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8. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition)

Author

Cossarizza, Andrea, Chang, Hyun-Dong, Radbruch, Andreas, Acs, Andreas, Adam, Dieter, Adam-Klages, Sabine, Agace, William W, Aghaeepour, Nima, Akdis, Mübeccel, Allez, Matthieu, Almeida, Larissa Nogueira, Alvisi, Giorgia, Anderson, Graham, Andrä, Immanuel, Annunziato, Francesco, Anselmo, Achille, Bacher, Petra, Baldari, Cosima T, Bari, Sudipto, Barnaba, Vincenzo, Barros-Martins, Joana, Battistini, Luca, Bauer, Wolfgang, Baumgart, Sabine, Baumgarth, Nicole, Baumjohann, Dirk, Baying, Bianka, Bebawy, Mary, Becher, Burkhard, Beisker, Wolfgang, Benes, Vladimir, Beyaert, Rudi, Blanco, Alfonso, Boardman, Dominic A, Bogdan, Christian, Borger, Jessica G, Borsellino, Giovanna, Boulais, Philip E, Bradford, Jolene A, Brenner, Dirk, Brinkman, Ryan R, Brooks, Anna ES, Busch, Dirk H, Büscher, Martin, Bushnell, Timothy P, Calzetti, Federica, Cameron, Garth, Cammarata, Ilenia, Cao, Xuetao, Cardell, Susanna L, Casola, Stefano, Cassatella, Marco A, Cavani, Andrea, Celada, Antonio, Chatenoud, Lucienne, Chattopadhyay, Pratip K, Chow, Sue, Christakou, Eleni, Čičin-Šain, Luka, Clerici, Mario, Colombo, Federico S, Cook, Laura, Cooke, Anne, Cooper, Andrea M, Corbett, Alexandra J, Cosma, Antonio, Cosmi, Lorenzo, Coulie, Pierre G, Cumano, Ana, Cvetkovic, Ljiljana, Dang, Van Duc, Dang-Heine, Chantip, Davey, Martin S, Davies, Derek, De Biasi, Sara, Del Zotto, Genny, Dela Cruz, Gelo Victoriano, Delacher, Michael, Della Bella, Silvia, Dellabona, Paolo, Deniz, Günnur, Dessing, Mark, Di Santo, James P, Diefenbach, Andreas, Dieli, Francesco, Dolf, Andreas, Dörner, Thomas, Dress, Regine J, Dudziak, Diana, Dustin, Michael, Dutertre, Charles-Antoine, Ebner, Friederike, Eckle, Sidonia BG, Edinger, Matthias, Eede, Pascale, Ehrhardt, Götz RA, Eich, Marcus, Engel, Pablo, Engelhardt, Britta, and Erdei, Anna

Subjects
1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Underpinning research, Inflammatory and immune system, Allergy and Immunology, Cell Separation, Consensus, Flow Cytometry, Humans, Phenotype, Immunology
Abstract

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.

Published
2019

10. Regulated on Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) drives the resolution of allergic asthma

Author

Li, Nina, Mirzakhani, Hoomann, Kiefer, Alexander, Koelle, Julia, Vuorinen, Tytti, Rauh, Manfred, Yang, Zuqin, Krammer, Susanne, Xepapadaki, Paraskevi, Lewandowska-Polak, Anna, Lukkarinen, Heikki, Zhang, Nan, Stanic, Barbara, Zimmermann, Theodor, Kowalski, Marek L., Jartti, Tuomas, Bachert, Claus, Akdis, Mübeccel, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., Raby, Benjamin A., Weiss, Scott T., and Finotto, Susetta

Published
2021
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11. Loss of regulatory capacity in Treg cells following rhinovirus infection

Author

Jansen, Kirstin, Wirz, Oliver F., van de Veen, Willem, Tan, Ge, Mirer, David, Sokolowska, Milena, Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn, Message, Simon D., Kebadze, Tatiana, Glanville, Nicholas, Mallia, Patrick, Skiepko, Roman, Eljaszewicz, Andrzej, Moniuszko, Marcin, Cardoso, Carlos, Gern, James E., Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., Akdis, Cezmi A., Johnston, Sebastian L., Nadeau, Kari C., and Akdis, Mübeccel

Published
2021
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13. Contributors

Author

Akdis, Cezmi A., primary, Akdis, Mübeccel, additional, Baroody, Fuad M., additional, Boguniewicz, Mark, additional, Brown, Simon G.A., additional, Burks, A. Wesley, additional, Chiriac, Anca-Mirela, additional, Corren, Jonathan, additional, Custovic, Adnan, additional, Demoly, Pascal, additional, Fonacier, Luz, additional, Golden, David B.K., additional, Grattan, Clive E.H., additional, Hausmann, Oliver V., additional, Khurana Hershey, Gurjit K., additional, Holgate, Stephen T., additional, Joerg, Lukas, additional, Lemière, Catherine, additional, Leung, Donald Y.M., additional, Mersha, Tesfaye B., additional, Nowak-Węgrzyn, Anna, additional, O'Hehir, Robyn E., additional, Robinson, Clive, additional, Sahiner, Umit, additional, Saini, Sarbjit S., additional, Sampson, Hugh A., additional, Sheikh, Aziz, additional, Sherenian, Michael G., additional, Smith, Helen E., additional, Stewart, Geoffrey A., additional, Suojalehto, Hille, additional, and Turner, Paul J., additional

Published
2022
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14. CLA+ memory T cells in atopic dermatitis

Author

Nicolàs, Lídia Sans‐de San; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2828-2842, Czarnowicki, Tali, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Pujol, Ramon M, Lozano‐Ojalvo, Daniel; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-2929, Leung, Donald Y M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-3844, Guttman‐Yassky, Emma; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-324X, Santamaria‐Babí, Luis F; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-6654, Nicolàs, Lídia Sans‐de San; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2828-2842, Czarnowicki, Tali, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Pujol, Ramon M, Lozano‐Ojalvo, Daniel; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-2929, Leung, Donald Y M; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-3844, Guttman‐Yassky, Emma; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-324X, and Santamaria‐Babí, Luis F; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1674-6654

Abstract

Circulating skin‐homing cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen (CLA)$^{+}$ T cells constitute a small subset of human memory T cells involved in several aspects of atopic dermatitis: Staphylococcus aureus related mechanisms, the abnormal Th2 immune response, biomarkers, clinical aspects of the patients, pruritus, and the mechanism of action of targeted therapies. Superantigens, IL‐13, IL‐31, pruritus, CCL17 and early effects on dupilumab‐treated patients have in common that they are associated with the CLA$^{+}$ T cell mechanisms in atopic dermatitis patients. The function of CLA$^{+}$ T cells corresponds with the role of T cells belonging to the skin‐associated lymphoid tissue and could be a reason why they reflect different mechanisms of atopic dermatitis and many other T cell mediated skin diseases. The goal of this review is to gather all this translational information of atopic dermatitis pathology.

Published
2024

15. Hot topics in allergen immunotherapy, 2023: Current status and future perspective

Author

Zemelka‐Wiacek, Magdalena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-8638, Agache, Ioana; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364X, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Casale, Thomas B; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-7377, Dramburg, Stephanie; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-3260, Jahnz‐Różyk, Karina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-1858, Kosowska, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-0198, Matricardi, Paolo M; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-0324, Pfaar, Oliver; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4374-9639, Shamji, Mohamed H; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-3463, Jutel, Marek; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-9379, Zemelka‐Wiacek, Magdalena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-8638, Agache, Ioana; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364X, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Casale, Thomas B; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3149-7377, Dramburg, Stephanie; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-3260, Jahnz‐Różyk, Karina; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-1858, Kosowska, Anna; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8991-0198, Matricardi, Paolo M; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-0324, Pfaar, Oliver; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4374-9639, Shamji, Mohamed H; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-3463, and Jutel, Marek; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-9379

Abstract

The importance of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is multifaceted, encompassing both clinical and quality‐of‐life improvements and cost‐effectiveness in the long term. Key mechanisms of allergen tolerance induced by AIT include changes in memory type allergen‐specific T‐ and B‐cell responses towards a regulatory phenotype with decreased Type 2 responses, suppression of allergen‐specific IgE and increased IgG$_{1}$ and IgG$_{4}$, decreased mast cell and eosinophil numbers in allergic tissues and increased activation thresholds. The potential of novel patient enrolment strategies for AIT is taking into account recent advances in biomarkers discoveries, molecular allergy diagnostics and mobile health applications contributing to a personalized approach enhancement that can increase AIT efficacy and compliance. Artificial intelligence can help manage and interpret complex and heterogeneous data, including big data from omics and non‐omics research, potentially predict disease subtypes, identify biomarkers and monitor patient responses to AIT. Novel AIT preparations, such as synthetic compounds, innovative carrier systems and adjuvants, are also of great promise. Advances in clinical trial models, including adaptive, complex and hybrid designs as well as real‐world evidence, allow more flexibility and cost reduction. The analyses of AIT cost‐effectiveness show a clear long‐term advantage compared to pharmacotherapy. Important research questions, such as defining clinical endpoints, biomarkers of patient selection and efficacy, mechanisms and the modulation of the placebo effect and alternatives to conventional field trials, including allergen exposure chamber studies are still to be elucidated. This review demonstrates that AIT is still in its growth phase and shows immense development prospects.

Published
2024

16. Recent advances in the epithelial barrier theory

Author

Pat, Yagiz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4933, Yazici, Duygu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9094-6542, D'Avino, Paolo; https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6212-4265, Li, Manru; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4870-6021, Ardicli, Sena; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-5945, Ardicli, Ozge; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-0478, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Dhir, Raja, Nadeau, Kari; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955, Agache, Ioana; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364X, Ogulur, Ismail; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-7762, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Pat, Yagiz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4933, Yazici, Duygu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9094-6542, D'Avino, Paolo; https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6212-4265, Li, Manru; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4870-6021, Ardicli, Sena; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-5945, Ardicli, Ozge; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-0478, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Dhir, Raja, Nadeau, Kari; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955, Agache, Ioana; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7994-364X, Ogulur, Ismail; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-7762, and Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X

Abstract

The epithelial barrier theory links the recent rise in chronic non-communicable diseases, notably autoimmune and allergic disorders, to environmental agents disrupting the epithelial barrier. Global pollution and environmental toxic agent exposure have worsened over six decades because of uncontrolled growth, modernisation, and industrialisation, affecting human health. Introducing new chemicals without any reasonable control of their health effects through these years has led to documented adverse effects, especially on the skin and mucosal epithelial barriers. These substances, such as particulate matter, detergents, surfactants, food emulsifiers, micro- and nano-plastics, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke and ozone, have been shown to compromise the epithelial barrier integrity. This disruption is linked to the opening of the tight junction barriers, inflammation, cell death, oxidative stress and metabolic regulation. Consideration must be given to the interplay of toxic substances, underlying inflammatory diseases, and medications, especially in affected tissues. This review article discusses the detrimental effect of environmental barrier-damaging compounds on human health and involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Published
2024

18. Recent advances in the epithelial barrier theory.

Author

Pat, Yagiz, Yazici, Duygu, D'Avino, Paolo, Li, Manru, Ardicli, Sena, Ardicli, Ozge, Mitamura, Yasutaka, Akdis, Mübeccel, Dhir, Raja, Nadeau, Kari, Agache, Ioana, Ogulur, Ismail, and Akdis, Cezmi A

Subjects
POISONS, FOOD emulsifiers, PARTICULATE matter, POLLUTION, CIGARETTE smoke
Abstract

The epithelial barrier theory links the recent rise in chronic non-communicable diseases, notably autoimmune and allergic disorders, to environmental agents disrupting the epithelial barrier. Global pollution and environmental toxic agent exposure have worsened over six decades because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization, affecting human health. Introducing new chemicals without any reasonable control of their health effects through these years has led to documented adverse effects, especially on the skin and mucosal epithelial barriers. These substances, such as particulate matter, detergents, surfactants, food emulsifiers, micro- and nano-plastics, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and ozone, have been shown to compromise the epithelial barrier integrity. This disruption is linked to the opening of the tight-junction barriers, inflammation, cell death, oxidative stress, and metabolic regulation. Consideration must be given to the interplay of toxic substances, underlying inflammatory diseases, and medications, especially in affected tissues. This review article discusses the detrimental effect of environmental barrier-damaging compounds on human health and involves cellular and molecular mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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23. Hot topics in allergen immunotherapy, 2023: Current status and future perspective

Author

Zemelka‐Wiacek, Magdalena, primary, Agache, Ioana, additional, Akdis, Cezmi A., additional, Akdis, Mübeccel, additional, Casale, Thomas B., additional, Dramburg, Stephanie, additional, Jahnz‐Różyk, Karina, additional, Kosowska, Anna, additional, Matricardi, Paolo M., additional, Pfaar, Oliver, additional, Shamji, Mohamed H., additional, and Jutel, Marek, additional

Published
2023
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25. Four years into the COVID‐19 pandemic: Timely published articles for patient care and EAACI's leadership role.

Author

Torres, María José, Klimek, Ludger, Agache, Ioana, Jutel, Marek, Akdis, Mübeccel, Shamji, Mohamed H., and Akdis, Cezmi A.

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, ALLERGY desensitization, COVID-19, POST-acute COVID-19 syndrome, CORONAVIRUS diseases, ALLERGIC conjunctivitis
Abstract

This article discusses the response of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) to the COVID-19 pandemic. The EAACI has compiled and reviewed scientific and clinical evidence to provide clinical recommendations. The article highlights various publications in the journal Allergy that cover topics such as COVID-19 symptoms, risk factors, immunology, vaccines, and their impact on asthma and allergies. The EAACI and Allergy aim to provide physicians with accurate information on diagnosis and treatment during the ongoing pandemic. Additionally, the article includes a comprehensive report on allergic rhinitis, a common respiratory condition, authored by María José Torres, Ludger Klimek, Ioana Agache, Marek Jutel, Mübeccel Akdis, Mohamed H. Shamji, and Cezmi A. Akdis. The report discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, impact on quality of life, underlying mechanisms, pathophysiology, treatment options, and future research directions for allergic rhinitis. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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26. Induction of human regulatory innate lymphoid cells from group 2 innate lymphoid cells by retinoic acid

Author

Morita, Hideaki, Kubo, Terufumi, Rückert, Beate, Ravindran, Avinash, Soyka, Michael B., Rinaldi, Arturo Ottavio, Sugita, Kazunari, Wawrzyniak, Marcin, Wawrzyniak, Paulina, Motomura, Kenichiro, Tamari, Masato, Orimo, Keisuke, Okada, Naoko, Arae, Ken, Saito, Kyoko, Altunbulakli, Can, Castro-Giner, Francesc, Tan, Ge, Neumann, Avidan, Sudo, Katsuko, O'Mahony, Liam, Honda, Kenya, Nakae, Susumu, Saito, Hirohisa, Mjösberg, Jenny, Nilsson, Gunnar, Matsumoto, Kenji, Akdis, Mübeccel, and Akdis, Cezmi A.

Published
2019
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27. Development and characterization of DNAzyme candidates demonstrating significant efficiency against human rhinoviruses

Author

Potaczek, Daniel P., Unger, Sebastian D., Zhang, Nan, Taka, Styliani, Michel, Sven, Akdağ, Nesibe, Lan, Feng, Helfer, Markus, Hudemann, Christoph, Eickmann, Markus, Skevaki, Chrysanthi, Megremis, Spyridon, Sadewasser, Anne, Alashkar Alhamwe, Bilal, Alhamdan, Fahd, Akdis, Mübeccel, Edwards, Michael R., Johnston, Sebastian L., Akdis, Cezmi A., Becker, Stephan, Bachert, Claus, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., Garn, Holger, and Renz, Harald

Published
2019
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29. Hot topics in allergen immunotherapy, 2023: Current status and future perspective.

Author

Zemelka‐Wiacek, Magdalena, Agache, Ioana, Akdis, Cezmi A., Akdis, Mübeccel, Casale, Thomas B., Dramburg, Stephanie, Jahnz‐Różyk, Karina, Kosowska, Anna, Matricardi, Paolo M., Pfaar, Oliver, Shamji, Mohamed H., and Jutel, Marek

Subjects
ALLERGY desensitization, ACTIVATION energy, PLACEBOS, ARTIFICIAL intelligence, FIELD research, PAIN tolerance
Abstract

The importance of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is multifaceted, encompassing both clinical and quality‐of‐life improvements and cost‐effectiveness in the long term. Key mechanisms of allergen tolerance induced by AIT include changes in memory type allergen‐specific T‐ and B‐cell responses towards a regulatory phenotype with decreased Type 2 responses, suppression of allergen‐specific IgE and increased IgG1 and IgG4, decreased mast cell and eosinophil numbers in allergic tissues and increased activation thresholds. The potential of novel patient enrolment strategies for AIT is taking into account recent advances in biomarkers discoveries, molecular allergy diagnostics and mobile health applications contributing to a personalized approach enhancement that can increase AIT efficacy and compliance. Artificial intelligence can help manage and interpret complex and heterogeneous data, including big data from omics and non‐omics research, potentially predict disease subtypes, identify biomarkers and monitor patient responses to AIT. Novel AIT preparations, such as synthetic compounds, innovative carrier systems and adjuvants, are also of great promise. Advances in clinical trial models, including adaptive, complex and hybrid designs as well as real‐world evidence, allow more flexibility and cost reduction. The analyses of AIT cost‐effectiveness show a clear long‐term advantage compared to pharmacotherapy. Important research questions, such as defining clinical endpoints, biomarkers of patient selection and efficacy, mechanisms and the modulation of the placebo effect and alternatives to conventional field trials, including allergen exposure chamber studies are still to be elucidated. This review demonstrates that AIT is still in its growth phase and shows immense development prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

30. Nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: Adapted to modern needs: An EAACI position paper

Author

Jutel, Marek, primary, Agache, Ioana, additional, Zemelka‐Wiacek, Magdalena, additional, Akdis, Mübeccel, additional, Chivato, Tomás, additional, del Giacco, Stefano, additional, Gajdanowicz, Pawel, additional, Gracia, Ibon Eguiluz, additional, Klimek, Ludger, additional, Lauerma, Antti, additional, Ollert, Markus, additional, O'Mahony, Liam, additional, Schwarze, Jürgen, additional, Shamji, Mohamed H., additional, Skypala, Isabel, additional, Palomares, Oscar, additional, Pfaar, Oliver, additional, Torres, Maria Jose, additional, Bernstein, Jonathan A., additional, Cruz, Alvaro A., additional, Durham, Stephen R., additional, Galli, Stephen J., additional, Gómez, R. Maximiliano, additional, Guttman‐Yassky, Emma, additional, Haahtela, Tari, additional, Holgate, Stephen T., additional, Izuhara, Kenji, additional, Kabashima, Kenji, additional, Larenas‐Linnemann, Désirée E., additional, von Mutius, Erica, additional, Nadeau, Kari C., additional, Pawankar, Ruby, additional, Platts‐Mills, Tomas A. E., additional, Sicherer, Scott H., additional, Park, Hae‐Sim, additional, Vieths, Stefan, additional, Wong, Gary, additional, Zhang, Luo, additional, Bilò, M. Beatrice, additional, and Akdis, Cezmi A., additional

Published
2023
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32. Spatial transcriptomics combined with single‐cell RNA‐sequencing unravels the complex inflammatory cell network in atopic dermatitis

Author

Mitamura, Yasutaka, primary, Reiger, Matthias, additional, Kim, Juno, additional, Xiao, Yi, additional, Zhakparov, Damir, additional, Tan, Ge, additional, Rückert, Beate, additional, Rinaldi, Arturo O., additional, Baerenfaller, Katja, additional, Akdis, Mübeccel, additional, Brüggen, Marie‐Charlotte, additional, Nadeau, Kari C., additional, Brunner, Patrick M., additional, Roqueiro, Damian, additional, Traidl‐Hoffmann, Claudia, additional, and Akdis, Cezmi A., additional

Published
2023
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36. Effect of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza vaccinations on infections, immune response and asthma control in preschool children with asthma

Author

Gao, Ya‐dong, Xepapadaki, Paraskevi, Cui, Yan‐wen, Stanic, Barbara, Maurer, Debbie J, Bachert, Claus, Zhang, Nan, Finotto, Susetta, Chalubinski, Maciej, Lukkarinen, Heikki, Passioti, Maria, Graser, Anna, Jartti, Tuomas, Kowalski, Marek, Ogulur, Ismail, Shi, Zi‐wei, Akdis, Mübeccel, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G, Akdis, Cezmi A, University of Zurich, Gao, Ya‐dong, and Akdis, Cezmi A

Subjects
2403 Immunology, 10183 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Immunology, 2723 Immunology and Allergy, Immunology and Allergy, 610 Medicine & health
Abstract

Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and influenza vaccines are administered in children to prevent infections caused by these pathogens. The benefits of vaccination for asthma control in children and the elicited immune response are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of these vaccinations on respiratory infections, asthma symptoms, asthma severity and control status, pathogen colonization and in vitro immune responses to different stimulants mimicking infections in asthmatic children.Children aged 4-6 years were recruited into the multicentre prospective PreDicta study conducted across five European countries. Information about vaccination history, infections, antibiotic use, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and asthma symptoms in the last 12 months were obtained from questionnaires of the study. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected at the first visit to assess bacterial and viral colonization, and venous blood for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The PBMCs were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, R848, Poly I:C and zymosan. The levels of 22 cytokines and chemokines were measured in cell culture supernatants using a luminometric multiplex assay.One-hundred and forty asthmatic preschool children (5.3 ± 0.7 years) and 53 healthy children (5.0 ± 0.8 years) from the PreDicta cohort were included in the current study. Asthmatic children were associated with more frequent upper and lower respiratory infections, and more frequent and longer duration of antibiotic use compared with healthy children. In asthmatic children, sufficient H. influenzae vaccination was associated with a shorter duration of upper respiratory infection (URI) and overall use and average dose of ICS. The airway colonization was characterized by less pneumococcus and more rhinovirus. Pneumococcal vaccination was associated with a reduction in the use rate and average dose of ICS, improved asthma control, and less human enterovirus and more H. influenzae and rhinovirus (RV) airway colonization. Influenza vaccination in the last 12 months was associated with a longer duration of URI, but with a decrease in the occurrence of lower respiratory infection (LRI) and the duration of gastrointestinal (GI) infection and antibiotic use. Asthmatic preschoolers vaccinated with H. influenzae, pneumococcus or influenza presented higher levels of Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and regulatory T cells (Treg)-related cytokines in unstimulated PBMCs. Under stimulation, PBMCs from asthmatic preschoolers with pneumococcal vaccination displayed a predominant anti-inflammatory immune response, whereas PBMCs from asthmatic children with sufficient H. influenzae or influenza vaccination were associated with both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses.In asthmatic preschoolers, the standard childhood vaccinations to common respiratory pathogens have beneficial effects on asthma control and may modulate immune responses relevant to asthma pathogenesis.

Published
2022

37. CLA+ memory T cells in atopic dermatitis: CLA+ T cells and atopic dermatitis.

Author

Nicolàs, Lídia Sans‐de San, Czarnowicki, Tali, Akdis, Mübeccel, Pujol, Ramon M., Lozano‐Ojalvo, Daniel, Leung, Donald Y. M., Guttman‐Yassky, Emma, and Santamaria‐Babí, Luis F.

Subjects
ATOPIC dermatitis, T cells, IMMUNOLOGIC memory, LYMPHOID tissue, SKIN diseases
Abstract

Circulating skin‐homing cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen (CLA)+ T cells constitute a small subset of human memory T cells involved in several aspects of atopic dermatitis: Staphylococcus aureus related mechanisms, the abnormal Th2 immune response, biomarkers, clinical aspects of the patients, pruritus, and the mechanism of action of targeted therapies. Superantigens, IL‐13, IL‐31, pruritus, CCL17 and early effects on dupilumab‐treated patients have in common that they are associated with the CLA+ T cell mechanisms in atopic dermatitis patients. The function of CLA+ T cells corresponds with the role of T cells belonging to the skin‐associated lymphoid tissue and could be a reason why they reflect different mechanisms of atopic dermatitis and many other T cell mediated skin diseases. The goal of this review is to gather all this translational information of atopic dermatitis pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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38. Distinct and mutually exclusive Ca2+ flux‐ and adenylyl cyclase‐inducing gene expression profiles of G‐protein‐coupled receptors on human antigen‐specific B cells.

Author

Chang, Iris, Kaushik, Abhinav, Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn, Yang, Minglin, Buergi, Laura, Schneider, Stephan R., Babayev, Huseyn, Akdis, Cezmi A., Nadeau, Kari, van de Veen, Willem, and Akdis, Mübeccel

Subjects
B cells, GENE expression profiling, REGULATORY B cells, HISTAMINE receptors, CELL physiology
Abstract

This article explores the expression profiles of histamine receptors (HRs) and other G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in B cell clones. The study found that HRH1 and HRH2 genes exhibit mutually exclusive expression patterns in B cells, with HRH1+/HRH2- B cell clones promoting a Th1 response and increased antigen-specific IgE, while HRH1-/HRH2+ B cell clones suppress Th2 cytokines and induce tolerance. The analysis also identified differentially expressed GPCRs associated with Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways, suggesting that co-expressed genes may play important regulatory roles in B cell function. The authors declare no conflict of interest. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2023
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40. CLA + memory T cells in atopic dermatitis

Author

Santamaria-Babí, Luis, primary, Nicolàs, Lídia Sans-de San, additional, Czarnowicki, Tali, additional, Akdis, Mübeccel, additional, Pujol, Ramon Maria, additional, Lozano-Ojalvo, Daniel, additional, Leung, Donald, additional, and Guttman-Yassky, Emma, additional

Published
2023
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41. Distinct and mutually exclusive Ca2+ flux- and adenylyl cyclase-inducing gene expression profiles of G-protein-coupled receptors on human antigen-specific B cells

Author

Chang, Iris; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1971-8513, Kaushik, Abhinav; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-0209, Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn, Yang, Minglin, Buergi, Laura, Schneider, Stephan R, Babayev, Huseyn, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Nadeau, Kari; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955, van de Veen, Willem, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Chang, Iris; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1971-8513, Kaushik, Abhinav; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5682-0209, Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn, Yang, Minglin, Buergi, Laura, Schneider, Stephan R, Babayev, Huseyn, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Nadeau, Kari; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955, van de Veen, Willem, and Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943

Published
2023

42. Spatial transcriptomics combined with single-cell RNA-sequencing unravels the complex inflammatory cell network in atopic dermatitis

Author

Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Reiger, Matthias; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-2104, Kim, Juno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1388-4787, Xiao, Yi, Zhakparov, Damir, Tan, Ge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-8739, Rückert, Beate, Rinaldi, Arturo O, Baerenfaller, Katja; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-9440, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Brüggen, Marie‐Charlotte; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-6254, Nadeau, Kari C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955, Brunner, Patrick M, Roqueiro, Damian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-5915, Traidl‐Hoffmann, Claudia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5085-5179, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Reiger, Matthias; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-2104, Kim, Juno; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1388-4787, Xiao, Yi, Zhakparov, Damir, Tan, Ge; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-8739, Rückert, Beate, Rinaldi, Arturo O, Baerenfaller, Katja; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-9440, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Brüggen, Marie‐Charlotte; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-6254, Nadeau, Kari C; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-2955, Brunner, Patrick M, Roqueiro, Damian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9195-5915, Traidl‐Hoffmann, Claudia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5085-5179, and Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X

Abstract

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease with complex pathogenesis for which the cellular and molecular crosstalk in AD skin has not been fully understood.MethodsSkin tissues examined for spatial gene expression were derived from the upper arm of 6 healthy control (HC) donors and 7 AD patients (lesion and nonlesion). We performed spatial transcriptomics sequencing to characterize the cellular infiltrate in lesional skin. For single‐cell analysis, we analyzed the single‐cell data from suction blister material from AD lesions and HC skin at the antecubital fossa skin (4 ADs and 5 HCs) and full‐thickness skin biopsies (4 ADs and 2 HCs). The multiple proximity extension assays were performed in the serum samples from 36 AD patients and 28 HCs.ResultsThe single‐cell analysis identified unique clusters of fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and macrophages in the lesional AD skin. Spatial transcriptomics analysis showed the upregulation of COL6A5, COL4A1, TNC, and CCL19 in COL18A1‐expressing fibroblasts in the leukocyte‐infiltrated areas in AD skin. CCR7‐expressing dendritic cells (DCs) showed a similar distribution in the lesions. Additionally, M2 macrophages expressed CCL13 and CCL18 in this area. Ligand–receptor interaction analysis of the spatial transcriptome identified neighboring infiltration and interaction between activated COL18A1‐expressing fibroblasts, CCL13‐ and CCL18‐expressing M2 macrophages, CCR7‐ and LAMP3‐expressing DCs, and T cells. As observed in skin lesions, serum levels of TNC and CCL18 were significantly elevated in AD, and correlated with clinical disease severity.ConclusionIn this study, we show the unknown cellular crosstalk in leukocyte‐infiltrated area in lesional skin. Our findings provide a comprehensive in‐depth knowledge of the nature of AD skin lesions to guide the development of better treatments.

Published
2023

43. Epithelial Barrier Theory: The Role of Exposome, Microbiome, and Barrier Function in Allergic Diseases

Author

Losol, Purevsuren; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-1077, Sokolowska, Milena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-6685, Hwang, Yu-Kyoung; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-7134, Ogulur, Ismail; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-7762, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Yazici, Duygu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9094-6542, Pat, Yagiz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4933, Radzikowska, Urszula; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-9764, Ardicli, Sena; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-5945, Yoon, Jeong-Eun; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-1288, Choi, Jun-Pyo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-1786, Kim, Sae-Hoon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-5302, van de Veen, Willem; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-6688, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Chang, Yoon-Seok; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-0447, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Losol, Purevsuren; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7620-1077, Sokolowska, Milena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-6685, Hwang, Yu-Kyoung; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-7134, Ogulur, Ismail; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-7762, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Yazici, Duygu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9094-6542, Pat, Yagiz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4933, Radzikowska, Urszula; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-9764, Ardicli, Sena; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-5945, Yoon, Jeong-Eun; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-1288, Choi, Jun-Pyo; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-1786, Kim, Sae-Hoon; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-5302, van de Veen, Willem; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-6688, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Chang, Yoon-Seok; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3157-0447, and Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X

Abstract

Allergic diseases are a major public health problem with increasing prevalence. These immune-mediated diseases are characterized by defective epithelial barriers, which are explained by the epithelial barrier theory and continuously emerging evidence. Environmental exposures (exposome) including global warming, changes and loss of biodiversity, pollution, pathogens, allergens and mites, laundry and dishwasher detergents, surfactants, shampoos, body cleaners and household cleaners, microplastics, nanoparticles, toothpaste, enzymes and emulsifiers in processed foods, and dietary habits are responsible for the mucosal and skin barrier disruption. Exposure to barrier-damaging agents causes epithelial cell injury and barrier damage, colonization of opportunistic pathogens, loss of commensal bacteria, decreased microbiota diversity, bacterial translocation, allergic sensitization, and inflammation in the periepithelial area. Here, we review scientific evidence on the environmental components that impact epithelial barriers and microbiome composition and their influence on asthma and allergic diseases. We also discuss the historical overview of allergic diseases and the evolution of the hygiene hypothesis with theoretical evidence.

Published
2023

44. The epithelial barrier: The gateway to allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases and chronic neuropsychiatric conditions

Author

Yazici, Duygu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9094-6542, Ogulur, Ismail; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-7762, Pat, Yagiz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4933, Babayev, Huseyn, Barletta, Elena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-4140, Ardicli, Sena, Bel imam, Manal, Huang, Mengting, Koch, Jana; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7552-6088, Li, Manru, Maurer, Debbie; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-1998, Radzikowska, Urszula; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-9764, Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-7759, Schneider, Stephan R, Sun, Na, Traidl, Stephan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-599X, Wallimann, Alexandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-3679, Wawrocki, Sebastian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-4739, Zhakparov, Damir; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7175-0843, Fehr, Danielle; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-3662, Ziadlou, Reihane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7016-6725, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Brüggen, Marie-Charlotte; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-6254, van de Veen, Willem; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-6688, Sokolowska, Milena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-6685, Baerenfaller, Katja; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-9440, Nadeau, Kari, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Yazici, Duygu; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9094-6542, Ogulur, Ismail; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8282-7762, Pat, Yagiz; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-4933, Babayev, Huseyn, Barletta, Elena; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-4140, Ardicli, Sena, Bel imam, Manal, Huang, Mengting, Koch, Jana; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7552-6088, Li, Manru, Maurer, Debbie; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-1998, Radzikowska, Urszula; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7341-9764, Satitsuksanoa, Pattraporn; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-7759, Schneider, Stephan R, Sun, Na, Traidl, Stephan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-599X, Wallimann, Alexandra; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6755-3679, Wawrocki, Sebastian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1834-4739, Zhakparov, Damir; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7175-0843, Fehr, Danielle; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-3662, Ziadlou, Reihane; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7016-6725, Mitamura, Yasutaka; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6389-9285, Brüggen, Marie-Charlotte; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8607-6254, van de Veen, Willem; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-6688, Sokolowska, Milena; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-6685, Baerenfaller, Katja; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1904-9440, Nadeau, Kari, Akdis, Mübeccel; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-9943, and Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X

Abstract

Since the 1960 s, our health has been compromised by exposure to over 350,000 newly introduced toxic substances, contributing to the current pandemic in allergic, autoimmune and metabolic diseases. The "Epithelial Barrier Theory" postulates that these diseases are exacerbated by persistent periepithelial inflammation (epithelitis) triggered by exposure to a wide range of epithelial barrier-damaging substances as well as genetic susceptibility. The epithelial barrier serves as the body's primary physical, chemical, and immunological barrier against external stimuli. A leaky epithelial barrier facilitates the translocation of the microbiome from the surface of the afflicted tissues to interepithelial and even deeper subepithelial locations. In turn, opportunistic bacterial colonization, microbiota dysbiosis, local inflammation and impaired tissue regeneration and remodelling follow. Migration of inflammatory cells to susceptible tissues contributes to damage and inflammation, initiating and aggravating many chronic inflammatory diseases. The objective of this review is to highlight and evaluate recent studies on epithelial physiology and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases in light of the epithelial barrier theory.

Published
2023

45. Recent developments in the immunopathology of COVID-19

Author

Zhang, Huan‐ping; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-6774, Sun, Yuan‐li, Wang, Yan‐fen, Yazici, Duygu, Azkur, Dilek; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-9087, Ogulur, Ismail, Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-8917, Yang, Zhao‐wei; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1805-4360, Chen, Xiao‐xue, Zhang, Ai‐Zhi, Hu, Jia‐qian, Liu, Guang‐Hui, Akdis, Mübeccel, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, Gao, Ya‐dong; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-7608, Zhang, Huan‐ping; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-6774, Sun, Yuan‐li, Wang, Yan‐fen, Yazici, Duygu, Azkur, Dilek; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-9087, Ogulur, Ismail, Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-8917, Yang, Zhao‐wei; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1805-4360, Chen, Xiao‐xue, Zhang, Ai‐Zhi, Hu, Jia‐qian, Liu, Guang‐Hui, Akdis, Mübeccel, Akdis, Cezmi A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-019X, and Gao, Ya‐dong; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1251-7608

Abstract

There has been an important change in the clinical characteristics and immune profile of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the pandemic thanks to the extensive vaccination programs. Here, we highlight recent studies on COVID-19, from the clinical and immunological characteristics to the protective and risk factors for severity and mortality of COVID-19. The efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines and potential allergic reactions after administration are also discussed. The occurrence of new variants of concerns such as Omicron BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 and the global administration of COVID-19 vaccines have changed the clinical scenario of COVID-19. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may cause severe and heterogeneous disease but with a lower mortality rate. Perturbations in immunity of T cells, B cells, and mast cells, as well as autoantibodies and metabolic reprogramming may contribute to the long-term symptoms of COVID-19. There is conflicting evidence about whether atopic diseases, such as allergic asthma and rhinitis, are associated with a lower susceptibility and better outcomes of COVID-19. At the beginning of pandemic, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) developed guidelines that provided timely information for the management of allergic diseases and preventive measures to reduce transmission in the allergic clinics. The global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with reduced pathogenic potential dramatically decreased the morbidity, severity, and mortality of COVID-19. Nevertheless, breakthrough infection remains a challenge for disease control. Hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) to COVID-19 vaccines are low compared to other vaccines, and these were addressed in EAACI statements that provided indications for the management of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis to COVID-19 vaccines. We have gained a depth knowledge and

Published
2023

46. Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases

Author

Akdis, Mübeccel, Aab, Alar, Altunbulakli, Can, Azkur, Kursat, Costa, Rita A., Crameri, Reto, Duan, Su, Eiwegger, Thomas, Eljaszewicz, Andrzej, Ferstl, Ruth, Frei, Remo, Garbani, Mattia, Globinska, Anna, Hess, Lena, Huitema, Carly, Kubo, Terufumi, Komlosi, Zsolt, Konieczna, Patricia, Kovacs, Nora, Kucuksezer, Umut C., Meyer, Norbert, Morita, Hideaki, Olzhausen, Judith, O'Mahony, Liam, Pezer, Marija, Prati, Moira, Rebane, Ana, Rhyner, Claudio, Rinaldi, Arturo, Sokolowska, Milena, Stanic, Barbara, Sugita, Kazunari, Treis, Angela, van de Veen, Willem, Wanke, Kerstin, Wawrzyniak, Marcin, Wawrzyniak, Paulina, Wirz, Oliver F., Zakzuk, Josefina Sierra, and Akdis, Cezmi A.

Published
2016
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49. International Consensus on Allergen Immunotherapy II: Mechanisms, standardization, and pharmacoeconomics

Author

Jutel, Marek, Agache, Ioana, Bonini, Sergio, Burks, A. Wesley, Calderon, Moises, Canonica, Walter, Cox, Linda, Demoly, Pascal, Frew, Antony J., O'Hehir, Robyn, Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg, Muraro, Antonella, Lack, Gideon, Larenas, Désirée, Levin, Michael, Martin, Bryan L., Nelson, Harald, Pawankar, Ruby, Pfaar, Oliver, van Ree, Ronald, Sampson, Hugh, Sublett, James L., Sugita, Kazunari, Du Toit, George, Werfel, Thomas, Gerth van Wijk, Roy, Zhang, Luo, Akdis, Mübeccel, and Akdis, Cezmi A.

Published
2016
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50. Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity.

Author

Pat, Yagiz, Ogulur, Ismail, Yazici, Duygu, Mitamura, Yasutaka, Cevhertas, Lacin, Küçükkase, Ozan C., Mesisser, Sanne S., Akdis, Mübeccel, Nadeau, Kari, and Akdis, Cezmi A.

Subjects
TOXIC substance exposure, ANIMAL health, ENVIRONMENTAL exposure, POISONS, ALLERGIES
Abstract

Pollution in the world and exposure of humans and nature to toxic substances is continuously worsening at a rapid pace. In the last 60 years, human and domestic animal health has been challenged by continuous exposure to toxic substances and pollutants because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization. More than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced to our lives, mostly without any reasonable control of their health effects and toxicity. A plethora of studies show exposure to these harmful substances during this period with their implications on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier and increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the context of the "epithelial barrier hypothesis". Exposure to these substances causes an epithelial injury with peri-epithelial inflammation, microbial dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to sub-epithelial areas, and immune response to dysbiotic bacteria. Here, we provide scientific evidence on the altered human exposome and its impact on epithelial barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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