenic efficiency was defined by Konzak et al. in 1965 as the ratio mutation/biological damage factor. His formula considers that mutagens always causes damage, but it has been shown that low doses of gamma-rays stimulate seedling growth. In this situation a negative value for damage is obtained with a negative mutagenic efficiency rate. This has no biological interpretation and the notion of range for mutagenic efficiency variation is also lost. An alternative index for mutagenic efficiency, which is a modification of the Konzak et al. 1965 formula, is proposed [mutation factor (1-damage/100)]. This index is more general, with known limits and positive results, thus overcoming some of the limitations found in the original formula.

A survey was conducted of Caicara farmers from Ubatuba in the Brazilian coastland between Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States regarding the folk-taxonomy for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces they cultivate and cassava evolutionary dynamics in swidden cultivation. The accuracy of their folk taxonomy was assessed. Cluster analysis was used to make comparisons between names given by the farmers to sampled individuals and their isozyme phenotypes obtained with four isozyme systems. Interviews with farmers were done and ethnobiological data collected. These farmers possess a loose taxonomic system and tend to underestimate cassava genetic diversity in their gardens. However, classification skills vary considerably among them. The accuracy of their taxonomy along with the results of interviews with farmers and ethnobiological data are discussed in light of a proposed evolutionary dynamics model for cultivated cassava and its ecology in tropical swidden cultivation.

O manejo empregado nas roças de agricultura autóctone, utilizando etnovariedades de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), apresenta papel de destaque na conservação in situ dos recursos genéticos. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a distribuição da variabilidade genética de 141 etnovariedades de mandioca coletadas em roças de diferentes regiões geográficas do Brasil, através de marcadores isoenzimáticos, revelados a partir de eletroforese em gel de amido. Foram avaliados 11 sistemas isoenzimáticos. Dos 15 locos polimórficos analisados a heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,354. A estimativa coeficiente de diferenciação genética G ST apresentou valor médio de 8,80% da variabilidade genética entre as regiões. Na análise de agrupamento, observou-se a formação de 3 grupos distintos; o primeiro formado pelas roças originadas da Região Amazônica; o segundo constituído pelas roças do Estado de São Paulo; e o terceiro composto pelas roças originadas da Reserva Indígena do Xingu. A maior parte da variabilidade genética das etnovariedades de mandioca revelou-se concentrada dentro das regiões geográficas, confirmando as pressuposições existentes no modelo de dinâmica evolutiva para a espécie.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a variabilidade genética de etnovariedades ("folk varieties") de mandioca e examinar a distribuição desta variabilidade entre grupos de etnovariedades de diferentes locais de origem e tipos. Foram escolhidas 54 etnovariedades de mandioca originárias de quatro regiões brasileiras: 45 etnovariedades da Amazônia (23 do Rio Negro, 6 do Rio Branco e 16 do Rio Solimões) e 9 do litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo. A variedade moderna Mantiqueira¹, de ampla distribuição mundial, também foi incluída. Destas, 38 variedades eram mandiocas bravas e 17 de mesa (aipins ou macaxeiras). Foram utilizados três tipos de marcador de DNA: RAPD, AFLP e microssatélites. A análise dos resultados consistiu na descrição do padrão de bandas, cálculo de índices de similaridade (Nei & Li; 1979) e análise de coordenadas principais (PCoA), para cada tipo de marcador. Para os locos de microssatélites foram calculados também: heterozigozidade, índices de diversidade (DI, de Weir) e coeficientes de diferenciação genética (G ST). A variabilidade genética mostrou-se mais concentrada dentro de regiões do que entre regiões (G ST = 0,07). A heterozigozidade média foi de 56%. Os índices médios de similaridade entre variedades variaram em função do tipo de marcador: S = 0,89 para RAPD, S = 0, 85 para AFLP e S = 0,59 para microssatélites. Análises de coordenadas principais mostraram agrupamentos separando as variedades de mesa das bravas. The objective of this work was to quantify the genetic diversity among cassava folk varieties as well as to examine the distribution of the genetic diversity among varieties of different origin and type. Fifty-four cassava varieties were chosen from 4 Brasilian regions: 45 of the Amazon basin (23 from River Negro, 6 of the River Branco and 16 of the River Solimões) and 9 of the south coast of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The modern variety Mantiqueira was also included as a reference. Among these, 38 were bitter varieties and 17 sweet. Three different types of DNA markers were used: RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA), AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and microsatellites. Analysis of the results consisted of a description of band patterns, a calculation of similarity indexes (Nei & Li) and a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) for each marker type. Heterozygosity, diversity indexes (DI, Weir) and genetic differentiation coefficients (G ST) were calculated for the microsatellite loci.Genetic variability was more concentrated within regions, then among regions (G ST = 0.07). Mean heterozygosity was 56%. Mean similarity indexes were dependent on the marker used: S = 0.89 for RAPD, S = 0.85 for AFLP and S = 0.59 for microsatellites. PCoA analysis revealed groups, distinguishing bitter from sweet varieties.

A base genética dos cultivares brasileiros de arroz, tanto de sequeiro como irrigado, tem sido considerada estreita, em vários estudos. Recomenda-se sua ampliação para diminuir os riscos da vulnerabilidade genética e elevar os patamares de produtividade. No presente trabalho, reuniram-se as genealogias dos cultivares de arroz recomendados para 1997/98 no Brasil, para os sistemas de cultivo de sequeiro e de sequeiro favorecido, e estimou-se a contribuição genética dos ancestrais. Essas informações fornecem importantes subsídios aos programas de melhoramento do arroz, para que os cruzamentos possam ser adequadamente planejados.

A plant regeneration system from rice protoplasts using calli derived from mature embryos was established for the two Brazilian modern rice cultivars IAC-201 and IAC-165. After 30 to 40 days of in vitro culture it was possible to obtain on average 6 million protoplasts per gram of callus. Microscopic selection of embryogenic calli was a key step for protoplast isolation. The production of embryogenic calli increased when L-proline and casein hydrolysate were used in the callus induction medium. The Oc or IR52 nurse cell lines were essential for protoplast division. Different regeneration media were studied and 139 plants were regenerated which set seed. Some of the regenerated plants showed morphological variation such as the presence of awns in spite of the short time of the in vitro culture.

The phenetic variations in seed polypeptides as revealed by SDS-PACIE electrophoretic profiles of 58 Brazilian rice varieties were analyzed. Cluster and discriminant functions analyses applied to the electrophoretic data allowed ten affinity groups to be distinguished which showed several correlations with the geographical distribution. This indi-cates that the electrophoretic analysis of seed proteins can be used to estimate the genetic relationship among rice varieties and to study the variability even among those of similar genetic background.

Para a indução de mutantes com maior altura basal (soma das alturas do hipocótilo e epicótilo), sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Carioca 80 foram irradiadas com raios gama. Um mutante que apresentou altura basal 1,7 vez maior que o controle foi obtido na geração M2, do tratamento com 24 krad. A mutação foi monogênica devido a um alelo recessivo. Trata-se do primeiro mutante obtido por indução de mutação, para tal característica.Seeds of the bean cultivar (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Carioca 80 were irradiated with gamma-rays to induce mutants with higher basal height (sum of hypocotyl and epycotyl). A mutant with 1.7 time greater basal height was obtained in the M2 generation from 24 krad treatment. Genetic studies showed that the mutation was a monogenic recessive allele. This is the first report of an induced mutant with this characteristic.

Para futuros trabalhos com indução de mutação "in vitro", determinou-se a sensibilidade de diferentes explantes do cultivar de laranja Pêra (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) a raios gama visando a escolha das doses a utilizar. Para isso, após a irradiação, avaliou-se o número de explantes responsivos, de embrióides e de brotações adventícias, a massa do calo e a formação de enraizamento. Resultados diferentes foram obtidos de acordo com o tecido empregado. Assim, para a irradiação de nucelos, recomenda-se o uso de doses entre 20 e 40 Gy; em calos embriogênicos, de 120 Gy e, para a irradiação de cotilédones de embriões nucelares, a dose situa-se ao redor de 40 Gy.In order to obtain basic data for future research in mutation breeding through "in vitro" technology in sweet orange cv. Pêra, gamma rays sensitivity of different types of explants was analyzed. After irradiation the following observations were carried out: response of explants, number of embryoids and adventitious buds, callus weight and rooting formation. Different results were obtained according the explant used. For irradiated nucellus, the dose was 20-40 Gy and for embryogenic callus 120 Gy is indicated. For irradiation of cotyledons originated from nucellar embryoids the use of 40 Gy of gamma rays was recommended.

Estudou-se a viabilidade de protoplastos de laranja 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), submetidos a diferentes doses de radiação gama, com a finalidade de determinar a dose letal (DL) 50 - dose que causa 50% de letalidade. Empregou-se a análise por fluorescência, utilizando-se o corante diacetato de fluoresceína (DAF): suas diluições testadas - 1:50; 1:100 e 1:150 - não mostraram diferenças significativas entre si, tendo sido possível o uso da maior diluição para a determinação da viabilidade dos protoplastos. A viabilidade mostrou-se inversamente proporcional às doses de radiação gama e a DL 50 foi cerca de 41 Gy. Os protoplastos não irradiados apresentaram até 84% de viabilidade, quando esta foi estudada logo após o isolamento daqueles.The viability of 'Pera' orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) protoplasts, submitted to different dosages of Gamma radiation, was studied to determine the lethal dose (DL) 50. The analysis by fluorescence was employed using Fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The dilutions of FDA (1:50; 1:100 and 1:150) did not show any statistical difference: Then it was possible to use the 1:150 dilution in order to determine the protoplasts viability. The viability was inversaly proportional to Gamma radiation and the DL 50 was about 41 Gy. The non-irradiated protoplasts had their viability up to 84% when tested as soon after their isolation.

This paper tries to clarify the requirements for Source-Mask co-Optimization (SMO) type complex masks for low k 1 technology nodes using a dedicated test mask. The current status of mask CD requirements and inspection capability for Free Form (FF) SRAFs which give wider process window are discussed by comparing with Rectangular Shape (RS) SRAFs. From CD deviation analysis with CD bias change at both main and SRAF patterns, the importance of CD control at entire SRAF is emphasized although the partial lack of SRAF seems to give less impact on the main pattern lithography performance. It is also suggested that SRAF printability of FF-SRAF needs to be carefully controlled with mask bias error consideration. To identify the defects which give impact on litho performance, simulation-based defect printability prediction (M-LMC) using inspection images is evaluated and found to be an important enabler for complex mask inspection. The simulation-image based defect analysis helps to reduce the nuisance defects, and greatly saves analysis time of measurement on Aerial Image Measurement System (AIMS TM ). To introduce the complex free form mask into production, mask-writing shot-count reduction is also evaluated. It is shown that fragmentation using Model- Based (MB) Mask Data Preparation (MDP) effectively reduces the mask writing shot counts with using overlapping of the patterns.

É descrito um método simples e prático para o cultivo de plantas das espécies silvestres do gênero Oryza, em vasos com solo orgânico, submersos em "piscinas" com água. Este método proporciona às plantas uma condição similar ao habitat natural da maioria das espécies, favorecendo assim o desenvolvimento e a prolificidade dos genótipos. A simple and practical method is described to conduct experiments with wild species of genus Oryza, in pots filled with organic soil submerged in a shallow pool. This method provides a natural habitat, similar to those where the majority of wild rice species are found, favoring their development and prolificacy.

To characterize the genetic variability among species and populations of South American wild rice, eleven populations of Oryza glumaepatula, seven of O. grandiglumis, four of O. latifolia and one of O. alta, from Brazil and Argentina, were evaluated. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in completely randomized blocks with 23 treatments. Twenty morphoagronomic traits were assessed. Univariate analyses were performed with 16 quantitative traits with the partitioning of populations within species. Significant differences (pVisando caracterizar a diversidade genética entre espécies e populações de arroz selvagem da América do Sul, foram avaliadas 11 populações de Oryza glumaepatula, sete de O. grandiglumis, quatro de O. latifolia e uma população de O. alta, originárias do Brasil e Argentina. Foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação em blocos ao acaso com 23 tratamentos. Vinte caracteres agro-morfológicos foram avaliados. Análises univariadas foram realizadas para 16 caracteres quantitativos, desdobrando-se o efeito de populações dentro de espécies. Diferenças significativas (p