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Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has gained popularity recently for IgE-mediated food allergy. Omalizumab (OMZ) has been used in patients (10-20%) who have too severe/frequent allergic reactions (AR) to continue OIT, to reduce these reactions. In this study, it was aimed to compare two groups of patients who completed OIT with and without OMZ and to seek determinants predicting the need of this treatment. It was also aimed to share the clinical findings regarding the long-term use of OMZ and the withdrawal process. Forty-one patients were started OIT and 93% could be desensitized. Two groups were similar in means of demographic characteristics, and clinical and laboratory findings. The patients who needed OMZ during OIT had also lower reaction doses during oral challenge (p = 0.037). Higher AR rate in this group declined after starting OMZ (p < 0.001). The injection intervals of OMZ were gradually extended. Most patients were able to discontinue OMZ (81%). There were no severe reactions during drug withdrawal attempts. The low reaction thresholds during oral food challenge may give a clue about OMZ requirement during OIT. It may be an option to start the treatment before OIT if reaction was seen in the first few steps of the oral food challenge. For the sake of safety, extension of injection intervals should be preferred instead of abruptly stopping OMZ.

Objective: Cow's milk (CM) contains some proteins capable of causing an allergic reaction in a sensitized individual and one of the most common causes of food allergy in childhood. Most of the patients will develop tolerance by the age of 3. In this study, we aimed to evaluate sensitivity to CM allergen components as well as goat's milk (GM) and sheep's milk cross reactions in cow's milk allergic (CMA) patients and to figure out the risk factors for tolerance non-development., Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 66 patients for IgE-mediated CMA with mean age of 38 months. We evaluated the patients in two groups: Group 1 ( n =50): Patients who have no tolerance in oral food challenge test; Group 2 ( n = 16): Patients who were found tolerant to CM after elimination diet. Cow's milk-spesific IgE(sIgE), α-lactalbumin(ALA)-sIgE, β-Lactoglobulin(BLG)-sIgE, casein-sIgE, goat's milk-sIgE, sheep's milk-sIgE, skin prick tests(SPTs) with CM and GM, eosinophils in peripheral blood were all compared between two groups., Results: In the whole group, goat's milk-sIgE and sheep's milk-sIgE were positive in 84.8% and ALA-sIgE, BLG-sIgE, casein-sIgE were positive in 69.7%, 62.7%, 77.3% of the patients, respectively. Two groups were similar in terms of age at onset and diagnosis, gender, median elimination period, total IgE levels, cow's milk-sIgE and eosinophilia (p>0.05). Mean wheal diameters of CM and GM in SPT (p<0.001), goat's milk-sIgE (p=0.03), sheep's milk-sIgE (p=0.01) were significantly higher in Group 1. Cow's milk-sIgE showed a positive correlation with total IgE (p=0.001), eosinophilia percentage (p=0.04), CM wheal diameter in SPT (p=0.001), casein-sIgE (p<0.001), goat's milk-sIgE (p<0.001), sheep's milk-sIgE (p<0.001) in Group 1. Patients with respiratory symptoms and history of anaphylaxis had higher cow's milk-SPT, cow's milk-sIgE, casein-sIgE, goat's milk-sIgE, sheep's milk-sIgE levels(p<0.05). Gastrointestinal and skin symptoms showed no relation with laboratory findings. Any patient with a history of anaphylaxis did not develop tolerance., Conclusions: As with cow's milk-sIgE levels and high induration diameters in SPT; high casein-sIgE, sheep's milk-sIgE and goat's milk-sIgE levels are also risk factors for persistence of CMA. Anaphylaxis, as a first reaction, may also be a risk factor. High cow's milk-sIgE, casein-sIgE, sheep's milk-sIgE, goat's milk-sIgE levels are associated with respiratory symptoms., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared., (Copyright: © 2021 by The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Etfal Hospital.)

Anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies (anti-β2GPI) which are the main antiphospholipid antibodies that characterize the autoimmune "antiphospholipid syndrome" are pathogenic and are contributing to thrombosis. We aimed to evaluate the presence and the diagnostic importance of these antibodies in children with different rheumatologic diseases with or without thrombosis risk. A total of 100 children with different rheumatologic diseases evaluated retrospectively. The mean anti-β2GPI IgG ( p  = 0.108), IgA ( p  = 0.547), and IgM ( p  = 0.807) levels showed no statistically significant difference between different diagnosis groups. But anti-β2GPI IgA and IgM levels were higher in SLE patient group. The mean anti-β2GPI IgG ( p  = 0.375), IgA ( p  = 0.811), and IgM ( p  = 0.276) levels were not also showed difference between disease groups with/without predisposition to thrombosis even though concentrations were higher in thrombosis group. In children with rheumatological complaints, anti-β2GPI antibody measurements should not be the first diagnostic criteria if vasculitis is not thought as the primary defect underlying the clinical symptoms., Competing Interests: Compliance with ethical standardsThe Authors declared that they have no conflict of interests.

Karaca N, Azarsız E, Akarcan SE, Aksu G, Kütükçüler N. Thymic output changes in children with clinical findings signaling a probable primary immunodeficiency. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 885-894. Thymic maturation evaluation is inevitable for patients with clinical and laboratory findings for a primary immunodeficiency, as the T cellimmunodeficiencies are the most severe type. In this study, we aimed to show the usage of T cell surface molecule `CD31` for the evaluation of thymic output in patients (n: 66) with a large spectrum of findings signing a probable primary immunodeficiency. Besides the classical clinical and laboratory approach for these patients, T cell subpopulations as naive, memory, recent thymic emigrant cells were also investigated. The humoral immunodeficiency (34.8%), combined immunodeficiency (34.8%) and cardiopathy (7.6%) were the most frequent diagnosis groups. CD4+CD45RA+ naive T-cells percentages (p: 0.011) and absolute counts (p: 0.004) and absolute CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ RTE (recent thymic emigrant) cell counts (p: 0.007) were significantly lower in combined immunodeficiency group. Naive T-cells (p: 0.037) and RTE cells (p: 0.032) were also lower in patients who had cardiac surgery in the past. In conclusion, flow cytometric CD31+thymic naive RTE cell evaluation may provide rapid clinical information especially on T-cell immune dysfunction and CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ RTE cells may be used as an alternative to TRECs in the diagnosis of combined immunodeficiencies.

Despite being the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis in children Guillain-Barré syndrome has a low incidence under 18 years old, and is even rarer under the age of 2. Established treatment regimens include intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange in older children and adults. However very limited data are available for the efficacy and safety of plasma exchange in infants younger than 12 month-old. This article presents the experience of plasma exchange in the case of 7-month-old boy diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome. A 7-month-old boy was referred to the pediatric intensive care unit with a 10-day history of progressive weakness, feeding difficulty and constipation. He was diagnosed with axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome on the basis of clinical and electromyographical findings. The patient recovered fully with intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange. Plasma exchange may be a safe option in the treatment in infants with Guillain-Barré syndrome as young as 7-month-age., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Levetiracetam has been proven to be effective in both partial and generalized seizures in children. However, few studies have reported its efficacy in the treatment of acute repetitive seizures. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in children with acute repetitive seizures., Methods: The medical records of children from the age of 1 month-18 years who received levetiracetam because of acute repetitive seizures in the pediatric intensive care unit between 2010 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively., Results: Of the 133 patients, levetiracetam terminated seizures in 104 (78.2%). Side effects such as agitation and aggression were observed in three patients (2.2%). The likelihood of treatment failure was increased by four times by younger age at seizure onset; by six times in the individuals with neurological abnormalities; and by 22 times in the patients with West syndrome. The patients who used levetiracetam as the first treatment option for acute repetitive seizures had a longer duration of epilepsy, a higher rate of neurological abnormality, and a higher proportion of medically resistant epilepsy compared with the individuals who used levetiracetam as an add-on treatment to the other intravenous antiepileptic drugs. However, no differences were detected between these two groups in terms of treatment response., Conclusions: Intravenous levetiracetam appears to be effective and safe in the treatment of acute repetitive seizures. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine whether intravenous levetiracetam may replace other antiepileptic drugs as the first-line therapy in the management of acute repetitive seizures., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)