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Lignocellulosic biomass needs attention as an alternative energy source to overcome the adverse impacts of fossil fuels. Diversified Galiyat forests of Lower Himalaya may represent the potential source of lignocellulose degrading microbiota, particularly the lytic bacteria. Therefore, soil and wood samples were collected from different sites of Nathiagali and Thandiani of Galiyat forests. The soil samples collected were clayey, with a pH between 6.7 and 7.0, and with an organic matter of 2.8%–2.9% in Nathiagali and 2.1%–2.2% in Thandiani. The soils were enriched with more diversified cultivable bacteria (9 Log CFU/g) than the respective wood samples (7.4–8.6 Log CFU/g). Out of 90 bacteria, 22 isolates were efficient for cellulose degradation, 14 for xylanase activity, and 10 for laccase production. Cluster analysis showed that lignocellulolytic bacteria were grouped based on the sample medium (soil–wood) rather than the sampling site (Thandiani–Nathiagali). Efficient bacteria were also sequenced, and we found that cellulase production was prevalent in Pseudomonas spp. while laccase activity was diverse among taxonomically varied bacteria. Moreover, Stenotrophomonas sp. TS2B1 performed the best for corncob xylose degradation. Overall, the results suggest that Galiyat forests represent diverse lignocellulolytic microbial populations which should be further evaluated for applications in lignocellulosic waste management and for potential consequent fuel production.

Islamic feminism in Iran is defined as the radical rethinking of religious and sacred texts from a feminist perspective. This research aims to show how Islamic feminism developed in Iran and discuss the philosophical and epistemological foundations of different discourses influencing that movement. This study utilizes documentary research methods. It shows that central to the development of Islamic feminism is the development of the reformist movement in Iran. Reformists believe that employing justice in Islamic laws requires a novel hermeneutic interpretation of sacred texts that account for absolute equality in men’s and women’s rights. However, traditional and neo-traditional jurists present different interpretations of the notion of justice regarding gender relations. They believe that since men and women have existential and inborn differences, they hold separate rights and duties, especially regarding their social and family roles. Accordingly, two kinds of law are needed to regulate their lives. Using reformist theories, Muslim feminists in Iran have challenged the traditional interpretation of sacred texts and called for women’s rights as equal to men’s in the Islamic constitution.

Iodine is an essential microelement for humans and its deficiency leads to iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) which is a common problem faced by people in hilly areas. Biofortification of iodine is an option to overcome the IDD problem. Herein, we investigated the iodine uptake and accumulation in the edible portion of vegetables such as Brassica napus (BNP) and Brassica pekinensis (BPK) which were grown on two different soils such as sandy soil (SS) and silty loam soil (SLS) with different concentrations of iodine application (used in sodium iodide form) such as 0 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm. The concentration of iodine was determined by the oxidation of iodide, and nutrients were examined by double acid digestion. Different concentrations of iodine were noticed in silty loam and sandy soils, roots, and shoots of BNP and BPK, while the concentration follows the order: soils roots shoots. Iodine concentrations in the roots of BNP and BPK ranged from 46 to 223.7 μg/g which shows a strong correlation with other soil nutrients. Moreover, a large amount of iodine was lost due to the leaching. It is concluded that the biofortification of iodine increases its concentration in Brassica species. This work provides a reference for the iodine biofortification in plant species which will be helpful to control IDD.

The anticancer drug doxorubicin has been associated with several adverse side-effects including reproductive toxicity in both genders. The current review has complied the mechanisms of doxorubicin induced reproductive toxicity. The articles cited in the review were searched using Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct. Doxorubicin treatment has been found to cause a decrease in testicular mass along with histopathological deformities, oligospermia and abnormalities in sperm morphology. Apart from severely affecting the normal physiological role of both Leydig cells and Sertoli cells, doxorubicin also causes chromosome abnormalities and affects DNA methylase enzyme. Testicular lipid metabolism has been found to be negatively affected by doxorubicin treatment resulting in altered profile of sphingolipids glycerophospholipids and neutral lipids. Dysregulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 17β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) are strongly linked to testicular exposure to doxorubicin. Further, oxidative stress along with endoplasmic reticulum stress are also found to aggravate the male reproductive functioning in doxorubicin treated conditions. Several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) are downregulated by doxorubicin. It also disturbs the hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG)-axis including testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone etc. In females, the drug disturbs folliculogenesis and oogenesis leading to failure of ovulation and uterine cycle. In rodent model the drug shortens pro-estrous and estrous phases. It was also found that doxorubicin causes mitochondrial dysfunction in oocytes with impaired calcium signaling along with ER stress. The goal of the present review is to comprehends various pathways due to which doxorubicin treatment promotes toxicity in male and female reproductive system.

Microalgal biomass provides a renewable source of biofuels and other green products. However, in order to realize economically viable microalgal biorefinery, strategic identification and utilization of suitable microalgal feedstock is fundamental. Here, a multi-step suboptimal screening strategy was used to target promising microalgae strains from selected freshwaters of the study area. The resulting strains were found to be affiliated to seven closely-related genera of the family Scenedesmaceae, as revealed by both morphologic and molecular characterization. Following initial screening under upper psychrophilic to optimum mesophilic (irregular temperature of 14.1 to 35.9°C) cultivation conditions, superior strains were chosen for further studies. Further cultivation of the selected strains under moderate to extreme mesophilic cultivation conditions (irregular temperature of 25.7 to 42.2°C), yielded up to 74.12 mgL-1day-1, 19.96 mgL-1day-1, 48.56%, 3.34 μg/mL and 1.20 μg/mL, for biomass productivity, lipid productivity, carbohydrate content, pigments content and carotenoids content respectively. These performances were deemed promising compared with some previous, optimum conditions-based reports. Interestingly, the fatty acids profile and the high carotenoids content of the studied strains revealed possible tolerance to the stress caused by the changing suboptimal cultivation conditions. Overall, strains AY1, CM6, LY2 and KL10 were exceptional and may present sustainable, promising feedstock for utilization in large-scale generation of green products, including biodiesel, bioethanol, pigments and dietary supplements. The findings of this study, which exposed promising, eurythermal strains, would expand the current knowledge on the search for promising microalgae strains capable of performing under the largely uncontrolled large-scale cultivation settings.

Adriamycin is a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic drug for a wide range of cancers. Adriamycin causes cardiotoxicity as an adverse effect that limits its clinical application in cancer treatment. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the toxicity it causes in heart cells. Disruption of inherent cardiac repair mechanism is the least understood mechanism of Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity. Adriamycin induces pathological remodeling in cardiac cells by promoting apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. We found that Adriamycin inhibited Notch1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner in H9c2 cells. We used Paeonol, a Notch1 activator, and analyzed the markers of apoptosis, hypertrophy, and fibrosis in H9c2 cells in vitro and in adult zebrafish heart in vivo as model systems to study Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity. Paeonol activated Notch1 signaling and expression of its downstream target genes effectively in the Adriamycin-treated condition in vitro and in vivo. Also we detected that Notch activation using Paeonol protected the cells from apoptosis, collagen deposition, and hypertrophy response using functional assays. We conclude that Adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity by promoting the pathological cardiac remodeling through inhibition of Notch1 signaling and that the Notch1 reactivation by Paeonol protected the cells and reversed the cardiotoxicity.

Although biochar and conventional organic materials have been widely studied for lowering cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants but information regarding their comparative effectiveness is lacking. In this study, biochars from different feedstocks viz. rice husk biochar (RHB), cotton sticks biochar (CSB) and wheat straw biochar (WSB) were compared with conventional organic materials viz. farm manure (FM), poultry manure (PM) and press mud (PrMd) for their effectiveness to promote plant growth and to reduce Cd uptake by wheat and rice plants grown rotationally in a Cd-spiked (50 mg kg−1) soil. Each amendment was applied at the rate of 2% (w/w) in three replicates. Results showed that the application of amendments improved the soil properties and plant growth, by retaining Cd in the soil and restricting its uptake by plants. The amendments decreased the ammonium bicarbonate diethylene penta acetic acid extractable soil Cd, and improved soil organic carbon (SOC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) as compared to only Cd-contaminated soil. The highest SOC content of 2.68 and 1.68% and CEC of 8.77 and 9.39 cmolc kg−1 were found in RHB treated post-wheat and post-rice soil, respectively. Amendments treated soil showed lower concentrations of bioavailable Cd and the maximum reduction was recorded in RHB and PrMd amended soil. Similarly, bioaccumulation of Cd was decreased with the application of all amendments; the maximum decrease was recorded in RHB and PrMd treated soil. Our results suggested that RHB and PrMd could be used for reducing the bioaccumulation of Cd in cereal grains in alkaline soils.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for soil quality and plant growth. But little is known about P fractions consequent to microbial inoculation in soils amended with inorganic phosphoru...

Forest inventory operations have greatly benefitted from remotely sensed data particularly airborne laser scanning (ALS) which has become a popular technology choice for large-area forest inventories. For remote regions, for fragmented estates or for single stand-level inventories ALS may be unsuitable because of the high cost of data acquisition. Point cloud data generated from digital aerial photography (DAP) is emerging as a cost-effective alternative to ALS. In this study we compared area-based forest inventory attributes derived from point cloud datasets sourced from ALS, small-format and medium-format digital aerial photography (SFP and MFP). Non-parametric modelling approach, namely RandomForest, was employed to model forest structural attributes at both plot- and stand-levels. The results were evaluated using field data collected at 105 inventory plots. At plot-level, the maximum difference among relative RMSEs of basal area (BA), top height (Htop), stocking (N) and total stem volume (TSV) of the three datasets was 2.46%, 0.55%, 13.29% and 2.53%, respectively. At stand-level, the maximum difference among relative RMSEs of BA, Htop, N and TSV of the three datasets was 3.86%, 1.25%, 7.85% and 6.04%, respectively. This study demonstrates the robustness of DAP across different sensors, and thus informs forest managers planning data acquisition solutions to best suit their operational needs.

Earth upper crust includes various land uses including soil-plant systems which provide a range of services but are under severe influence of human activities. For example, different land uses including forest and agriculture lands are under the influence of such changes. The land uses of Diamer division in north of Pakistan are under the influence of various anthropogenic and climatic extremes and there is a need to investigate the extent of these impacts to combat the unforeseen consequences for soil-plant productivity and nutrient losses. The present study was conducted in Diamer division, with the aim to compare the nutrients’ status with respect to various land uses. The soil samples from Babusar, Fairy Meadows, and Astore regions were collected by following the composite sampling. The organic matter status and crucial nutrients were measured through various analytical techniques and the total carbon was determined using combustion method. The results showed that Mg concentration was found higher in Babusar, followed by Fe, Ca, K, and Zn. Fe concentration was found high in the pasturelands of Babusar (204.4 mg kg1). The Astore region showed that the total nutrient concentrations were in the order of Fe > Mg > K > Ca > Zn. The overall concentration of total Ca, Mg, and K concentrations were significantly high in the forest lands while Zn and Fe were found high in the permafrost. This study inferred that the change in the land uses may pose negative impacts on various nutrients affecting the primary production but also the overall nutrient losses. There is a need to forecast the long-term impacts of these shift in land uses and to propose the suitable strategies to manage these lands in the studied region.

Anaerobiosis is a well-established biotechnology which treats animal manure for methanogenesis. The presence of various antibiotics in poultry waste may inhibit anaerobic digestion (AD). The current study aimed at investigating the effects of various antibiotics on the AD of poultry litter. The batch experiments were performed with an inoculum/substrate ratio of 1 in sealed glass vials incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C for 21 days. The antibiotics, i.e., bacitracin (BAC), erythromycin (ERY), monensin (MON), and tetracycline (TET), were added at the concentration ranges of 0.02 to 0.1 mg mL−1. During the first week, the inhibitory effects of monensin were higher (36–60%) as compared with other antibiotics. For 8–15 days and 16–21 days, the inhibitory effects caused by erythromycin were 28–38%, followed by 21–35% of TET and 20–40% of BAC. MON showed lower inhibition during the final stages of experiment which might possibly be due to its biodegradation.

Extensive research and operational trials over the past 20 years have led to the operational implementation of airborne laser scanning (ALS)-based forest inventory becoming increasingly common. More recently, digital aerial photography (AP), processed using Structure from Motion Multiview Stereopsis (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry, is emerging as an alternative to ALS. Aerial photography may provide some advantages compared with ALS, including lower deployment and data collection costs, easier access to a variety of platforms and sensors, and the opportunity for forest managers to capture and process the data in-house. This study presents an analysis of point-cloud data derived from airborne asmall format digital AP, and a comparison with ALS data for a Pinus radiata plantation located in northeast Tasmania. The AP was processed using commercially available photogrammetric software and three different processing strategies. The influence of processing strategy, terrain slope, canopy occlusion, canopy cover, photo-overlap and camera location are investigated in order to characterise the point clouds generated using these methods, and to assess the robustness of the photogrammetric solution to these variables. Our analysis provides strong evidence of the robustness of small format APbased point clouds in this type of forest: characteristics of the dense point cloud are shown to be largely robust to different photogrammetric processing strategies. Observations regarding the influence of terrain slope, photo-overlap, canopy occlusions, canopy cover and camera location can be used to optimise flight planning and photo-acquisition.

The safe disposal of contaminated water has always remained a global challenge to environmentalists. To rectify wastewater pollution, current treatment technologies are not enough sustainable to meet the ever growing water sanitation needs. However, microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging technology, not only treats wastewater but also generates electric energy. In this study, we investigated the electricity generation by a dual chambered MFC during wastewater treatment of vegetable oil industries from Hattar Industrial Estate Pakistan. The MFC was operated under laboratory conditions at two different temperatures (i.e. 25 and 35 °C). Briefly, anaerobic anode and aerobic cathode chambers were partitioned by a proton exchange membrane in a two-compartment MFC reactor. Phosphate buffer solution with 7 pH and wastewater from vegetable oil industries were used as electrolytes in the anode and cathode cubicles, respectively. A total of 20 wastewater samples were collected from vegetable oil industrial effluents and treated for 72 h in MFC. Results illustrate that the efficiency of MFC was increased with increase in temperature and time. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency (80%–90%) and the maximum voltage (5839 mV) were obtained at 35 °C. Furthermore, high Coloumbic Efficiencies (i.e., 33.0 and 36.5%) were observed that ratify the performance of MFCs use the maximum fraction of organic matter to produce current during treatment.

Accurate mapping of timber resources in commercial forestry is essential to support planning and management operations of forest growers. Over the last two decades, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems have been successfully deployed for the collection of point-cloud data for accurate modelling of forest attributes that are traditionally obtained from plot-based inventory. In recent years, studies conducted in North America and Scandinavia have shown that three-dimensional point clouds derived from digital aerial photogrammetric (AP) data can be used to model forest attributes with a level of accuracy similar to traditional LiDAR-based approaches. A comparative analysis of the performance of the two point-cloud technologies has never been attempted in Australian plantations. In this study, we compared the performance of LiDAR-based and AP-based point clouds for estimating total recoverable volume in a Pinus radiata plantation at Springfield in north-eastern Tasmania, using volume data collected by harvesting machines as a reference. Our results showed that AP point clouds can be used for mapping total recoverable volume in P. radiata plantations with levels of accuracy that are comparable to LiDAR-based estimates. Plot-level relative root mean squared error (RMSE%) values were 23.85% for LiDAR and ranged from 22.07 to 27.10% for the three AP dense point-cloud settings evaluated. At the stand level, RMSE% decreased to 9.86 and 8.91% for LiDAR and AP, respectively. Both LiDAR-based and AP-based modelled volumes showed a close agreement with volumes measured using harvester head data, demonstrating the potential of AP technology for the management and planning of forestry operations in softwood plantations.

Digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) has emerged as a potentially cost-effective alternative to airborne laser scanning (ALS) for forest inventory methods that employ point cloud data. Forest inventory derived from DAP using area-based methods has been shown to achieve accuracy similar to that of ALS data. At the tree level, individual tree detection (ITD) algorithms have been developed to detect and/or delineate individual trees either from ALS point cloud data or from ALS- or DAP-based canopy height models. An examination of the application of ITDs to DAP-based point clouds has not yet been reported. In this research, we evaluate the suitability of DAP-based point clouds for individual tree detection in the Pinus radiata plantation. Two ITD algorithms designed to work with point cloud data are applied to dense point clouds generated from small- and medium-format photography and to an ALS point cloud. Performance of the two ITD algorithms, the influence of stand structure on tree detection rates, and the relationship between tree detection rates and canopy structural metrics are investigated. Overall, we show that there is a good agreement between ALS- and DAP-based ITD results (proportion of false negatives for ALS, SFP, and MFP was always lower than 29.6%, 25.3%, and 28.6%, respectively, whereas, the proportion of false positives for ALS, SFP, and MFP was always lower than 39.4%, 30.7%, and 33.7%, respectively). Differences between small- and medium-format DAP results were minor (for SFP and MFP, differences between recall, precision, and F-score were always less than 0.08, 0.03, and 0.05, respectively), suggesting that DAP point cloud data is robust for ITD. Our results show that among all the canopy structural metrics, the number of trees per hectare has the greatest influence on the tree detection rates.

Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) isolated from rhizospheric soils of pine forests of lower Himalaya were characterized for phosphorus solubilization and ecological characteristics. Isolated bacterial strains were cultured in broth for determination of their capability to solubilize rock phosphate Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 . Interestingly, eight PSB strains were observed as psychrotolerant i.e. growing and solubilizing P at lower temperature (4 °C) as well as at 28 °C. The P-solubilization by these PSB strains was potentially carried out by acidification which was justified by significant lowering of pH in tested cultures overtime compared to control broth. For ecological characterization, the isolated PSB were evaluated for their interactions against each other and other soil microorganisms i.e. nematodes and fungi isolated from the same Himalayan origin. No inhibition of PSB with P solubilizing fungi, showed their potential for their mutual application to increase P-availability to plants. On the other hand, PSB antagonism to non P-solubilizing fungi and particularly to nematodes would indicate their resistance against plant pathogens postulating the possibility of their application as biocontrol.

Recently, giant reed (Arundo donax L.) has emerged as a useful bioresource capable of coping under harsh abiotic stress conditions produced by exposure to heavy metals, drought and salinity as evidenced by significant biomass production. The current study was undertaken to determine the expression of critical genes involved in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining normal cellular functions. The critical genes examined included glutathione reductase (GR) that prevents oxidative damage of membranes, carotenoid hydroxylase (CR), transcription factor (bHLH) and amidase involved in biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid following exposure to chromium (Cr) stress at concentrations of 0, 33.5, 67, 133 or 268 mg/L in giant reed. The S19 gene was used as internal control. It was not possible to extract RNA from severely stressed giant plant leaves at 133 and 268 mg/L Cr. Therefore, this investigation focused on gene expression in the presence of at 0, 33.5 or 67 mg/L Cr. Following Cr-mediated stress, ge...

Airborne LiDAR data is now commonly acquired by the Australian plantation sector in order to generate accurate digital terrain models and canopy height models at high spatial resolution for resource assessment estimates. However, these airborne surveys are relatively expensive and there is a desire to identify more affordable options for collecting or updating this information. This review presents alternative approaches to deriving canopy height models, including the use of stereo optical imagery from satellites, manned and unmanned airborne platforms, and the use of synthetic aperture radar. In addition, we illustrate the potential of airborne photogrammetry with multi-view dense point matching to produce an accurate, hybrid photo-LiDAR canopy height model at high spatial resolution along a transect covering stands of several softwood tree species.