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The aim of the study was to compare the quality of literacy skills of 4th grade students at Formal primary schools and non-formal basic schools in Islamabad. A comparative analysis was conducted to compare the writing and numeracy skills among the 4th grade students of Formal and Non-formal schools. The research was descriptive in nature. The population of the study consisted of 100 students (50 students from formal primary school and 50 students from non-formal basic school).All the students taken for study were girls. The researchers adopted purposive sampling technique and collected data through a self-developed achievement test. The study concluded that the non-formal basic school students were lower in writing skill as compared to Formal primary school students, but they were equal in numeracy level. The study recommended that students at non-formal schools should be treated equally with Formal schools and training of teachers should be made mandatory in field of literacy specially in writing and numeracy skills. Gamification, playful pedagogy, pencil grip exercises, and using latest apps for writing and numeracy skills were recommended for both formal and non-formal schools.

This study investigated the effect of English teachers' stroking behaviors including positive verbal conditional (PVC), negative verbal conditional (NVC) and no stroke (NS) on the learners' motivation within Dörnyei's Theory of L2 Motivational Self-System. Sixty intermediate EFL learners were chosen as the participants. They were randomly divided into three groups each consisting 20 learners. The motivation questionnaire was administered for three groups to evaluate their level of motivation before treatment implementation. The same content was instructed by one teacher for all three groups. Each group received one type of determined three strokes. At the end of the term, the very motivation questionnaire was applied again for three groups. In addition to the questionnaire, the researcher had interviews with 24 members of participants about their attitude towards the effect of the kind of stroke which they experienced. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and qualitative content analysis were used. The results showed that the teacher's stroking behaviors had significant effects on the learners' language learning motivation. Moreover, there were significant differences among the three types of strokes on three subcategories of L2 Motivational Self-System. The results of the interviews confirmed the quantitative data analysis findings.

Motivation plays a significant and crucial role in ELT and it boosts up the level of aplomb and interaction during learning English language. It creates sense of respect inside learners and makes them on the right direction. This research attempted to identify the impact of motivation on listening skills of students enrolled in English Language Course at British Education and Training System (BETS) Lahore, Pakistan during January to February, 2020. The learners for this class look forward to hone their speaking skills by listening as much as they can. The results show that there is a positive correlation between listening strategy instruction and motivation. Listening motivation was recorded utilizing the English Listening Comprehension Motivation Scale (ELCMS) and strategy use was tracked with the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ). Pre- and post-test scores of 36 participants (control group, n=20; experiment group, n=16) were analyzed using a mixed-effects regression and paired t-test to determine differences after a four-week treatment period. The results revealed that the participants' motivation level in both groups decreased over the treatment period, with the experiment group seeing a smaller decrease than the control group.

Present study aimed to find out the anxiety factors among students of distance learning of Allama Iqbal Open University. The sample of the study comprised of 322 students of M.Ed. programme selected by using purposive sampling technique. The study was descriptive in nature. Questionnaire was used as the research instrument which was based on five point Likert scale. Mean score and t-test was applied by using SPSS version 21.The results highlighted that factors, like lacunae in admission process, books distribution, assignments, course tutorials and student support services were found to create anxiety among the students of AIOU. The overall mean values for all factors of anxiety were slightly higher in male students as compared to female students. A significant effect of anxiety on the academic performance of distance learners was found. Present research found a significant effect of anxiety on the academic performance among distance learning students of AIOU. It is recommended that University may support students in managing their academic anxiety through counseling and behavioral techniques.

Higher Education Commission, Pakistan established fourteen Distance Learning Directorates in formal universities to cater the need of education for external students through open distance learning. Open Distance Learning needs a compact instructional design mechanism which deals with Analysis, Design, Delivery, Improvement and Evaluation being practiced in these Open Distance Learning Directorates. The study aimed to determine the present scenario in Pakistan regarding instructional design practiced in open distance learning. Objectives of the study were to investigate the instructional design mechanism being practiced by open distance learning directorates established in formal institutes in Pakistan, to identify the problems faced by directorates of open distance learning and to propose indigenous students' supportive instructional design mechanism for open distance learning in Pakistan. The study was descriptive in nature and survey was conducted by a self-developed questionnaire. Sample of 200 management persons, 336 teachers and 1184 students were taken randomly by these directorates for the study. The study found that every directorate is running program on ODL using different strategies and no harmonious instructional design mechanism was in practice. Insufficient resources of ICT, faculty, learning material, student support services and examination system was found. Criteria set by Higher Education Commission need improvement. There is a need of unified harmonious National Policy for running Open Distance Learning in Pakistan.

The purpose of the study was to find the relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement of distance learners. The academic self-concept of distance learners was measured by the Liu and Wang (2005) academic self-concept scale which was adapted by the present researcher. The scale comprised of two sub-scales; academic effort and academic confidence. Academic achievement of the distance learners was determined by their last semester result. Total population of M.Ed was 854 and B.Ed (1.5 years) was 746 in Rawalpindi region. Convenient sampling technique was used to draw sample i.e. 427 distance learners from M.Ed (1 year) program and 373 distance learners from B.Ed (1.5 year) program of Allama Iqbal Open University. Pearson product moment correlation and independent sample t-test and effect size was calculated for the collected data. The results revealed that there is a strong relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement of distance learners. It is recommended that there may be proper workshop sessions specifically to enhance the self-concept of students so that they may understand their hidden potentials and use their abilities to achieve better in academics.

Instructional design in the field of education is a vital issue which needs to be discussed. Instructional design maximizes the value of the instructions for the learners. Instructional design include identifying instructional out-comes, developing instructional contents, delivery of material to learners and establishing how instructional effectiveness will be evaluated. This study aimed to study the current instructional design of education institutions, identify the problems and possibilities of new innovations, to study the gaps between existing practices & opportunities and to suggest the strategies for improvement in instructional design. This study was delimited to Allama Iqbal Open University of Pakistan and population was comprised 75 course writers, 112 course tutors and 516 distance learners. Questionnaires were used to collect the data. The results indicate that course objectives are determined and course contents are developed considering the learners profile in instructional design, learning activities are designed in logical order and innovations are projected. There may be e-learning, e-assessment format and mechanism of collaboration of activities in instructional design. Multimedia i.e. broadcast and non-broadcast support is needed for enhancement of instructional design. Communication and delivery strategies may be promoted for learner interaction. On-job training opportunities and resources are available for all stakeholders of instructional design but more enhancements of resources are needed. Use of modern educational technology, students supports services and evaluation system may be promoted. The findings suggest that blended and innovative learning strategies to be introduced like update print material, e-class rooms, video lectures, micro teaching, social media, on-line libraries, out-door learning projects, open education resources, connected instructional design model, massive on-line open courses, sports events and global learning environment. E-assessment format having subjective and objective items may be enhanced, emerging learning technology and learner's access to be enriched. Learner's comprehension and exploration opportunities may be created, relevancy and balance activities may be encouraged in courses. Learning facilities as suitable venue and infrastructure may be provided for effective learning, future concerns may be considered in instructional design.

The Environmental Awareness is a part of Millennium Development Goals by United Nations. Huge research work is being done on Environmental Science under the charter of United Nations to highlight threats to humanity under two famous domains Climate Change and Global Warming. Our religion also focuses on the importance of Environmental Education. The study focused to assess the perception of Trainee Teachers towards Environmental Awareness at Tertiary Level of Education in Pakistan and to compare the performance of control and experimental group of trainee teachers on Environmental Awareness at Tertiary Level. Mixed method techniques were applied to obtain the results. Two groups of 30 Trainee Teachers in each group from Federal College of Education, Islamabad were taken as the sample of the study for experiment. The questionnaire was developed on five point Likert scale. It was found that level of Environmental Awareness was very high in the results of Post Test as compared to Pre Test results. It was recommended that the Environmental Awareness should be made compulsory part of Tertiary Education.