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In the Neotropics, orphnine scarab beetles are represented by the endemic tribe Aegidiini Paulian, 1984 with five genera and over 50 species. Phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters of all supraspecific taxa of Orphninae showed that Aegidiini is comprised of two lineages. New subtribes, Aegidiina subtr. nov. (Aegidium Westwood, 1845, Paraegidium Vulcano et al., 1966, Aegidiellus Paulian, 1984, and Onorius Frolov & Vaz-de-Mello, 2015, and Aegidinina subtr. nov. (Aegidinus Arrow, 1904) are proposed to better reflect this phylogeny. Two new species of Aegidinus are described: A. alexanderi sp. nov., from the Yungas in Peru and A. elbae sp. nov. from the Caqueta moist forests ecoregion in Colombia. A diagnostic key to Aegidinus species is given.

In the Neotropics, orphnine scarab beetles are represented by the endemic tribe Aegidiini Paulian, 1984 with five genera and over 50 species. Phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters of all supraspecific taxa of Orphninae showed that Aegidiini is comprised of two lineages. New subtribes, Aegidiina subtr. nov. (Aegidium Westwood, 1845, Paraegidium Vulcano et al., 1966, Aegidiellus Paulian, 1984, and Onorius Frolov & Vaz-de-Mello, 2015, and Aegidinina subtr. nov. (Aegidinus Arrow, 1904) are proposed to better reflect this phylogeny. Two new species of Aegidinus are described: A. alexanderi sp. nov., from the Yungas in Peru and A. elbae sp. nov. from the Caqueta moist forests ecoregion in Colombia. A diagnostic key to Aegidinus species is given.

The third instar larvae of Aphodius (Alocoderus) hydrochaeris (Fabricius, 1798) and A. (Bodilus) ictericus (Laicharting, 1781) are described based on scanning electron microscopy and COI sequences. COI barcode sequence for A. (A.) hydrohaeris is provided for the first time. Two haplotypes are discovered in A. (B.) ictericus.

Aphodius (Alocoderus) hydrochaeris (Fabricius, 1798) Figs. 1–21 Material examined. More than a hundred of the third instar larvae were collected on 7–9.XI. 2019 in cow dung near Dosang and Topal settlements (Astrakhan Province, south of the European part of Russia). All larvae were about the same size and similar exteriorly. Thirty live larvae were taken to the ZIN laboratory and in two months 11 adults were obtained. For two adults and one larva the DNA barcodes were obtained (Genbank accession numbers: MW 672592 – MW 672594, voucher numbers: COI121912, COI121919, COI121920). Description of the third instar larva. Larva of typical C-shape form, relatively slender, covered with sparse, short setae, with whitish, semitransparent integument except for head. Head width: 2.0± 0.05 mm, length (without labrum): 1.43± 0.05 mm. Head capsule color varies from dark-brown with paler base and apex of frons and area around antennal support (Fig. 1) to brown with unclear darker pattern of epicranium (Fig. 4) with intermediate variants (Figs 2, 3). Head surface dull, microreticulate (Figs 9, 11). Frontal sutures are visible as very fine, darker lines. Epicranial suture approximately 4 times shorter than frons height. Each pleural sclerite of epicranuim with 5 long setae: 4 near antennal support and 1 near epicranial suture. A few shorter setae located on pleural sclerite are arranged in irregular rows. Frons with 2 pairs of long setae and 3 pairs of short setae. Stemmata absent. Clypeus trapezoidal, brown. Postclypeus (3/4 length of clypeus) darker than preclypeus. Surface of clypeus without prominent tubercles. First 3 proximal antennomeres about same length, antennomere 1 with whitish stripe, antennomere 3 with small conical process and 5 minute setae distally. Ultimate antennomere short and conical, with 1 smooth elongated sensory area medially near apex and small apical area with a few basiconic sensilla and 1 minute seta. Labrum (Figs 13–15) trilobed apically, with a pair of long setae and 1–2 pairs of short setae dorsally, 24 setae on anterior and lateral margins, and a pair of short robust setae ventrobasally. Clithra present, symmetrical. Phoba (protophoba, dexiophoba, and laeophoba sensu Ritcher (1966)), as a semicircular ridge of inclinate mediad and sclerotized apically spinules; most spinules pectinate apically. Short additional ridge situated anteriorly on right side. Phoba anteriorly flanked with a row of ca. 20 placoid sensilla; 2 larger placoid sensilla between clithra. Epitorma long, parallel-sided, rounded and slightly widened apically. Pternotormae developed, subsymmetrical. Mandibles (Figs 16–19) triangular, asymmetrical, external sides with 3 setae. Left mandible slightly longer than right mandible, its scissorial part wider, S 1 and S 2 teeth widely separated by sinuation, S 2 and S 3 close, separated by incision. Right mandible: S 1 and S 2 teeth fused, S 3 separated from them by incision. Base of mandible light brown, scissorial and molar part dark black. Maxillae symmetrical (Figs 12, 20, 21). Cardo with 4 short setae: 2 on ventral side and 2 on lateral margin near base of stipes. Ventral side of stipes with 1 long proximal and 2 short distal setae, dorsal side with a row of 13–14 stridulatory teeth and 3 setae near base of palpifer (2 longer setae and 1 minute seta). Palpifer without stridulatory teeth, with one short seta ventrally. Maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres; palpomeres 1 and 4 with 1 seta each, palpomere 3 with 2 setae. Ventral side of galea with longitudinal row of 9 short setae. Dorsal side and apex of galea with 6 longer setae. Dorsal side of lacinia with 5 long and thick setae and 3 shorter and slenderer setae basally, ventral side with 1 short seta basally. Uncus of lacinia tridentate, with 1 or 2 thick setae basad of the apical teeth. Postmentum with 2 pairs of short seta. Proximal part of prementum with a pair of long setae. Distal part of prementum with pair of long setae. Glossa surrounded laterally by rows of thick and ling setae reaching submentum ventroapically; distal setae long and acute, proximal setae shorter and somewhat spatulate, specifically in right row. Glossa with 3 pairs of setae apically, 2 pairs of larger placoid sensilla, a transverse row of ca. 20 smaller placoid sensilla proximad of larger sensilla, and a row of short, triangular spinules immediately proximad of row of placoid sensilla. Middle and hind legs of subequal length, fore legs slightly shorter. Each leg with 36 setae: 3 on coxa, 7 on trochanter, 11 on femur, 13 on tibia, and 2 on tarsus. Tarsal apices not serrate in lateral view, leg segments without tubercles. Thoracic and abdominal segments with short and sparse setae. Folds of abdominal tergites 1-6 with shorter, thick setae arranged in transverse rows medially; setae not situated on conical tubercles. Lateral bulges of abdominal segments with 3 setae. Protoracic spiracles about 2 times larger than abdominal spiracles; abdominal spiracles of subequal size, minute. Raster (Figs 6–8) with pallidia of 8-11 relatively long, strongly sclerotized, depressed spinules (Fig. 10); pallidia curved and converge towards basal margin of sternite. Anal sternite also bears smaller spinules on each side of pallidia. Lower anal lobe not sinuate laterally (Fig. 5). Diagnosis. The larva of A. (A.) hydroсhaeris was described by Martynov (1999), however the differential diagnosis was not provided and specifically the chaetotaxy of the maxilla was not described. In the key to Aphodius larvae (Krell 1997) this species comes out in the couplet with A. (Melinopterus) prodromus (Brahm, 1790) but differs from it in the larger head size, the absence of the red hue in the head capsule coloration, and setation of the lacinia having five longer and thicker setae and three shorter and slenderer ones basally., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V., Vishnevskaya, Maria S. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Identification of larvae of two Aphodius Helwig, 1798 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) species using morphology and DNA barcode, pp. 153-164 in Zootaxa 5047 (2) on pages 154-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5540644, {"references":["Ritcher, P. O. (1966) Wite Grubs and their Allies. A study of North American scarabaeoid larvae. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Entomology 4. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 219 pp.","Martynov, V. V. (1999) Opisanie lichinok zhukov roda Aphodius (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Soobshhenie 2 [Description of the larvae of dung-beetles of the genus Aphodius (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Communication 2]. Vestnik Zoologii, 33 (4 - 5), 35 - 43.","Krell, F. - T. (1997) Uberfamilie: Scarabaeoidea. Nachtrag zur 33. Familie: Scarabaeidae. 14. Gattung: Aphodius Illiger. In: Klausnitzer B. (ed.), Die Larven der Kafer Mitteleuropas. 4. Band. Polyphaga. Pars 3 sowie Erganzungen zum 1. bis 3. Band. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 106 - 123."]}

Aphodius (Bodilus) ictericus (Laicharting, 1781) Figs. 22–45 Material examined. More than a hundred of the third instar larvae were collected on 7.–9.XI. 2019 in cow dung near Dosang and Topal settlements (Astrakhan Province, south of the European part of Russia). All larvae were about the same size and similar exteriorly. Thirty live larvae were taken to the ZIN laboratory and in two months 13 adults were obtained. For two adults and three larvae DNA barcodes were obtained (Genbank accession numbers: MW 672587 – MW 672591, voucher numbers: COI121905, COI121906, COI121908, COI121921, COI121922). Description of the third instar larva. Larva of typical C-shape form, relatively slender, covered with sparse, short setae, with whitish, semitransparent integument except for head. Head width: 1.51± 0.04 mm, length (without labrum): 1.13± 0.03 mm. Head surface shiny, smooth (Figs 33, 34). Color pattern of head capsule varies from light brown with unclear lighter spots to dark-brown pleural sclerites with distinct lighter spots and brown frons (Figs 22–25). Frontal sutures are visible as very fine, darker lines. Epicranial suture approximately 4 times shorter than frons height. Each pleural sclerite of epicranuim with 5 long setae: 4 near antennal support and 1 near epicranial suture. A few shorter setae located on pleural sclerite are arranged in irregular rows. Frons with 2 pairs of long setae and 3 pairs of short setae. Stemmata absent. Clypeus trapezoidal, brown. Postclypeus (2/3 length of clypeus) darker than preclypeus. Surface of clypeus without prominent tubercles. First 3 proximal antennomeres about same length, antennomere 1 with whitish stripe, antennomere 3 with small conical process and 5 minute setae distally. Ultimate antennomere short and conical, with 1 smooth elongated sensory area medially near apex and small apical area with a few basiconic sensilla and 1 minute seta. Labrum (Figs 37–39) trilobed apically, with a pair of long setae and 1–2 pairs of short setae dorsally, 24 setae on anterior and lateral margins, and a pair of short robust setae ventrobasally. Clithra present, symmetrical. Phoba (protophoba, dexiophoba, and laeophoba sensu Ritcher (1966)), as a semicircular ridge of inclinate mediad and sclerotized apically spinules; most spinules pectinate apically. Short additional ridge situated anteriorly on right side. Phoba anteriorly flanked with a row of ca. 20 placoid sensilla; 2 larger placoid sensilla between clithra. Epitorma long, parallel-sided, rounded and slightly widened apically. Pternotormae developed, subsymmetrical. Mandibles (Figs 40–43) triangular, asymmetrical, external sides with 3 setae. Left mandible slightly longer than right mandible, its scissorial part wider, S 1 and S 2 teeth widely separated by sinuation, S 2 and S 3 close, separated by incision. Right mandible: S 1 and S 2 teeth fused, S 3 separated from them by incision. Base of mandible light brown, scissorial and molar part dark black. Maxillae symmetrical (Fig. 36, 44, 45). Cardo with 4 short setae: 2 on ventral side and 2 on lateral margin near base of stipes. Ventral side of stipes with 1 long proximal and 2 short distal setae, dorsal side with a row of 8 stridulatory teeth and 3 setae near base of palpifer (2 longer setae and 1 minute seta). Palpifer without stridulatory teeth, with one short seta ventrally. Maxillary palpus with 4 palpomeres; palpomeres 1 and 4 with 1 seta each, palpomeres 3 with 2 setae; seta in 1st palpomere modified (Fig. 36, arrowed). Ventral side of galea with longitudinal row of 9–10 short setae. Dorsal side and apex of galea with 6 longer setae. Dorsal side of lacinia with 5 long and thick setae and 1 shorter and slenderer seta basally, ventral side with 1 short seta basally. Uncus of lacinia tridentate, with 1 thick seta basad of the apical teeth. Postmentum with 2 pairs of short setae. Proximal part of prementum with a pair of long setae. Distal part of prementum with a pair of long setae. Glossa surrounded laterally by rows of thick and ling setae reaching submentum ventroapically; distal setae long and acute, proximal setae shorter and somewhat spatulate, specifically in right row. Glossa with 3 pairs of setae apically, 2 pairs of larger placoid sensilla, a transverse row of ca. 20 smaller placoid sensilla proximad of larger sensilla, and a row of short, triangular spinules immediately proximad of row of placoid sensilla. Middle and hind legs of subequal length, fore legs slightly shorter. Each leg with 36 setae: 3 on coxa, 7 on trochanter, 11 on femur, 13 on tibia, and 2 on tarsus. Tarsal apices not serrate in lateral view, leg segments without tubercles. Thoracic and abdominal segments with short and sparse setae. Folds of abdominal tergites 1–6 with shorter, thick setae arranged in transverse rows medially; setae not situated on conical tubercles. Lateral bulges of abdominal segments with 2 setae. Protoracic spiracles about 2 times larger than abdominal spiracles; abdominal spiracles of subequal size, minute. Raster without pallidia, with 56–60 relatively long, strongly sclerotized spinules. Medial spinules robuster and slightly flattened and widened apically (Fig. 35). Spinules are not arranged in rows or, in some specimens, medial spinules appear to be arranged in irregular longitudinal rows (Figs. 26–31). Lower anal lobe not sinuate laterally (Fig. 32). Diagnosis. The Krell’s (1997) key to Central European Aphodius larvae includes the larva of this species, however it is characterized as having a distinct smooth area of the raster which reaches middle of the raster. Examination of our material shows that this character is not reliable and the smooth area is unclear in most specimens examined. The third instar larvae of A. (B.) ictericus is better diagnosed by having a smooth, shiny head with width ca. 1.5 mm and a characteristic color pattern of the pleural sclerites, raster with ca. 50–60 spinules without distinct pallidia and with unclear or indistinct smooth area basally, and by the modified setae on the first maxillary palpomere. The latter character, however, needs further examination because the larvae of few species of Aphodius were studied with SEM., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V., Vishnevskaya, Maria S. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Identification of larvae of two Aphodius Helwig, 1798 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) species using morphology and DNA barcode, pp. 153-164 in Zootaxa 5047 (2) on pages 158-162, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5540644, {"references":["Ritcher, P. O. (1966) Wite Grubs and their Allies. A study of North American scarabaeoid larvae. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Entomology 4. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 219 pp.","Krell, F. - T. (1997) Uberfamilie: Scarabaeoidea. Nachtrag zur 33. Familie: Scarabaeidae. 14. Gattung: Aphodius Illiger. In: Klausnitzer B. (ed.), Die Larven der Kafer Mitteleuropas. 4. Band. Polyphaga. Pars 3 sowie Erganzungen zum 1. bis 3. Band. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, pp. 106 - 123."]}

Orphnus mysoriensis Westwood, 1845 Figs 1–2 Orphnus mysoriensis Westwood, 1845: 176. Orphnus detegens Walker, 1859a: 54 (synonymy by Arrow 1912). Orphnus scitissimus Walker, 1859b: 220 (synonymy by Arrow 1912). Orphnus mysoriensis – Lacordaire 1856: 130 (catalogue). — Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1073 (catalogue). — Arrow 1912: 29 (catalogue, synonymy). — Schmidt 1913: 80 (catalogue). — Mittal 2005: 46 (catalogue). — Frolov 2012: 794 (catalogue). — Khaustov & Frolov 2018: 182 (host of Trochometridium tribulatum Cross, 1965). Orphnus detegens – Preudhomme de Borre 1886: 26 (catalogue). Orphnus scitissimus – Preudhomme de Borre 1886: 26 (catalogue). Differential diagnosis Orphnus mysoriensis is similar to O. medvedevi sp. nov. in having the pronotum with a more or less developed tubercle on the base medially and the endophallus with one group of spinules. It differs from the latter in body length (8.0–10.0 mm, as opposed to 4.6–6.0 mm in O. medvedevi sp. nov.), spinules of endophallus as a rather dispersed group of more than 10 spinules (as opposed to a compact cluster consisting of less than 10 spinules in O. medvedevi sp. nov., Fig. 1G vs Fig. 3G), and tubercle on the base of pronotum normally with two punctures (as opposed to always smooth tubercle in O. medvedevi sp. nov.). Type material of Orphnus mysoriensis Lectotype (here designated, Fig. 1A–E, G) INDIA • ♂; “Mysore / Orphnus mysoriensis Westw / TYPE WESTWOOD Trans. Ent. Soc. 4. 1846. P.176. Coll. Hope Oxon. / TYPE COL: 484 1/3 Orphnus mysoriensis Westw. HOPE DEPT.OXFORD”; OUM. Paralectotypes INDIA • 1 ♂; “ Mysore / TYPE COL: 484 2/3 Aegidium mysoriensis Westw. HOPE DEPT.OXFORD”; OUM • 1 ♀; “ Mysore / TYPE COL: 484 3/3 Aegidium mysoriensis Westw. HOPE DEPT.OXFORD”; OUM. Type material of Orphnus detegens Lectotype (here designated, Fig. 2 E – G) SRI LANKA • ♂; “ Type / Ceylon 59 106 / Orphnus detegens Walker. a.n.H. (type) / detegens Wlk ”; BMNH. Additional material examined SRI LANKA – Central Province • 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Kandy; 7°18′ N, 80°38′ E; MHNG • 2 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; MNHB • 7 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; 1–18 Apr. 1991; Jiri Kolibac leg.; NHMB • 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; 18 Mar. 1973; G. Zimmermann leg.; MNHB • 2 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; 1908; G.B. Longstaff leg.; OUM • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Nalanda; 7°40′ N, 80°39′ E; V. De Poll leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; 1889; I.Z. Kannegeter leg.; MNHN • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Peradenyia; 7°16′ N, 80°35′ E; MHNG • 3 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB • 2 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; 2 Apr. 1907; O. John leg.; ZIN • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; 3 Apr. 1907; O. John leg.; ZIN • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; Apr. 1901; MNHN • 5 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; Apr. 1914; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB • 2 ♂♂; same locality data as for preceding; Apr. 1939; J. Vinson leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; Punduloya; 7°01′ N, 80°40′ E; OUM • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Sigiriya; 7°57′ N, 80°45′ E; Oct. 1977; MCSN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; Oct. 1977; NMPC • 1 ♂; Weragamtota; 7°19′ N, 80°59′ E; 13 Sep. 1953; F. Keiser leg.; NHMB. – North Central Province • 2 ♀♀; Anuradhapura; 8°19′ N, 80°24′ E; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB • 4 ♂♂; Kala Oya; 8°13′ N, 80°06′ E; 7 Nov. 1983; MNHN • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; 8 Nov. 1983; MNHN • 2 ♂♂; Nat. Park Wilpattu; 8°25′ N, 80°03′ E; 7 Oct. 1982; G.S. Medvedev leg.; ZIN • 1 ♂; Nat. Park Wilpattu, Talawila; 8°25′ N, 80°03′ E; 9 Oct. 1982; G.S. Medvedev leg.; ZIN • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Wilpattu N.P. 17 km WNW entrance Tala Wila; 8°25′ N, 80°03′ E; 8 Oct. 1982; V.F. Zaitzev leg.; ZIN. – North Western Province • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Puttalam; 8°02′ N, 79°50′ E; 1899; W. Horn leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; Rajakadaluwa; 7°39′ N, 79°50′ E; 22 Aug. 1953; F. Keiser leg.; NHMB. – Sabaragamuwa Province • 2 ♀♀; Sabaragamuwa, Ratnapura; 6°45′ N, 80°30′ E; 20 Jan. 1970; Mussard, Besuchet, Lobl leg.; MCSN. – Southern Province • 3 ♀♀; Bentota; 6°26′ N, 79°60′ E; 14 Aug. 1978; P. Cabella leg.; MCSN • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; 16 Aug. 1978; P. Cabella leg.; MCSN • 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; 20 Aug. 1978; P. Cabella leg.; MCSN • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same locality data as for preceding; 23 Mar. 1973; G. Zimmermann leg.; MNHB • 1 ♀; Matara; 5°57′ N, 80°33′ E; 20 Oct. 1953; F. Keiser leg.; NHMB. – Western Province • 1 ♀; Colombo; 6°56′ N, 79°51′ E; MNHN • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; MHNG • 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; Feb. 1884; MNHB • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; Mar. 1953; MHNG • 3 ♂♂; Hendala; 6°59′ N, 79°53′ E; 15 Aug. 1979; MNHN • 3 ♀♀; Kalutara; 6°35′ N, 79°58′ E; Mar. 1986; W.U.E. Just leg.; NMPC • 2 ♂♂; Kalutara Distr., Tebuwana; 6°35′ N, 80°03′ E; 13 Mar. 2000; S. Mahunka and L. Mahunka-Papp leg.; HNHM • 1 ♀; Mount Lavinia; 6°50′ N, 79°52′ E; 5 Apr. 1973; G. Benick leg.; MNHB • 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Wadduwa; 6°40′ N, 79°56′ E; V. De Poll leg.; MNHN. – Sri Lanka (no exact locality) • 9 ♂♂, 1 ♀; MNHN • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; IRSNB • 1 ♂; OUM • 1 ♂; NMPC • 2 ♂♂; ZIN • 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; MNHB • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; MHNG • 1 ♀; Diener leg.; HNHM • 3 ♀♀; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB • 2 ♀♀; S. Niethner leg.; MNHB • 1 ♂; Templeton leg.; OUM • 1 ♂; Walker leg.; BMNH • 2 ♂♂; Wollaston leg.; OUM • 11 ♂♂; 1871; Thwaites leg.; OUM • 2 ♂♂; 1873; Thwaites leg.; OUM • 5 ♂♂; 1889; H.Fruhstorfer leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; Mar. 1889; H. Fruhstorfer leg.; MNHN. Variation Body length of the examined specimens varied from 8.0 to 10.5 mm (males) and from 7.0 to 9.0 mm (females). Head and pronotum armature in males varied from well-developed with long lateral pronotal processes and frontoclypeal horn (Fig. 2A) to excavated pronotum with gibbosities aside of the excavation and frontoclypeal tubercle (Fig. 2C), with intermediate variants (Fig. 2B). Distribution The species is distributed rather widely on Sri Lanka except for the eastern part (Fig. 1H)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Review of the Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Sri Lanka, with description of a new species of genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819, pp. 40-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1) on pages 41-45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1485, http://zenodo.org/record/5514853, {"references":["Westwood J. O. 1845. On the lamellicorn beetles which possess exserted mandibles and labrum, and 10 - jointed antennae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 4: 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1846. tb 01350. x","Walker F. 1859 a. Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany and Geology Series 3 3: 50 - 56. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2317765 [accessed 25 Aug. 2021].","Arrow G. J. 1912. Pachypodinae, Pleocominae, Aclopinae, Glaphyrinae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae, Idiostominae, Hybosorinae, Dynamopinae, Acanthocerinae, Troginae. In: Junk W. & Schenkling S. (eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus 43: 1 - 66. W. Junk, Berlin.","Walker F. 1859 b. Characters of some apparently undescribed Ceylon insects. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Including Zoology, Botany and Geology Series 3 4: 217 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935908697111","Lacordaire T. 1856. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. Tome troiseme contenant les familles des pectinicorne et lamellicornes. Roret, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8864","Gemminger M. & Harold E. 1869. Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Vol. 4 Scarabaeidae: 979 - 1346. E. H. Gummi, Munich. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9089","Schmidt A. 1913. Coleoptera. Lamellicornia. Fam. Scarabaeidae. Subfam. Aegialinae, Chironinae, Dynamopinae, Hybosorinae, Idiostominae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae. Genera Insectorum 150. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles.","Mittal I. 2005. Diversity and conservation status of dung beetles (Laparosticti: Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in North India. Bulletin of the National Institute of Ecology 15: 43 - 51.","Frolov A. V. 2012. Diagnosis, classification, and phylogenetic relationships of the orphnine scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae: Orphninae). Entomological Review 92: 782 - 797. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873812070056","Khaustov A. A. & Frolov A. V. 2018. A new species, new genus and new records of heterostigmatic mites (Acari: Heterostigmata) phoretic on scarab beetles of the subfamily Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Zootaxa 4514: 181 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4514.2.3","Preudhomme de Borre A. 1886. Descriptions de deux especes nouvelles du genre Aegidium Westwood suivies de la liste des Orphnides du Musee royal d'histoire naturelle de Belgique. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 30: 24 - 26. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12278747 [accessed 15 Aug. 2021]."]}

Orphnus bicolor (Fabricius, 1801) Fig. 4 Scarabaeus bicolor Fabricius, 1801: 9. Orphnus bicolor – MacLeay 1819: 119. — Westwood 1845: 176. — Lacordaire 1856: 130 (catalogue). — Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1072 (catalogue). — Arrow 1912: 29 (catalogue). — Schmidt 1913: 79 (catalogue). — Frolov 2012: 793 (catalogue). Differential diagnosis Orphnus bicolor is similar to O. parvus in having the pronotum without tubercle on base medially and endophallus with a few groups of spinules. It differs from the latter in having the parameres in dorsal view with small but distinct notches basad of the lateral teeth (Fig. 4F), longer parameres (about 0.7 length of phallobase [Fig. 4E] as opposed to 0.5 length of phallobase in O. parvus [Fig. 5E]), and abdominal sternite 8 medially longer than sternites 4–7 combined (as opposed to sternite 8 medially as long as sternites 4–7 combined in O. parvus). Type material Lectotype (here designated, Fig. 4 A – F) INDIA • ♂; “ TYPE / Ind. orient. Daldorff Mus. T. Lund Geotrupes bicolor F. / Lectotype Geotrupes bicolor F. A.Frolov des. 2016”; ZMUKG. Paralectotype INDIA • 1 ♂; “ TYPE / Paralectotype Geotrupes bicolor F. A.Frolov des. 2016”; ZMUKG. Additional material examined SRI LANKA – Central Province • 1 ♂; Weragamtota; 7°19′ N, 80°59′ E; 13 Sep. 1953; F. Keiser leg.; NHMB. – Southern Province • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Tissamaharana; 6°17′ N, 81°17′ E; 30 Oct. 1983; MNHN. Variation Body length of the examined specimens varies from 7.5 to 9.0 mm (males) and 8.6 mm (female). Distribution The species was described form “East India ”. In Sri Lanka, it is known from two rather distant localities in the centre and on the southern coast (Fig. 4I)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Review of the Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Sri Lanka, with description of a new species of genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819, pp. 40-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1485, http://zenodo.org/record/5514853, {"references":["Fabricius J. C. 1801. Systema Eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species: adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus I. Impensis Bibliopolii Academici novi. Kiel.","MacLeay W. S. 1819. Horae Entomologicae: or Essays on the Annulose Animals. Vol. 1 Part 1. S. Bagster, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 48636","Westwood J. O. 1845. On the lamellicorn beetles which possess exserted mandibles and labrum, and 10 - jointed antennae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 4: 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1846. tb 01350. x","Lacordaire T. 1856. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. Tome troiseme contenant les familles des pectinicorne et lamellicornes. Roret, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8864","Gemminger M. & Harold E. 1869. Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Vol. 4 Scarabaeidae: 979 - 1346. E. H. Gummi, Munich. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9089","Arrow G. J. 1912. Pachypodinae, Pleocominae, Aclopinae, Glaphyrinae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae, Idiostominae, Hybosorinae, Dynamopinae, Acanthocerinae, Troginae. In: Junk W. & Schenkling S. (eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus 43: 1 - 66. W. Junk, Berlin.","Schmidt A. 1913. Coleoptera. Lamellicornia. Fam. Scarabaeidae. Subfam. Aegialinae, Chironinae, Dynamopinae, Hybosorinae, Idiostominae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae. Genera Insectorum 150. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles.","Frolov A. V. 2012. Diagnosis, classification, and phylogenetic relationships of the orphnine scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae: Orphninae). Entomological Review 92: 782 - 797. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873812070056"]}

Orphnus parvus (Wiedemann, 1823) Fig. 5 Geotrupes parvus Wiedemann, 1823: 6. Orphnus nanus Westwood, 1845: 177 (synonymy by Arrow 1912). Orphnus parvus ��� Gemminger & Harold 1869: 1073 (catalogue). ��� Arrow 1912: 30 (catalogue). ��� Schmidt 1913: 80 (catalogue). ��� Frolov 2012: 794 (catalogue). Differential diagnosis Orphnus parvus is similar to O. bicolor in having the pronotum without a tubercle on base medially and endophallus with a few groups of spinules. It differs from the latter in having the parameres in dorsal view without notches basad of lateral teeth (Fig. 5G), shorter parameres (about 0.5 length of phallobase [Fig. 5E] as opposed to 0.7 length of phallobase in O. bicolor [Fig. 4E]), and abdominal sternite 8 medially as long as sternites 4���7 combined (as opposed to sternite 8 medially distinctly longer than sternites 4���7 combined in O. bicolor). Type material of Geotrupes parvus Lectotype (here designated, Fig. 5 A ��� C) INDIA ��� ♂; ���Bengal Mai 1808 Parvus ♂ Wied. / Mus. Westerm. / TYPE ���; ZMUKK. Paralectotype INDIA ��� 1 ♂; ���Mus. Westerm. / TYPE ���; ZMUKK. Type material of Orphnus nanus Lectotype (here designated, Fig. 5 D ��� H) INDIA ��� 1 ♂; ��� TYPE COL: 482 1/2 Orphnus nanus Westw. HOPE DEPT.OXFORD / Orphnus nanus Westw East Ind [...] Hearsey / TYPE WESTWOOD Trans. Ent. Soc. 4.1846.P.177 Coll. Hope Oxon. / [���] / W / LECTOTYPUS Orphnus nanus Westw. Frolov et al. 2016 ���; ZMUKK. Paralectotype INDIA ��� 1♂;��� TYPE COL: 482 2/2 Orphnus nanus Westw. HOPE DEPT.OXFORD / TYPE WESTWOOD Trans. Ent. Soc. 4.1846.P.177 Coll. Hope Oxon. / Prof. Westwood���s private collection purchased from Miss Swann 1895 Collected by Gen. Hearsey in India / [9���H] / Orphnus nanus Westw ���; ZMUKK. Additional material examined SRI LANKA ��� Central Province ��� 2 ♂♂; Kandy; 7��18��� N, 80��38��� E; MHNG ��� 1 ♀; Peradenyia; 7��16��� N, 80��35��� E; MHNG ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB ��� 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; 3 Apr. 1907; O. John leg.; ZIN ��� 1 ♀; Sigiriya; 7��57��� N, 80��45��� E; Oct. 1977; MHNG ��� 2 ♀♀; Weragamtota; 7��19��� N, 80��59��� E; 13 Sep. 1953; F. Keiser leg.; NHMB. ��� North Central Province ��� 1 ♀; Anuradhapura; 8��19��� N, 80��24��� E; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB ��� 1 ♂; Kala Oya; 8��13��� N, 80��06��� E; 7 Nov. 1983; MNHN ��� 1 ♀; same locality data as for preceding; 8 Nov. 1983; MNHN ��� 1 ♀; Vilpattu Nat. Park, Talawila; 8��25��� N, 80��03��� E; 9 Nov. 1983; G.S. Medvedev leg.; ZIN. ��� Southern Province ��� 1 ♀; 9 km SW of Yala; 6��22��� N, 81��31��� E; 21 Oct. 1982; V.F. Zaitzev leg.; ZIN ��� 8 ♂♂; Southern Province, Bentota; 6��26��� N, 79��60��� E; 23 Mar. 1973; G. Zimmermann leg.; MNHB ��� 1 ♂; Point de Galle; 6��01��� N, 80��13��� E; MHNG ��� 1 ♂; Tissamaharama; 6��17��� N, 81��17��� E; 8 Aug. 1978; P. Cabella leg.; MCSN ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality data as for preceding; 30 Oct. 1983; MNHN ��� 2 ♂♂; Yala; 6��22��� N, 81��31��� E; 21 Oct. 1982; G.S. Medvedev leg.; ZIN. ��� Western Province ��� 1 ♂; Colombo; 6��56��� N, 79��51��� E; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB ��� 1 ♂; same locality data as for preceding; Mar. 1953; G. Frey leg.; MHNG ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Negombo; 7��12��� N, 79��50��� E; 23 Mar. 1973; B. Huttler leg.; NMPC ��� 1 ♀; Wadduwa; 6��40��� N, 79��56��� E; V. De Poll leg.; MNHN. ��� Sri Lanka (no exact locality) ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; OUM ��� 1 ♀; MHNG ��� 1 ♂; MNHB ��� 1 ♂; Friederichs S.G. leg.; MNHB ��� 1 ♂; Parry leg.; IRSNB ��� 1 ♂; S. Niethner leg.; MNHB. Variation Body length of the examined specimens varies from 6.1 to 8.2 mm (males) and 6.0 to 7.5 mm (females). Distribution The species is distributed rather widely throughout Sri Lanka except for the north-eastern part (Fig. 5J)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Review of the Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Sri Lanka, with description of a new species of genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819, pp. 40-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1) on pages 48-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1485, http://zenodo.org/record/5514853, {"references":["Wiedemann C. R. W. 1823. Zweihundert neue Kafer von Java, Bengalen, und dem Vorgebirge der guten Hoffnung. Zoologisches Magazin Kiel 2: 1 - 133. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 14928532 [accessed 25 Aug. 2021].","Westwood J. O. 1845. On the lamellicorn beetles which possess exserted mandibles and labrum, and 10 - jointed antennae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 4: 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1846. tb 01350. x","Arrow G. J. 1912. Pachypodinae, Pleocominae, Aclopinae, Glaphyrinae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae, Idiostominae, Hybosorinae, Dynamopinae, Acanthocerinae, Troginae. In: Junk W. & Schenkling S. (eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus 43: 1 - 66. W. Junk, Berlin.","Gemminger M. & Harold E. 1869. Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Vol. 4 Scarabaeidae: 979 - 1346. E. H. Gummi, Munich. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9089","Schmidt A. 1913. Coleoptera. Lamellicornia. Fam. Scarabaeidae. Subfam. Aegialinae, Chironinae, Dynamopinae, Hybosorinae, Idiostominae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae. Genera Insectorum 150. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Bruxelles.","Frolov A. V. 2012. Diagnosis, classification, and phylogenetic relationships of the orphnine scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae: Orphninae). Entomological Review 92: 782 - 797. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873812070056","Fabricius J. C. 1801. Systema Eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species: adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus I. Impensis Bibliopolii Academici novi. Kiel.","Frolov A. V., Montreuil O. & Akhmetova L. A. 2016. Review of the Madagascan Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a revision of the genus Triodontus Westwood. Zootaxa 4207: 1 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4207.1.1"]}

Orphnus medvedevi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3F99F2E5-0FD6-4CE9-A3AC-53A7FBA4241D Fig. 3 Differential diagnosis Orphnus medvedevi sp. nov. is similar to O. mysoriensis in having the pronotum with more or less developed tubercle on base medially and endophallus with one group of spinules. It differs from the latter in shorter body (4.6–6.0 mm, as opposed to 8.0–10.0 mm. in O. mysoriensis), spinules of endophallus as a compact cluster consisting of less than 10 spinules (as opposed to a rather dispersed group of more than 10 spinules in O. mysoriensis, Fig. 3G vs Fig. 1G), and tubercle on the base of pronotum always smooth (as opposed to having normally two punctures in O. mysoriensis). Etymology The new species is named after Gleb Sergeevich Medvedev (1931–2009), a Russian coleopterist. Type material Holotype SRI LANKA • ♂; “ Shri Lanka Vilpattu [Sri Lanka, Wilpattu] 7.10.1982 G. Medvedev ”; ZIN. Paratypes SRI LANKA • 2 ♀♀; “ Shri Lanka Vilpattu [Sri Lanka, Wilpattu] 8.10.1982 G. Medvedev ”; ZIN • 1 ♂, 6 ♀♀; “ Sri Lanka. Nat. Park Wilpattu. Talawila 9.X. 982. Medvedev”; ZIN • 13 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; “ Sri Lanka, Wilpattu N.P. 17 km WNW entrance Tala Wila, 8.X.1982 V.F. Zaitzev leg.”; ZIN. Description Male, holotype (Fig. 3A, D–G) BODY. Length 6.0 mm. Colour uniformly brown. CLYPEUS. Wide, with convex anterior margin, rounded laterally, finely crenulate. Genae small, not protruding past eyes. Frontal suture indistinct. Clypeus with long, slender horn directed upwards and slightly curved backwards apically. Dorsal surface of head finely punctate. Labrum deeply sinuate in the middle, distinctly protruding past clypeus. PRONOTUM. With rounded sides, about 1.5 times as wide as long, with deeply concave disc, conical lateral processes aside excavation, and smooth, rounded tubercle medially near base. Anterior angles acute; posterior angles rounded, indistinct in dorsal view. Pronotum bordered on anterior margin and base. Lateral margins with long, sparse, brown setae. Sides irregularly punctate with round punctures separated by 3–5 puncture diameters. SCUTELLUM. Subtriangular, narrowly rounded apically, about 1/10 length of elytra. ELYTRA. About as long as wide, with distinct humeral humps, widest in middle, lateral margins slightly rounded in basal half. First (sutural) stria distinct, as feebly impressed groove with row of punctures. Other stria before humeral humps as rows of round setiferous punctures, separated by more than 3 their diameters except for base of elytra. Elytral intervals covered with minute punctures. WINGS. Macropterous. LEGS. Protibiae with 3 outer teeth. Lateral margin basad of outer teeth not crenulate. Apical spur of protibia absent. Left protarsus absent. Middle and hind legs similar in shape; metafemora and metatibiae about ⅛ as long as the mesofemora and mesotibiae. Mesotibia and metatibiae somewhat triangular with 2 apical spurs, inner margin almost straight, with 1 transverse keel. Upper spur of tibiae as long as two basal tarsomeres. Claws ⅓ length of apical tarsomere. Femora almost impunctate. ABDOMEN. Ventrally irregularly punctate, pubescent, with sparse, long setae. Abdominal sternite 8 medially shorter than sternites 4–7 combined. Pygidium invisible from above, with slightly truncate apex in caudal view. Plectrum triangular with rounded apex, wider than long. AEDEAGUS. Parameres relatively short (0.5 length of phallobase), curved downwards, tapering apically, spear-shaped in dorsal view, with feebly visible lateral teeth (Fig. 3D–E). Endophallus with a compact cluster of 6 spinules (Fig. 3G). Female Female (Fig. 3H) differs from the male in having a relatively smaller pronotum without armature, frontoclypeus without process, and prothoracic spur present. Variation Body length of the paratypes varies from 5.9 to 4.6 mm (males) and 4.7 to 6.0 mm (females). Some of the paratypes have darker elytra. Head and pronotum armature in males paratypes varies from relatively well-developed, similar to that of the holotype, to excavated pronotum with gibbosities beside the excavation and frontoclypeal tubercle (Fig. 3C), with intermediate variants (Fig. 3B). Distribution The species is known from one locality in north-western Sri Lanka (Fig. 3I)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Review of the Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Sri Lanka, with description of a new species of genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819, pp. 40-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1) on pages 45-48, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1485, http://zenodo.org/record/5514853

Key to species of Orphnus from Sri Lanka (males) 1. Pronotum with more or less developed tubercle on base medially (Figs 1A–B, 2A–C, 3A–C). Endophallus with 1 group of spinules (Figs 1G, 3G)....................................................................... 2 – Pronotum without tubercle on base medially (Figs 4A, H, 5A, H). Endophallus with more than 1 distinct group of spinules (Figs 4D, 5D).......................................................................................... 3 2. Larger: body length 8.0–10.0 mm. Spinules of endophallus as a rather dispersed group of more than 10 spinules (Fig. 1G). Tubercle on base of pronotum normally with 2 punctures; punctures may be close to each other or indistinct in some specimens............. Orphnus mysoriensis Westwood, 1845 – Smaller: body length 4.6–6.0 mm. Spinules of endophallus in a compact cluster consisting of less than 10 spinules (Fig. 3G). Tubercle on base of pronotum smooth...... Orphnus medvedevi sp. nov. 3. Parameres in dorsal view with small but distinct notches basad of lateral teeth (Fig. 4F). Parameres longer, about 0.7 length of phallobase (Fig. 4E). Abdominal sternite 8 medially longer than sternites 4–7 combined............................................................................... Orphnus bicolor (Fabricius, 1801) – Parameres in dorsal view without notches basad of lateral teeth (Fig. 5G). Parameres shorter, about 0.5 length of phallobase (Fig. 5F). Abdominal sternite 8 medially as long as sternites 4–7 combined.................................................................................. Orphnus parvus (Wiedemann, 1823), Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Review of the Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of Sri Lanka, with description of a new species of genus Orphnus Macleay, 1819, pp. 40-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 767 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1485, http://zenodo.org/record/5514853, {"references":["Westwood J. O. 1845. On the lamellicorn beetles which possess exserted mandibles and labrum, and 10 - jointed antennae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 4: 155 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1846. tb 01350. x","Fabricius J. C. 1801. Systema Eleutheratorum secundum ordines, genera, species: adiectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Tomus I. Impensis Bibliopolii Academici novi. Kiel.","Wiedemann C. R. W. 1823. Zweihundert neue Kafer von Java, Bengalen, und dem Vorgebirge der guten Hoffnung. Zoologisches Magazin Kiel 2: 1 - 133. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 14928532 [accessed 25 Aug. 2021]."]}

Cerhomalus absconditus (Petrovitz, 1971) comb. nov. Figs 2, 5A, 6 Orphnus (Cerhomalus) absconditus Petrovitz, 1971: 3. Differential diagnosis Cerhomalus absconditus can be easily separated from congeners by having the apices of the parameres rounded (in apical view), without semi-circular excavations (Fig. 2G, J) and without keels or fossae on ventral side (Fig. 2K), and the base of elytra with somewhat tile-shaped punctures (Fig. 2 A���B). Material examined Holotype DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� ♂; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Tshuapa: Yokamba /1953 J. Stevenard / HOLOTYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA. Paratypes DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� 1 ♀ ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Kasai: Ipamu -1937 R. Soeur Imelda / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 5 ♀♀; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Kwango: Djuma 1953 /R.P.G. Leta/ PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / coll. Petrovitz ���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Lulua: Kapanga ��� XI-1933 F.G. Overlaet / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���MUS. ROY. AFR. CENTR. Kasai: terr. Dekese I.1960 F. Francois / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♀; ���MUSEE DU CONGO Kasai: Don de la Cie du Kasai / PARATYPUS / R. DET. 1939 F / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���MUSEE DU CONGO Kasai: Ipamu - VIII -1922 P. Vanderijst / PARATYPUS / R. DET. 1939 F / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 2 ♂♂; ���Musee du Congo Kinda (Katanga) 1927 (Don M. Muller.) / Kinda Katanga 1926 Congo / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / PARATYPUS / R. DET. 1939 F / 139���; MHNG ��� 1 ♀; ���MUSEE DU CONGO Murlambongo (Idiofa) - 1930 (Les Soeurs de la Mission) / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���Musee du Congo Sankuru: Komi (Lodja) 27-I-1930 J. Ghesquiere / R. DET 1939 F / Cerhomalus mechowi Qued. / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / PARATYPUS ���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Sankuru: Katako-Kombe VIII - 1952 Dr M. Fontaine / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / PARATYPUS / PARATYPUS���; MCSNG ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Tshuapa: Ikela 1956 R. Deguide / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n. sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♀; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Tshuapa: Ikela 1956 R.P. Lootens / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n. sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♀; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Tshuapa: Bosekele VI-1952 J. Van Vynckt / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / PARATYPUS ���; RMCA ��� 1 ♀; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Tshuapa: Yokamba /1953 J. Stevenard / ALLOTYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Terr. de Dibaya Kamponde 1945 Rev. Fr. ALLAER 1945 / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n. sp. Petrovitz���; RMCA ��� 1 ♀; ���COLL. MUS. CONGO Katoka-Luluabourg / -1938 R. P. VANKERCKHOVEN / PARATYPUS / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / coll. Petrovitz ���; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���MUSEE DU CONGO Luebo - III-1931. 1 ex. J.P. Colin / O. (Cerhomalus) absconditus n.sp. Petrovitz / PARATYPUS���; RMCA. Other material DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� 1 ♀; ��quateur, Tshuapa, Etata; Aug.���Sep. 1969; J. Hauwaert leg.; RMCA. ANGOLA ��� 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Bi��, Catabola; 15���27 Sep. 2012; T. Lackner leg.; BMNH ��� 4 ♀♀; Lunda Norte, Andrada; 7��41��� S, 21��17��� E; Aug.���Sep. 1952; M. Fetchkowsky leg.; RMCA ��� 2 ♀♀; Dundo; Sep. 1948; Machado leg.; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; Cuando Cubango Province, N of Menongue City; 1600 m a.s.l.; 22 Nov. 2019; S. Dementev leg.; SDCMR. CAMEROON ��� 1 ♂; 1912; BMNH. Distribution This is the most widely distributed species of the genus. The majority of records are from the Congo basin, but the species occurs up to Cameroon in the north (no precise locality is recorded) and to the Ancient Plateau in Angola in the south (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical scarab beetle genus Cerhomalus Quedenfeldt, 1884 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae), pp. 36-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 739 (1) on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.739.1265, http://zenodo.org/record/4604232, {"references":["Petrovitz R. 1971. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Orphnus M'Leay (Orphninae, Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera). Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 84: 1 - 46."]}

Cerhomalus petrovitzi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A04DF237-5C78-4B76-BEDB-7453CCEAB827 Figs 3, 5C, 6 Differential diagnosis Cerhomalus petrovitzi sp. nov. is most similar to C. mechowi in having the ventral fossae on the apices of the parameres completely bordered (Figs 1F, 3G) and the apices right angled in lateral view (Figs 1C, 3D) but can be separated from it in having the widened part of a paramere (in lateral view) about two thirds the length of the paramere (Fig. 3D) and ventral fossa of a paramere longer and narrower (Fig. 3G). Etymology The new species is named after Rudolf Petrovitz (1906���1974), a German coleopterist. Type material Holotype DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� ♂; ���MUSEE DU CONGO BELGE KISANTU P. Goossens ���; MNHN. Paratypes DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; RMCA ��� 1 ♂; ���MUSEE DU CONGO Belge [Kasa��-Occidental] (Don M. Corpentier)���; MHNG. Other material NIGERIA ��� 1 ♂; ��� Nigeria W. Afr. / (Staudinger coll.) 1914-412.���; BMNH. Description Male, holotype (Fig. 3 A���B, D���G) Body length 20.1 mm. Colour uniformly brown to black. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus somewhat rectangular, slightly convex in middle, bordered and slightly serrate in dorsal view (Fig. 3A). Frontoclypeus with a keel-shaped transverse process near anterior margin; height of keel about half its width. Surface of frontoclypeus almost smooth, with minute punctures. Eye tubercles feebly developed. Eyes rather large: width about 1/6 distance between eyes in dorsal view. Antennae 10-segmented. Pronotum widely rounded laterally, as wide as elytra. Anterior border wide. Basal border narrow, keelshaped, separated from pronotal disc by deep groove with row of longitudinally elongated punctures. Pronotal disc with a rounded depression occupying more than half of the surface, somewhat rugose anteriorly. Most of pronotum surface covered with minute punctures separated by more than 3 puncture diameters. Anterolateral angles with much larger and denser punctures; posteriolateral angles with same punctures but in smaller numbers. Scutellum subtriangular, narrowly rounded apically, about 1/10 length of elytra. Elytra 1.1 times longer than wide, with distinct humeral humps. Elytra widest in middle, lateral margins almost parallel in basal half. First (sutural) stria distinct, as groove with row of punctures. Other stria before humeral humps as rows of round setiferous punctures. Striae laterad of stria 5 feebly distinct. Elytral intervals covered with minute punctures, somewhat sparser than those on pronotum. Macropterous. Abdominal sternite 8 medially longer than sternites 6 and 7 combined; sternite 6 about as long as sternite 7. Pygidium invisible from above, with slightly truncate apex. Plectrum triangular with rounded apex, wider than long. Aedeagus. Ventral fossae on the apices of the parameres completely bordered, long and narrow (Fig. 3G); apices of parameres right angled in lateral view, its widened part (in lateral view) about two thirds the length of paramere (Fig. 3D). Female Female (Fig. 3C) differs from male in having a relatively smaller, convex pronotum without tubercles and only with a small depression medially, frontoclypeus with much smaller, low keel not bimodal apically, protibial spur, and pygidium with rounded apex. Body length 21.0 mm. Variation Body length of examined male paratypes varies from 17.0 to 22.5 mm. Distribution The species is known from western Democratic Republic of the Congo (Fig. 6). The record from Nigeria is doubtful and need confirmation, therefore the specimen is not included in the type series., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical scarab beetle genus Cerhomalus Quedenfeldt, 1884 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae), pp. 36-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 739 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.739.1265, http://zenodo.org/record/4604232

Cerhomalus Quedenfeldt, 1884 Figs 1���6 Cerhomalus Quedenfeldt, 1884: 289, pl. VIII, fig. 7. Cerhomalus ��� Karsch 1887: 5. ��� Quedenfeldt 1888: 165. ��� Arrow 1912: 30. ��� Schmidt 1913: 71. ��� Paulian, 1948: 11. Orphnus (Cerhomalus) Quedenfeldt ��� Petrovitz 1971: 2. Type species Cerhomalus mechowi Quedenfeldt, 1884, by monotypy. Diagnosis The largest orphnines (body length 15���22 mm). Colour uniformly dark brown to black. Clypeus of both sexes with a transverse keel, higher and apically bilobate in males (Fig. 1A) and lower but distinct in females (Fig. 1G). Pronotal disc of males more or less depressed, sometimes slightly excavated, but distinct pronotal lateral processes always absent. Elytra convex, without ridges, with humeral umbones. Elytral surface sparsely covered with rounded punctures; punctures arranged in longitudinal striae, which are more distinct on disc. Protibiae with 3 strong outer teeth similar in both sexes. Apical protibial spur absent in males. Middle and posterior legs similar in shape; posterior femora and tibiae about �� longer than middle ones. Parameres symmetrical, not setose apically, very wide in lateral view; inner sides of parameres with longitudinal excavations in 3 species (Fig. 1E). Ventroapical part of phallobase strongly sclerotized, in shape of 2 incompletely separated sclerites (Figs 1C, 5A, va. phlb. sc.). Species composition The genus comprises four species including two new ones described below. Distribution The genus occurs in Central and West Africa with the majority of records from the Congo Basin (Fig. 6). Key to species of Cerhomalus (males) 1. Apices of parameres rounded in apical view, without semi-circular excavations (Fig. 2G, J) and without keels or fossae on ventral side (Fig. 2K); base of elytra with somewhat tile-shaped punctures (Fig. 2 A���B).................................................. Cerhomalus absconditus (Petrovitz, 1971) comb. nov. ��� Apices of parameres with semi-circular excavations in apical view (Figs 1E, 3F, 4F, J) and with more or less developed fossae on ventral sides bordered with keel (Fig. 1F); base of elytra smooth (Figs 1A, G, I, 3A, C, 4A, C)............................................................................................................ 2 2. Ventral fossae on apices of parameres not bordered proximally (Fig. 4G, K, arrowed); apices of parameres in lateral view acute-angled (Fig. 4D, H)................... Cerhomalus quedenfeldti sp. nov. ��� Ventral fossae on apices of parameres completely bordered (Figs 1F, 3G); apices of parameres in lateral view right-angled (Figs 1C, 3D)............................................................................................ 3 3. Widened part of paramere (in lateral view) about half length of paramere (Fig. 1C); ventral fossa of paramere shorter and wider (Fig. 1F)............................... Cerhomalus mechowi Quedenfeldt, 1884 ��� Widened part of paramere (in lateral view) about two thirds length of paramere (Fig. 3D); ventral fossa of paramere longer and narrower (Fig. 3G).............................. Cerhomalus petrovitzi sp. nov., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical scarab beetle genus Cerhomalus Quedenfeldt, 1884 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae), pp. 36-50 in European Journal of Taxonomy 739 (1) on pages 37-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.739.1265, http://zenodo.org/record/4604232, {"references":["Quedenfeldt G. 1884. Verzeichniss der von Herrn Major a. D. von Mechow in Angola und am Quango- Strom 1878 - 1881 gesammelten Pectinicornen und Lamellicornen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 28: 265 - 340. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18840280207","Karsch F. 1887. Altes und Neues uber Koleopteren. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 31: 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18870310105","Quedenfeldt G. 1888. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Koleopteren-Fauna von Central-Afrika nach den Ergebnissen der Lieutenant Wissman'schen Kassai-Expedition 1883 bis 1886. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 32: 155 - 219.","Arrow G. J. 1912. Pachypodinae, Pleocominae, Aclopinae, Glaphyrinae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae, Idiostominae, Hybosorinae, Dynamopinae, Acanthocerinae, Troginae. In: Junk W. & Schenkling S. (eds) Coleopterorum Catalogus 43: 1 - 66. W. Junk, Berlin.","Schmidt A. 1913. Coleoptera. Lamellicornia. Fam. Scarabaeidae. Subfam. Aegialinae, Chironinae, Dynamopinae, Hybosorinae, Idiostominae, Ochodaeinae, Orphninae. Genera Insectorum 150: 1 - 87. V. Verteneuil & L. Desmet, Brussels.","Paulian R. 1948. Revision des Orphnus africains (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 117: 1 - 75.","Petrovitz R. 1971. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Orphnus M'Leay (Orphninae, Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera). Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 84: 1 - 46."]}

Cerhomalus quedenfeldti sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AC2F5EC0-10F3-4262-A85E-F06B7B699139 Figs 4, 5D, 6 Differential diagnosis Cerhomalus quedenfeldti sp. nov. is similar to C. mechowi and C. petrovitzi sp. nov. in having the apices of the parameres with semi-circular excavations in apical view and with more or less developed fossae on ventral sides bordered with a keel, but can be separated from them in having the ventral fossae on the apices of the parameres not bordered proximally (Fig. 4 G–K, arrowed) and the apices of the parameres in lateral view acute-angled (Fig. 4D, H). Etymology The new species is named after Friedrich Otto Gustav Quedenfeldt (1817–1891), a German coleopterist. Type material Holotype REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • ♂; “Congo Brazzaville O.R.S.T.O.M. XI-1965 R. Paulian ”; MNHN. Paratypes REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO • 1 ♂; “ Mai 1978 Voka Congo Coll. Th. Porion ”; MNHN; 6 ♀♀; “Congo Brazzaville O.R.S.T.O.M. XI-1965 R. Paulian”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ CONGO BRAZZAVILLE XI-57 / ORSOM PARIS MOUCHET 1957”; MNHN • 1 ♀; “ Soil-Zoological Exp. Congo-Brazzaville Brazzaville ORSTOM / 18.10.1963 No 3 singled in park leg. Endrody-Younga”; HNHM • 1 ♂; “ Soil-Zoological Exp. Congo-Brazzaville Brazzaville ORSTOM park / 16.1.1964 No 695 soil trap in forest leg. Balogh & Zicsi ”; HNHM • 1 ♀; “ Soil-Zoological Exp. Congo-Brazzaville Brazzaville ORSTOM park / 22.12.1963 No 492 soil trap leg. Balogh & Zicsi ”; MHNG • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; “ Brazzaville Congo XI-1963 / MUSEUM PARIS Mission A. Descarpentiers et A. Villiers 1963-1964”; MNHN • 1 ♂; “ Soil-Zoological Exp. Congo-Brazzaville Kindamba, Kimboukou river / 28.10.1963. No 38 singled on river side leg. Endrody-Younga ”; MHNG. Description Male, holotype (Fig. 4 A–B, D–G) Body length 19.8 mm. Colour uniformly brown to black. Anterior margin of frontoclypeus somewhat rectangular, slightly convex in middle, bordered and slightly serrate in dorsal view (Fig. 4A). Frontoclypeus with a keel-shaped transverse process near anterior margin; height of keel about ¾ its width. Surface of frontoclypeus almost smooth, with minute punctures. Eye tubercles feebly developed. Eyes rather large: width about 1/6 distance between eyes in dorsal view. Antennae 10-segmented. Pronotum widely rounded laterally, as wide as elytra. Anterior border wide. Basal border narrow, keelshaped, separated from pronotal disc by deep groove with row of longitudinally elongated punctures. Pronotal disc depressed, somewhat rugose anteriorly. Most of pronotum surface covered with minute punctures separated by more than 3 puncture diameters. Anterolateral angles with much larger and denser punctures; posteriolateral angles with same punctures but in smaller numbers. Scutellum subtriangular, narrowly rounded apically, about 1/10 length of elytra. Elytra 1.1 times longer than wide, with distinct humeral humps. Elytra widest in middle, lateral margins almost parallel in basal half. First (sutural) stria distinct, as groove with row of punctures. Other stria before humeral humps as rows of round setiferous punctures. Striae laterad of stria 5 feebly distinct. Elytral intervals covered with minute punctures, somewhat sparser than those on pronotum. Macropterous. Abdominal sternite 8 medially longer than sternites 6 and 7 combined; sternite 6 about as long as sternite 7. Pygidium invisible from above, with slightly truncate apex. Plectrum triangular with rounded apex, wider than long. Aedeagus. Apices of parameres acute angled in lateral view (Figs 4D, H, 5D), with semi-circular excavations in apical view (Fig. 4F, J) and with more or less developed fossae on ventral sides not bordered proximally (Fig. 4G, K). Female Female (Fig. 4C) differs from male in having a relatively smaller, convex pronotum without tubercles, frontoclypeus with much smaller, low keel not bimodal apically, protibial spur, and pygidium with rounded apex. Variation Body length of examined male paratypes varies from 18.5 to 22.5 mm (males) and from 16.0 to 19.0 mm (females). Distribution The species is known from a few localities in the Republic of the Congo (Fig. 6).

Aegidium simplex Frolov & Akhmetova, new species Figs. 1���9. Type material. Holotype, male: ��� Columbia Dr. Will. ��� (ZMHUB). Paratype, female with the same data as for holotype (ZMHUB). Description. Holotype, male (Fig. 1, 3, 5���9). Body length 10.9 mm, width of elytra 5.2 mm, width of pronotum 4.8 mm. Upper side of body shiny, color uniform brown, head and pronotum slightly darker. Clypeus symmetrical with slightly convex anterior margin and rounded anterior angles. Head surface densely punctate with round punctures separated by less than a puncture diameter on clypeus, becoming denser and coarser on frons near eyes. Head without traces of medial horn or tubercle. Mandibles symmetrical, protruding past anterior margin of clypeus. Labrum rounded, small, slightly protruding past clypeus (in dorsal view). Pronotum 1.5 times wider than long, widest at middle. Anterior margin with a border interrupted medially by a tubercle. Lateral margins crenulate. Base bordered. Disc of pronotum slightly depressed in middle. Surface densely punctate, punctures separated by about a diameter on disc, becoming denser towards sides. Scutellum elongate, rounded apically, about 1/12 length of elytra, smooth. Elytra moderately convex on disc with maximum width approximately at middle. Humeral and apical humps distinct. Elytra with 1 feebly distinct longitudinal ridge on disc between suture and humeral hump. First (sutural) elytral interval almost not elevated. Striae indistinct. Elytra densely punctate with coarse, irregularly shaped punctures not arranged in distinct longitudinal rows on disc. Base of elytra feebly bordered. Wings fully developed. Protibiae with 3 outer teeth and a smaller inner tooth. Lateral margin basad of outer teeth slightly crenulate. Apex and internal margin of tibia with a few slender setae. Protarsi about 1/2 length of protibiae. Claws 1/3 length of tarsomere 5, which is somewhat longer than tarsomeres 3 and 4 combined, and somewhat thicker than other tarsomeres. Tarsomere 1 as long as tarsomeres 2���4 combined. Ventral surface of femora punctate with rounded punctures. Mesothoracic legs and metathoracic legs similar in shape; metafemora and metatibiae about 1.2 times longer than mesofemora and mesotibiae. Femora sparsely punctate with rounded punctures. Tibiae somewhat triangular, with two apical spurs. Mesotibiae without tuft of setae ventroapically (Fig. 3). Upper tibial spur shorter than tarsomeres 1���3 combined; lower spur shorter than tarsomeres 1���2 combined. Claws 1/3 length of tarsomere 5, which is relatively slender, as long as tarsomere 2 and twice as short as tarsomere 1. Abdominal sternites punctate with coarse irregularly shaped punctures. Sternite 8 medially about 2 times wider than sternites 4���7. Pygidium triangular, convex, partly hidden under elytra, irregularly punctate with transverse punctures. Aedeagus. Phallobase 2.1 times longer than parameres, tube shaped (Fig. 5). Parameres reasonably wider than apical part of phallobase in dorsal view (Fig. 6). Ventrobasal transverse plate of parameres absent (Fig. 7). Endophallus without symmetrical strongly sclerotized sclerites (Fig. 9). Cranial part of spiculum gastrale narrow, tapering and rounded at very apex (Fig. 8). Female. Female (Fig. 2) differs from male in having a distinct protibial spur and relatively smaller pronotum without depression and anterior tubercle. Body length 12.0 mm, width of elytra 5.5 mm, width of pronotum 4.7 mm. Differential diagnosis. In the key to the South American mainland Aegidium species (Frolov et al. 2017b), the new species comes out in the couplet with A. reichei Preudhomme de Borre, A. bolivianum Frolov & Akhmetova, and A. varians Frolov, Akhmetova & Vaz-de-Mello. All these species are similar in having the mesotibiae without a tuft of setae ventroapically and in the lack of ventrobasal transverse plate of parameres. Aegidium simplex can be separated from these species by the parameres being wider in lateral view and the length/width ratio is approximately 2.0 (versus being narrower in lateral view and the length/width ratio being 3.5���4.0). Etymology. From Latin, ��� simplex ��� for an ordinary appearance of the beetles., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V. & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2021, A new species of Aegidium Arrow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) from Colombia, pp. 583-586 in Zootaxa 4927 (4) on pages 583-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4927.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4543187, {"references":["Frolov, A. V., Akhmetova, L. A. & Vaz-de-Mello, F. Z. (2017 b) Revision of the mainland species of the Neotropical genus Aegidium Westwood (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae). Journal of Natural History, 51, 1035 - 1090. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1319519"]}

Genus Madecorphnus Paulian, 1992 Madecorphnus Paulian, 1992: 171; Frolov 2010a, 2010c. Drepanognathus Lansberge, 1886: 92 (in part: Paulian 1977; synonym of Orphnus MacLeay: Frolov 2005). Sissantobius Ritsema, 1888: 217 (in part: Paulian 1937, 1977; synonym of Orphnus MacLeay: Frolov 2005). Type species. Drepanognathus falciger Lansberge, 1886, designated by Paulian (1977). Diagnosis. Madecorphnus are small-sized (4.5–7.0 mm) beetles with mostly uniform, brown to black coloration. Upper side of the body has a few setae with distinct locations: 1 seta on the elytral base near epipleuron, 1 seta on the posterior angle of the pronotum, 1 seta approximately in the middle of the lateral margin of the pronotum, 2 setae on the anterior angle of the pronotum, 2 setae on the lateral sides and 2 setae on the anterior margin of the frontoclypeus. Mandibles asymmetrical, subequal in length in females and subequal to strongly unequal in males. Frontoclypeus symmetrical to asymmetrical in males, wide, bordered anteriorly, smooth, without tubercles or ridges. Pronotum wider than long, smooth, similar in both sexes, without any depressions, tubercles, or ridges. Propleurae smooth, convex, without carinae separating anterolateral areas from basal area. Scutellum triangular, narrowly rounded apically, about 1/10 the length of the elytra. Elytra convex, with feebly marked humeral humps, smooth, with only first stria distinct. Wings fully developed. Metepisternon triangular, tapering caudally, with slightly widened anterodorsal angle slightly overlapping epypleuron. Protibiae with 3 outer teeth. Phallobase strongly sclerotized dorsally and with a thin membrane ventrally. Parameres relatively long, their apices tapering or curved downwards, without setae. Internal sac of aedeagus has species-specific armature. Sexual dimorphism in Madecorphnus is weaker than in the other Orphninae taxa. The sexes mostly differ in the shape of the mandibles. Males with the relatively feebly-developed mandibles are similar to females. In Madecorphnus, the sexual dimorphism character common for all Orphninae genera, the absence of distinct protibial spur in males, is less expressed. Often, the apical seta is longer and more robust than the others and is similar to the spur (Fig. 10 H). However, examination of this seta at higher magnification shows that it bears minute, feebly visible setae while the true spurs are always smooth. Madecorphnus males also lack any frontoclypeal horns and prothoracic ridges, tubercles or excavations, which are found in the majority of species of almost all genera of the Orphninae. Diagnostic characters. The shape of the mandibles is species specific at least in some species, but it is subject to allometric variability and therefore cannot always be a reliable diagnostic character. The most useful characters to separate species proved to be the number and shape of the internal sac sclerites and the shape of the parameres. Species composition, distribution, and habitat. Madecorphnus is endemic to Madagascar and the most speciose genus of the Madagascan Orphninae with 19 described species. The species are distributed throughout the island but mostly in its eastern part. The notable exception is M. falculoides, which was found in the western part. The majority of the localities agree well with the current distribution of the remnants of indigenous forests. Little is known about bionomy of Madecorphnus. Some specimens were collected in carrion baited pitfall traps. However, it is unknown if they were attracted to carrion or captured accidently. A few specimens were collected in flight intercept traps or sifted out of forest litter. Madecorphnus species are probably generalist saprophagous litter dwellers but the labels of most of the collected specimens lack any data about the way the beetles were collected. Nesting behavior and preimaginal stages are so far unknown. Remarks. The first known species of the genus Madecorphnus and its type species, M. falciger (Lansberge, 1886), was originally described in the genus Drepanognathus Lansberge, 1886, along with D. mandibularis Lansberge, 1886 (currently Orphnus mandibularis). Since the generic name Drepanognathus was preoccupied, the replacement name Sissantobius Ritsema, 1888 was used for the two species. The name Madecorphnus was proposed by Paulian (1977) to accommodate M. falciger and S. falculoides Paulian from Madagascar and to separate these two species from African Sissantobius mandibularis (sensu Paulian), the type species of the genus Sissantobius. Synonymy of the names Drepanognathus, Sissantobius, and Madecorphnus is discussed in more detail in Paulian (1992) and Frolov (2005). Paulian (1977: 1204) illustrated the peculiar aedeagus and evaginated internal sac of M. falciger (sensu Paulian), but these illustrations do not agree with the aedeagus of the type of M. falciger. The shape of the parameres is similar to that of M. niger Frolov, 2010, but the internal sac with numerous short spinules having wide round bases is unknown in any described Madecorphnus species. We failed to find this specimen, apparently belonging to an undescribed species, in the collection of MNHN., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V., Montreuil, Olivier & Akhmetova, Lilia A., 2016, Review of the Madagascan Orphninae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a revision of the genus Triodontus Westwood, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4207 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4207.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/200444, {"references":["Paulian, R. (1992) Un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espece d'Orphnidae de Madagascar (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 14, 169 - 171.","Frolov, A. V. (2010 a) A new species of scarab beetle, Madecorphnus cuccodoroi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae), from northern Madagascar. Zootaxa, 2531, 64 - 68.","Frolov, A. V. (2010 c) Revision of the Madagascan genus Madecorphnus Paulian (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Orphninae). Journal of Natural History, 44, 1095 - 1111.","Lansberge, J. W. van (1886) Scarabaeides, Bupretides et Cerambycides de l'Afrique occidentale envoyes au Musee de Leyden par M. M. Veth et van der Kellen. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 8, 69 - 120.","Paulian, R. (1977) Les Orphnidae de Madagascar. Bulletin du Museum National d'histoire naturelle, Paris. Series 3, 411, 1199 - 1223.","Frolov, A. V. (2005) Taxonomic position of Sissantobius mandibularis (Lansberge) and synonymy of Orphnus over Sissantobius (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Orphninae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology, 2, 69 - 72.","Ritsema, C. (1888) Lijst der Entomologische Geschriften van Mr J. W. van Lansberge. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 31, 201 - 34.","Paulian, R. (1937) Faune entomologique de Madagascar. Coleoptera Lamellicornia, Scarabaeidae Acanthocerini, Trogini, Aulonocnemis, Hybosorini, Orphnini et Ochodaeini. Bulletin de l'Academie malgache (nouvelle serie), 19, 129 - 143."]}

Orphnus (Orphnus) brevialatus Frolov & Akhmetova, new species (Figs. 1 A–D, 2A–D) Type material. Holotype, male with the label “ TANZANIA 16.XII.2006 Chunya to Mbeya, 2500 m Werner leg.” (ZIN). Paratype, female with the same data as the holotype (ZIN). Description. Holotype, male (Figs. 1 A–C, 2A–C). Body elongate, convex, shiny; length 11.8 mm, maximum width 5.8 mm. Color uniformly dark brown. Head: Clypeus wide, with convex anterior margin, rounded laterally, finely crenulate. Genae small, not protruding past eyes. Frontal suture indistinct. Clypeus with long, slender horn, slightly curved posteriad (Figs. 1B, C). Dorsal surface of head almost impunctate. Labrum deeply sinuate in the middle, distinctly protruding past clypeus. Pronotum: with rounded sides, about 1.2 times wider than long, with deeply concave disc and large lateral ridges almost triangular in lateral view (Fig 1C). Anterior angles acute; posterior angles rounded, indistinct in dorsal view. Pronotum bordered on anterior margin and base. Base of pronotum rugose. Sides with coarse, rounded punctures separated by about 0.5–1.0 puncture diameters. Lateral margins with long, sparse, brown setae. Scutellum: wide, semicircular, about 1/16 the length of elytra. Elytra: convex, about as wide as long, widest in the middle, with almost indistinct humeral umbones. Striae indistinct. Elytra with coarse, ocellate punctation; punctures denser near base and sparser on disc and in apical part. Wings: reduced, about 1/3 length of elytra. Legs: Protibiae with 3 outer teeth. Lateral margin basad of outer teeth not crenulate. Apical spur of protibia absent. Protarsi of the holotype broken. Middle legs and hind legs similar in shape; metafemora and metatibiae about 1/8 longer than the mesofemora and mesotibiae. Meso- and metatibiae somewhat triangular with 2 apical spurs, inner margin almost straight, with 1 transverse keel. Upper spur of tibiae as long as two basal tarsomeres. Claws 1/3 length of apical tarsomere. Femora almost impunctate. Abdomen: Abdominal sternites irregularly punctate, pubescent, with sparse, long setae. Visible sternite 6 medially about 2 times longer than sternites 2–5 combined. Pygidium: Surface irregularly punctate with transverse punctures. Aedeagus: with relatively long (0.6 length of phallobase), curved downwards parameres tapering apically (Fig. 2B). Parameres spear-shaped in dorsal view, with angulate lateral teeth. Endophallus with 2 groups of microspinules and a cluster of larger spinules (Fig. 2C). Female (Fig. 1D) differs from the male in having a relatively smaller pronotum without armature, frontoclypeus without process, presence of prothoracic spur. Body length of the female paratype 10.5 mm. Diagnosis. From the other flightless Orphnus species, O. brevialatus new species differs in having a welldeveloped pronotal armature with two long, acute lateral processes. In the shape of the head, pronotum, and male genitalia it is similar to O. compactilis Quedenfeldt, 1884 but differs from it, in addition to the reduced wings and shorter body, in the shape of the endophallic armature. Distribution. The new species is known from a single locality in Kipengere Range (Livingstone Mountains), the eastern escarpment of the East African Rift in East Africa. The label does not contain exact locality but suggests that the specimens were collected on the road between towns of Chunya and Mbeya (Fig. 2D). Etymology. From Latin adjectives in the nominative singular brevis (= short), and alatus (= winged), referring to the reduced wings.

Frolov, Andrey V., Akhmetova, Lilia A. (2020): Description of a new brachypterous scarab species, Orphnus brevialatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) from East Africa, with notes on flightlessness in the orphnines. Zootaxa 4750 (3): 425-431, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4750.3.8

Genus Aphodius Helwig, 1798 Type species: Scarabaeus fimetarius Linnaeus, 1758, Published as part of Frolov, Andrey V., Akhmetova, Lilia A. & Kr��l, David, 2020, The taxonomic status of Aphodius insperatus Petrovitz, A. longipennis Rakovi�� and A. inylchekensis Frolov (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 390-394 in Zootaxa 4728 (3) on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4728.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3626486

Hybalus punicus Baraud, 1991 Hybalus punicus Baraud, 1991: 22. The species is only known from the type series collected in Fondouk-Djedid (Fig. 2)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey, Akhmetova, Lilia & Montreuil, Olivier, 2019, A review of Hybalus Dejean from Tunisia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) with description of a new species, pp. 290-294 in Zootaxa 4671 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3442338, {"references":["Baraud, J. (1991) Revision du genre Hybalus Brulle, 1834 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Orphninae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 27, 3 - 28."]}

Frolov, Andrey, Akhmetova, Lilia, Montreuil, Olivier (2019): A review of Hybalus Dejean from Tunisia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa 4671 (2): 290-294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4671.2.10

[Hybalus bigibber Reitter, 1892] Hybalus bigibber Reitter, 1892e: 260; Normand 1936: 376; Baraud 1991: 14. This species was described from Sicily and recorded from Tunisia by Normand (1936) (Ghardimaou and Souk El Arba [Jendouba]), although the later author was unsure about the identification of the Hybalus specimens he studied. The record from Jendouba probably belongs to H. algiricus. We don���t know any specimen to confirm the presence of this species on Tunisian territory., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey, Akhmetova, Lilia & Montreuil, Olivier, 2019, A review of Hybalus Dejean from Tunisia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) with description of a new species, pp. 290-294 in Zootaxa 4671 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3442338, {"references":["Normand, H. (1936) Contribution au Catalogue des Coleopteres de la Tunisie. Fascicule 10. Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 27, 355 - 383.","Baraud, J. (1991) Revision du genre Hybalus Brulle, 1834 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Orphninae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 27, 3 - 28."]}

Hybalus normandi Baraud, 1980 Hybalus normandi Baraud, 1980: 60; 1991: 20. This species was described from Tamera (Baraud 1980) and later recorded also from Cap Bon (Baraud 1991) (Fig. 2)., Published as part of Frolov, Andrey, Akhmetova, Lilia & Montreuil, Olivier, 2019, A review of Hybalus Dejean from Tunisia (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) with description of a new species, pp. 290-294 in Zootaxa 4671 (2) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4671.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/3442338, {"references":["Baraud, J. (1980) Les Hybalus Brulle de Tunisie. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie, 10, 59 - 62.","Baraud, J. (1991) Revision du genre Hybalus Brulle, 1834 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Orphninae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 27, 3 - 28."]}