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Mojgan Allahdini,1 Behnam Kamalidehghan,2 Leila Akbari,3 Parisa Azadfar,3 Ali Rahmani,1 Fatemeh Ahmadipour,2 Goh Yong Meng,4 Abbas Masserrat,5 Massoud Houshmand6 1Department of Molecular Biology, Ahar Branch Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran; 2Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; 5Department of Medical Genetics, Taban Clinic, 6Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran Background: Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic polymorphisms affecting responses to drug therapy. The common rs7903146 (C>T) polymorphism of the TCF7L2 gene has recently been associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, prevalence of the rs7903146 (C>T) polymorphism in the TCF7L2 gene for prediction of T2D risk was examined in an Iranian population of different ethnicities.Methods: The prevalence of rs7903146 (C>T) and the predicted phenotypes, including extensive metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers, and poor metabolizers were investigated in blood samples of 300 unrelated healthy individuals in an Iranian population, including Fars, Turk, Lure, and Kurd, using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct genomic DNA sequencing.Results: The homozygous wild-type (C/C), heterozygous (C/T), and homozygous (T/T) allelic frequencies of rs7903146 (C>T) in the TCF7L2 gene were 29% (extensive metabolizers), 66.34% (intermediate metabolizers), and 4.66% (poor metabolizers), respectively. The C/C, C/T, and T/T genotypic frequencies of the rs7903146 (C>T) allele were significantly different (PT) allele was significantly low in the Lure (PT) allele in the South of Iran was the highest (PT) is required in drug research and routine treatment, where the information would be helpful for clinicians to optimize therapy and adverse drug reactions and predict drug response in individuals at risk of T2D. Keywords: pharmacogenetics of type 2 diabetes (T2D), transcription factor 7-like 2 gene, TCF7L2, rs7903146 (C>T) SNP, Fars Turk Lure and Kurd, Iranian populations of different ethnicities

Ali Bagheri,1 Behnam Kamalidehghan,2 Maryam Haghshenas,3 Parisa Azadfar,4 Leila Akbari,4 Mohammad Hossein Sangtarash,1 Faramarz Vejdandoust,5 Fatemeh Ahmadipour,2 Goh Yong Meng,6 Massoud Houshmand7,8 1Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran; 2Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Department of Biology, Pardis International Unit, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran; 4Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 5Department of Biology, Azad University, Ashkezar Branch, Yazd, Iran; 6Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia; 7Medical Genetics Department, Special Medical Center, 8Medical Genetics Department, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran Abstract: The presence of polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene may modulate enzyme level and activity, thereby affecting individual responses to pharmacological treatment. Here, we compared the prevalence of the CYP2D6*10, *4, and 14* alleles in an Iranian population of different ethnicities with those of other populations. Allele and genotype frequency distributions of CYP2D6*10 variants and predicted phenotypes including extensive metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers, and poor metabolizers were analysed in blood samples of 300 unrelated healthy individuals in an Iranian population using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism, PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism, and direct genomic DNA sequencing. The CYP2D6*4 (G1846A) and *14 (G1758A) allelic frequencies were not detected in different ethnicities, demonstrating the absence of a significant contribution of these alleles in Iranian populations. However, the T/T, C/T, and C/C genotype frequencies of the CYP2D6*10 allele were significantly different (P

Aims Pregnancy is a stressful process and nursing is also one of the most stressful jobs for women. The addition of occupational stress in women nurses can exacerbate pregnancy stress and affect pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational stress and adverse consequences of pregnancy in nurses. Instruments & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on the population of married women with a history of pregnancy in the nursing departments and operating rooms of medical education centers in Isfahan city, Iran, in 2018. Totally, 325 female nurses who had the experience of just one pregnancy while working in the nursing profession were selected using census method. Data collection tools were the OSIPOW occupational stress inventory and a reproductive health researcher-made questionnaires. The data were coded and analyzed using SPSS 16 software by Chi-Square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests. Findings The mean of occupational stress score was 160.0±19.5. There were no significant relationships between the mean of stress score of the subjects with the demographic parameters except the standard noise level in the workplace (p=0.004). There was a significant relationship between occupational stress and spontaneous abortion at 20-37 weeks (p=0.009). Conclusion The level of stress in most of the nurses is moderate to severe and there are no relationships between the stress score and adverse pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Educational programs and curriculums are developed using underlying concepts of value. The development of values-based curriculum and access to education based on values requires clarification of the concept of value. This article is an interpretive review of the large body of diverse and complex literature on the concept of value in medical education. Methods: This project used critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) to carry out qualitative analysis and synthesis of the literature in critical interpretive style. The main review question was the clarification of the concept of value in medical education, which produced over related 800 articles; 70 articles related to the research objective were studied by purposive sampling. After identifying the main categories and sub-categories, a well-reasoned synthesis of the contradictory findings in different studies was conducted. New concepts and relationships between concepts were created using CIS of documentation related to the concept of value and the philosophy and place of values in medical education.Results:To perceive the concept of value and its use in the design and development of medical curriculum, a loop of concepts related to the concept of value was created. A more useful means of understanding value is offered by the synthetic constructs of principle-, outcome-, and virtue-oriented values. This triad of value loops shelters institutional, programming, and curricular levels of the education system. Conclusion: This new theoretical conceptualization of value in the education system can be an appropriate guide for value-based educational programs and curricula in medical education in every context.

Occurrence of root rot disease in sesame has become a major constraint for cultivation of sesame in Junagadh district of Gujarat State (India). Considering the fact, the following investigation was carried out for this pathological problem. The efficacy of various botanicals were evaluated against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid causing root rot of sesame. The phytoextracts of nine plant species were evaluated in vitro by poisoned food technique against M. phaseolina. The extract of garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.) was proved excellent with maximum inhibiting (77.65%) mycelial growth and scanty sclerotial formation followed by onion bulb extract (Allium cepa L.) (63.98%). while least growth inhibition (32.34%) was recorded in ginger rhizome extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) outbreak in intensive care units (ICUs) is a significant problem for healthcare facilities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of CRAB isolates among ICU-admitted patients during the three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran using Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA). We obtained 50 (A) baumannii isolates from tracheal aspirate and blood culture samples. In the disc diffusion method, all isolates were cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime-resistant, while 98% (49/50) of isolates were resistant to piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin. Levofloxacin and tobramycin resistance was found in 76% (38/50) of isolates. In the microbroth dilution test all isolates were resistant to imipenem, 98% (49/50) to meropenem, 68% (34/50) to colistin, and 20% (10/50) to polymyxin (B) Based on the PCR findings, all isolates harbored bla OXA-40 , ISAba-1, and int-2 genes. There were no isolates found that have the bla OXA-58 , bla OXA-143 , bla VEB-1 , bla VIM , and int-3 genes. Among Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes, bla CTX-M , bla TEM , bla SHV , bla GES , and bla PER-1 have a prevalence of 42% (21/50), 84% (42/50), 58% (29/50), 78% (39/50), and 54% (27/50), respectively. 74% (37/50) of the isolates had the bla OXA-23 gene, while all of the isolates carried the bla OXA-40 gene. Among MBL genes, bla IPM , bla GIM , bla SIM , and bla NDM-1 have a prevalence of 20% (10/50), 8% (4/50), 22% (11/50), and 60% (30/50), respectively. The prevalence of int-1 was documented as 74% (37/50). Accordingly, all isolates were identified as CRAB. The co-existence of bla OXA-23 /int-2 and bla OXA-23 /isaba-1 was 74% (37/50). The co-existence of bla NDM-1 /ISAba-1 was observed in 30 (60%) isolates. Using an 80% similarity threshold on the dendrogram constructed through MLVA typing, all isolates were grouped into two clusters: cluster A with 9 isolates from wave 3, and cluster B with 41 isolates from waves 3, 4, and 5. Our study confirms a clonal transmission of CRAB during the study period and suggests using molecular typing methods like MLVA in healthcare settings to identify dominant clones, antibiotic resistance patterns, and transmission routes. This will help to better manage the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant strains in future outbreaks., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Documentation is an important part of the patient care process; however, there is no regular program for documenting intraoperative care in Iran. This study was conducted to design an intraoperative documentation for enhancing patient safety in the operating room (OR)., Materials and Methods: This exploratory, mixed-methods, qualitative-quantitative study (in 2021) consists of four phases. The first phase involves a conventional content analysis of healthcare providers in the OR to identify the needs, strategies, and content of a pertinent documentation. In this phase, purposeful sampling will be used to collect data through semi-structured interviews. In the second phase, a literature review will be carried out to extract the documentation procedures in the intraoperative period in many other countries. In the third phase, a panel of experts is recruited and the classic Delphi (RAND) technique is run to validate the initial draft of the designed program and, the protocol is then finalized. In the last phase, the designed protocol will be implemented through a quasi-experimental study in one group (before and after intervention), and the effectiveness of the intervention will be evaluated., Discussion: To design a protocol for intraoperative documentation, healthcare providers' experiences during surgery in the Iranian healthcare setting, where the lack of documentation might forensically harm both the healthcare providers and the patients, will be explored. This information alongside some universal standards developed in other countries should help improve patients' safety in ORs., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Education and Health Promotion.)

Background: Operating Rooms (ORs) are complicated environments that necessitate the improvement of OR staff's knowledge and skills to remain clinically competent and secure patient safety. The aim of this study was to assess clinical competence of OR staff in accordance with some related factors., Materials and Methods: This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 227 OR staff in nine academic hospitals. Sampling was performed from the beginning to the end of May 2019 and the samples were selected by quota sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire encompassing six dimensions of competency including general knowledge, specialized knowledge, general practical skills, specific practical skills, personality, and motivation. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and interpretive statistics., Results: The mean (SD) total score of competence was 80.99, which was optimal (11.28). The lowest score was related to the dimension of general practical skills with the mean (SD) score of 53.32 (10.26). The mean score of specialized practical skills was significantly higher in single-specialty ORs ( F = 21.53, p < 0.001). Based on multiple linear regression test, it was possible to predict clinical competency through the age and work experience (R-squared = 0.96, beta = 0.31, p = 0.022)., Conclusions: Specialized training has overshadowed the general practical skills that are related to the observation of basic principles of patient safety apart from surgical specialization. Strengthening of competence in general practical skills need to be prioritized in empowerment programs. We need a fixed and permanent space for the continuation of educational programs designed to promote perioperative general practical skills., Competing Interests: Nothing to declare., (Copyright: © 2022 Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research.)

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of surgery cancellation, as a common and never-ending problem within preoperative care, and its related factors on patients, family members, and medical staff., Design: The research design implemented a prospective cross-sectional type., Methods: This study was conducted for four months in two main teaching/general medical centers. The data collection tool was comprised of three researcher-made questionnaires for patients, families, and medical staff, separately. The samples also included a total number of 315 patients, family members, and medical staff., Findings: The results revealed that the frequency distribution of all physical and emotional effects was higher in men than in women though it was not statistically significant. Each patient had been fasting for an average of 13.26 hours until the announcement of surgery cancellation. The most prevalent physical effects in the patients were hunger, thirst, and headache, respectively. The average cost of each surgery cancellation for the patients was almost twice that for the family members. There was a significant correlation between emotional effects in the patients and the families and the reason for cancellation and informants., Conclusions: Each surgery cancellation increased fasting time in patients by an average of 5 to 7 hours. Cancellation also correspondingly led to economic harms for the patients and the families, waste of operating room resources, and duplications. Since the most common reasons for surgery cancellation were patient-related and a significant correlation was observed between the reason for cancellation and emotional effects in the patients and the families, our recommendation is to strengthen patient protocols in terms of preoperative preparation and to review admission and information processes for patients undergoing surgeries., (Copyright © 2021 American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Orthopaedic surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most important and prevalent because implanted devices are used in such surgeries which increase the risk of infection. This study aimed to examine the incidence of infection in orthopaedic surgeries and related factors in a group of public hospitals in Iran., Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was condcuted in 2018. Data were collected about the incidence of infection and related factors including use/non-use of drains and well as types of drain . The presence of SSIs were determined using a researcher-devised Wound Infection Checklist (WIC) and microbial cultures., Results: Of 110 included patients undergoing orthopaedic surgeries, 18.2% had an infection. The highest rate of infection was associated with lower extremity surgeries following tibia and fibula fractures. The incidence of infection among individuals under the age of 35 years was also higher. Emergency procedures demonstrated a higher incidence of infection. No significant relationship was observed between use of wound drains and development of SSIs., Conclusion: Reducing the incidence of orthopaedic infection can be achieved by focusing more attention on open fractures occurring in the lower extremity. Use of surgical drains for the sole purpose of reducing the rate of infection is not effective. Accordingly, infection provention protocols should be implemented in orthopaedic surgery units to control and reduce rates of infection., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a neurovisceral lipid storage disorder. At the cellular level, the disorder is characterized by accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids in the lysosomal/late endosomal system. NP-C is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by mutations in either the NPC1 (95% of families) or NPC2 gene. The estimated disease incidence is 1 in 120,000 live births, but this likely represents an underestimate, as the disease may be under-diagnosed due to its highly heterogeneous presentation. Variants of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 and ATPase subunit 8 ( ATPase6/8 ) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been reported in different types of genetic diseases including NP-C. In the present study, the blood samples of 22 Iranian patients with NP-C and 150 healthy subjects as a control group were analyzed. The DNA of the blood samples was extracted by the salting out method and analyzed for ATPase6/8 mutations using polymerase chain reaction sequencing. Sequence variations in mitochondrial genome samples were determined via the Mitomap database. Analysis of sequencing data confirmed the existence of 11 different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in patients with NP-C1. One of the most prevalent polymorphisms was the A8860G variant, which was observed in both affected and non-affected groups and determined to have no significant association with NP-C incidence. Amongst the 11 polymorphisms, only one was identified in the ATPase8 gene, while 9 including A8860G were observed in the ATPase6 gene. Furthermore, two SNPs, G8292A and C8792A, located in the non-coding region of mtDNA and the ATPase6 gene, respectively, exhibited significantly higher prevalence rates in NP-C1 patients compared with the control group (P<0.01). The present study suggests that there may be an association between mitochondrial ATPase6/8 mutations and the incidence of NP-C disease. In addition, the mitochondrial SNPs identified maybe pathogenic mutations involved in the development and prevalence of NP-C. Furthermore, these results suggest a higher occurrence of mutations in ATPase6 than in ATPase8 in NP-C patients., Competing Interests: All authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this study., (Copyright © 2018, Spandidos Publications.)

Background: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) represents less than 5% of all AD cases. Autosomal dominant EOAD has been defined as the occurrence of at least three cases in three generations. Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 and presenilin-2 genes have been recognized to be the cause of EOAD., Objective: We investigated the genotype of EOAD in two generations of two families with EOAD living in an Iranian village., Methods: The polymerase chain reaction method was used to study the presenilin-1 and APP genes in 25 subjects of these generations., Results: A guanine-to-adenine transition in exon 17 of the APP gene resulting in a valine-to-isoleucine substitution at codon 717 was detected in 14 subjects including 6 patients with EOAD., Conclusion: This mutation demonstrates the importance of γ-secretase, the necessity of early detection of patients with memory decline in the susceptible population and raising public awareness of consanguinity marriages.

Current study was conducted to investigation of effect of magnetic field on cell dedifferentiation and follow it callus induction derived from mature embryo culture in bread wheat genotypes. For this purpose, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design was carried out with two wheat genotypes and three level of magnetic field strength (0.0, 8.8 and 17.6 Tesla) in three replications. Callus growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), callus relative growth rate (CRGR), percentage of callus water content and percentage of callus induction traits were measured. To sum up, the results showed that differences between wheat genotypes and level of magnetic field strength were significant for some studied treats related to callus induction. The effect of magnetic field levels on CGR (from 0.181 to 0.175), RGR (from 1.442 to 0.655) and CRGR (from 0.052 to 0.022) were decreased with increment of magnetic field intensity.

Objectives: Liver cirrhosis can change many aspects of life of the patients and their family and effects society. We aimed to study the utility of cirrhosis from the point of view of the patients, their family, and their care takers to find appropriate interventions, and training and counselling programmes to support patients., Methods: In this cross-sectional study with a goal-based sampling method, 66 individuals constructed of 30 decompensated patients with cirrhosis, 21 of the patients family members, and 15 care takers were included. The data were collected through face to face interview and completing of questionnaire consisted of demographic information (age, gender, marital status, and income), the duration of illness, and assessment of utility of cirrhosis using techniques of time trade, standard gamble, rating scale, and the willingness to pay., Results: 52% of participants were men and 48% women which consisted of 58 married, 4 single, and 4 divorced or widowed with the mean duration of having cirrhosis of 3.7 ± 1.4 years. The mean scores of utility of the three groups in all preference-based measures had significant differences (P < 0.05). Different techniques of patient utility in this research from the highest to the lowest were standard gamble (0.55), willingness to pay (0.54), rating scale (0.25), and rating scale (0.05), respectively., Conclusions: The results of the currents study suggested that the cirrhosis status has had the most negative effect on patients, and that patients had a lower utility rate than their family members and caretakers.