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Cervical cancer is a growing and serious problem world-wide in women, but more acute in developing countries especially in Indian subcontinent. The main causative agent for the disease is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The history of the cervical cancer goes back to eighteenth century as the HPV infection is reported since 1800s. Presently, the genetic structure of HPV is well defined. Several screening tests including cytology and visual based screening and high risk HPV testing are available. Also available are various clinical and commercial diagnostic tests. However due to the lack of awareness and population-based screening programs, the morbidity and mortality rate is alarmingly high. There are new emerging biomarkers including E6/E7 mRNA, p16 ink4a , markers of aberrant S-phase induction, chromosomal abnormalities and miRNAs along with advanced genotyping methods. These markers have clinical significance and are helpful in disease prevention and management. Further, recent advancement in the field of metagenomics has increased the prospects of identifying newer microbes, viruses hitherto reported thus far in the context of HPV infection. Analysis of HPV cases using modern tools including genotyping using more powerful biomarkers is envisaged to enhance the prospects of early diagnosis, better prognosis, more reliable treatment and eventual management of the disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether there exists any relationship between nocturia and anxiety in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the exact cause of anxiety and nocturia in PD is unknown, we hypothesized that there is a relationship between these two PD symptoms. Anxiety may exacerbate nocturia or an opposite relationship may be present in which nocturia may result in heightened levels of anxiety., Methods: Our study consisted of 314 PD patients, selected at random, and divided into groups based on the presence or absence of anxiety and nocturia. The occurrence of anxiety and nocturia was studied individually and collectively within these groups., Results: The study found a significant association between anxiety and nocturia primarily driven by all PD patients (P < 0.0001), with greater significance found for the male patients (P < 0.0001) than female patients (P = 0.021)., Discussion: Based on these findings, we can conclude that anxiety and nocturia are not entirely independent symptoms in all PD patients. Thus, addressing anxiety may improve nocturia in PD or vice versa.

Objectives: One of the most common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) is nocturia. This paper seeks to address the prevalence of nocturia in PD and correlate it to various factors such as gender, Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, age, and ethnicities., Methods: In particular, 332 PD patients were seen in a community movement disorders clinic and their charts were analyzed from 2005 to 2010. Within this population, more than one-third (34.9%) patients were diagnosed with nocturia., Results: Age, gender, and PD stage were significant predictors of nocturia in PD. With every one-year increase in age, the odds of developing nocturia in PD increases by 3.1% while an increase in H&Y stage increases the odds of nocturia in PD by 1.645 times. Also, males had greater odds of experiencing nocturia in PD. Ethnicities alone were of no significant importance. However, after performing interaction analyses, Asian and Indian males, especially, were at significantly greater risk than other ethnicities., Discussion: Future research is indeed required to understand why certain ethnicities are especially at risk. Clinicians must also be aware of the epidemiology of nocturia in PD to prevent and treat this debilitating symptom.

Objective: To determine the frequency of occult neck node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity, in particular relation to the subsite and histopathological grading, and of involvement of the level of lymph nodes in the neck in oral cavity carcinoma., Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad and Wah Medical College, POF Hospital, Wah Cantt. from June 2000 to August 2006., Patients and Methods: Inclusion criteria were untreated carcinoma of oral cavity, not crossing midline, having N0 neck. The tumors size more than T4 were excluded. All patients had ipsilateral type III modified radical (functional) neck dissection and lymph node groups were subjected to histopathology., Results: Occult metastasis were found in 12 out of 37 cases (32.4%). Metastasis in tongue carcinoma was 5/14, lower alveolar ridge carcinoma metastasized in 5/18, floor of mouth carcinoma was 2/4 and buccal mucosa carcinoma was 0/1.The percentage of occult metastasis in well-differentiated carcinoma (WDSCC), moderately differentiated carcinoma (MDSCC), and poorly differentiated carcinoma (PDSCC) were 22.2, 25% and 54.6% respectively. The levels of lymph nodes involved were level I (16.7%), level II (83.3%), level III (75.5%) and level IV (16.7%)., Conclusion: Oral cavity is a favourable site for metastasis to lymphatics even with small tumors. Occult metastasis is so frequent even with early carcinomas that neck should be treated with primary site. It is also important to remove level IV lymph nodes along with level I, II and III.