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Aims: Socio-cultural integration of refugees has received scant attention in the academic literature. Türkiye hosts the largest number of refugees, including Afghans, as the second largest asylum-seeking group in Türkiye. There is a dearth of research into the mental health and integration of Afghan refugees in Türkiye. The aim of the present study was to investigate socio-cultural integration outcomes among Afghan refugees in Türkiye by considering the role of traumatic events and post-displacement stressors. The role of mental health in integration outcomes was further examined., Methods: A cross-sectional, web-based survey study with 785 Afghan refugees in Türkiye was conducted between April and June 2021. Data were collected on socio-demographic characteristics, potentially traumatic events (PTEs) (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), post-displacement stressors (Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist), mental health symptoms (Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25), social integration- social bonds (contact with co-ethnic group members) and social bridges (contact with the host community)- and cultural integration (Vancouver Index of Acculturation). Structural equation modelling was conducted to test the hypothesized relationship between conflict and displacement-related stressors, mental health and socio-cultural integration., Results: Findings showed that conflict-related traumatic events and post-displacement stressors significantly predicted higher mental health symptoms. Experiencing traumatic events significantly predicted higher levels of social bridges, adopting destination culture and lower level of maintaining heritage culture. Mental health problems predicted the relationship between stressors related to forced displacement and integration outcomes-social bridges and adopting destination culture. These findings highlight the role of mental health as an indispensable resource for socio-cultural integration. Further, conflict and displacement-related stressors are important determinants of socio-cultural integration among Afghan refugees in Türkiye., Conclusion: Exposure to PTEs and post-displacement stressors were significant risk factors for the mental health and socio-cultural integration of Afghan refugees in Türkiye. These stressful experiences deteriorate refugees' mental health, which hinders their integration into the host society.

Background: Türkiye hosts 4 million refugees and asylum seekers, with Syrians and Afghans being among the largest refugee groups in country. There are limited comparative data on the conflict- and displacement-related experiences of these groups and the relation with mental health status., Aims: To assess the mental health status of Syrians and Afghans in Türkiye, identify risk factors and explore to what extent differences in mental health conditions are related to potentially traumatic events and post-displacement stressors., Method: Two parallel online survey studies were conducted between April and June 2021 among 798 Syrians and 785 Afghans in Türkiye. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, traumatic events (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), post-displacement stressors (Post-Migration Living Difficulties Checklist), symptoms of depression and anxiety (Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5, short form)., Results: For Syrian and Afghan participants respectively, estimated prevalence rates were: 41.1% and 50.3% for depression; 39.6% and 41% for anxiety; and 41.6% and 46.5% for PTSD. In both groups, significant predictors were female gender, exposure to potentially traumatic events, and structural and socioeconomic post-displacement stressors. Additional risk factors were older age for Afghans and higher education for Syrians., Conclusions: Self-reported symptoms of common mental health problems are highly prevalent among Syrian and Afghan refugees and associated with a wide range of risk factors. After controlling for conflict- and displacement-related experiences, Afghans reported higher anxiety symptoms than Syrians, which is likely related to their legal status in Türkiye.

A case of stage IV carcinoma of the ovary is presented which was treated approximately six years ago in the Department of Radiation Therapy at Queens Hospital Center. On September 12, 1972, the patient had a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for a papillary scirrhous cystadenocarcinoma of the left ovary. At the time of the operation, the patient was found to have stage IV carcinoma of the ovary due to metastases of the liver and rectum. She was scheduled to receive pelvic-abdominal postoperative radiation therapy via the moving strip technique. Unfortunately, after completion of two strips, the patient could not tolerate treatment. She then began chemotherapy with a single agent, chlorambucil.Chlorambucil, 0.2 mg/kg/day×25 days/course was administered. The patient received 18 courses. Treatment dosage on a few occasions was decreased and increased again, due to drops in hemoglobin level and white blood cell and platelet counts. At the time of this presentation, the patient has no signs or symptoms of the disease. The introduction of megavoltage radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy postoperatively has significantly improved the prognosis for patients with ovarian carcinoma. However, despite progress in radiotherapy, some patients cannot sustain this kind of treatment due to the unwanted side effects. Such was the case in this patient. She was switched to chemotherapy with excellent results in response and survival, even cure.

From 1967 to 1977, 72 patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were seen. Thirty-five of these patients had unilaterally localized lesions (limited disease) and were treated with cobalt 60 radiation therapy (6,000 rad in six weeks) followed by chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), vincristine, methotrexate and lomustine (CCNU) (Group A). The remaining 37 patients with extensive disease were treated with similar chemotherapy alone, or in combination with local palliative radiotherapy to the symptomatic area (Group B). For Group A the five-year survival rate was 20 percent, while for both groups combined, it was only 5 percent.During this same period 560 patients with non-small cell carcinomas were treated. The five-year survival rate for those patients with operable, resectable lesions was 33 percent, while for those with unilateral, inoperable, unresectable lesions, it was 10 percent. Thus, it would appear that the results in limited small cell and non-small cell carcinomas of the lung utilizing high-dose radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy are comparable, and that limited small cell carcinoma of the lung patients with high-dose radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy can survive longer than those patients with stage III, non-small cell lung carcinoma.While the two- to five-year survival rates in small cell carcinoma demonstrate no appreciable differences, in non-small cell carcinomas there are significant two- to five-year survival differences. These improved results probably are due to the increased sensitivity of small cell carcinoma to high-dose local radiotherapy and to the chemotherapeutic vulnerability of circulating and microscopic metastatic cancer cells.

A case is reported of an elderly woman treated for a basal cell carcinoma, located on the ridge of the nose. The malignancy had invaded the outer surface of the bone and nearby cartilage. It is well known that when carcinoma of the skin is located near to bony cartilage structures, those structures are prone to necrosis when treated with ionizing radiation. In this case, the authors treated the nose using telecobalt therapy and increased the effect of radiation therapy on the skin using a bolus. Results during the short follow-up after completion of treatment have been excellent.

There are few reports in the medical literature of treatment of compression of the spinal cord by the use of radiation therapy alone. Laminectomy has been the standard procedure to relieve compression of the spinal cord and should be performed within 48 hours of initial symptoms. In this patient, radiation therapy was the only modality used. It was supplemented by diethylstilbestrol in the course of follow-up. The result of radiotherapy so far has been excellent. The authors emphasize that radiotherapy was begun three months after development of paraplegia, which makes this an interesting case for presentation.

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) presumably arises from mesenchyme and is characterized by the production of malignant osteoid by the sarcomatous stroma. When all cases are considered, osteosarcoma occurs more frequently in the younger age group (peak range of 10 to 25 years of age) and commonly involves extremity bones, particularly the lower. Osteogenic sarcoma rarely arises in the maxilla. The usual treatment is radical maxillectomy, postoperative radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Results usually are very poor.A case is presented of a 33-year-old man in whom a diagnosis of osteogenic sarcoma of the maxilla was made eight years previously. The treatment was unusual. Preoperative radiation therapy was accomplished by drilling holes in the tumor and adjacent maxilla into which were implanted high-dose radium needles. This was followed by a left radical maxillectomy. The patient is cured and is without functional deficiencies up to the present time.

From the standpoint of treatment of Hodgkin's disease, it is crucial that staging, correct radiation therapy, and chemotherapy techniques be established prior to individualizing patients for national protocols.We present two patients with Hodgkin's disease who suffered a relapse after treatment because of geographic site misplacement of disease during radiation therapy and misjudgment of staging.

Despite the radiocurability of stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix, palliation of patients with pulmonary metastases has been disappointing. Four patients with pulmonary metastases (three from cervical and one from endometrial carcinoma) were treated with total lung irradiation, followed two to three weeks after termination of radiotherapy with combination chemotherapy consisting of vincristine 1.4 mg/m(2) IV+ adriamycin 50 mg/m(2) IV + cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m(2) IV repeated at four-week intervals. Radiotherapy was delivered through a Co(60) teletherapy unit in a daily dosage of 100 rads in anterior and posterior opposing fields. After completion of irradiation in one lung, the other lung was similarly treated if involved with gross disease. Two out of four patients (both with cervix SCC) obtained complete tumor regression, whereas the other two patients had stabilization of their pulmonary lesions. The survival of the two responders was 216+ and 621 days from the start of irradiation. The two nonresponders survived 56 and 109 days. Except for one patient who died of pulmonary metastases, the remaining three patients died of metastases elsewhere. While only one patient developed radiation pneumonitis, all four had alopecia and leukopenia <4000/mm(3) from chemotherapy. Total lung irradiation and combination chemotherapy appear to have activity in the treatment of pulmonary metastases from SCC of the cervix and warrant further exploration.