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Abstract Coastal cities are at the frontlines of climate change impacts, resulting in an urgent need for substantial adaptation. To understand whether and to what extent cities are on track to prepare for climate risks, this paper systematically assesses the academic literature to evaluate climate change adaptation in 199 coastal cities worldwide. We show that adaptation in coastal cities is rather slow, of narrow scope, and not transformative. Adaptation measures are predominantly designed based on past and current, rather than future, patterns in hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. City governments, particularly in high-income countries, are more likely to implement institutional and infrastructural responses, while coastal cities in lower-middle income countries often rely on households to implement behavioral adaptation. There is comparatively little published knowledge on coastal urban adaptation in low and middle income economies and regarding particular adaptation types such as ecosystem-based adaptation. These insights make an important contribution for tracking adaptation progress globally and help to identify entry points for improving adaption of coastal cities in the future.

Abstract Medical-surgical nursing is one of the core courses in general nursing, through which nursing students acquire skills for clinical practice. Medical-surgical nurses work in diverse clinical areas and specialisations to deliver the highest quality care with a view to preserving life, improving health status, and maintaining client health throughout their lifetimes by using an appropriate skill that is better acquired from school through appropriate teaching methods. Hence the need to choose a suitable teaching method to educate the would-be nurses. This study examined the differential efficacy of lecture and demonstration methods for teaching medical-surgical nursing courses in BUTH Ogbomoso with a view to improving the academic performance of nursing students in medical-surgical nursing courses. An experimental research method was used; stratified random sampling was employed to select seventy participants; a pretest was conducted, followed by intervention, and then a post-test. Frequency distribution table, pie chart, bar charts, means, two-tail ANOVA, and t-test were used to analyse the result. Findings revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean score between the two studied groups with a P value of 0.000

Abstract Background Malaria affects children under the age of five and pregnant women, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. In sub-Saharan Africa, Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) have been identified as key players in the provision of malaria treatment due to their accessibility and availability in communities, but PPMVs are not usually tested before fever cases are treated as malaria or refer clients. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing caregivers’ acceptance of the test, treatment and referral practices for malaria management provided by CPs and PPMVs in Kaduna and Lagos states, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional quantitative telephone survey was conducted among 150 caregivers of children under five years old who received malaria services from trained CPs and PPMVs between May and July 2022. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed to identify factors significantly associated with the acceptability of malaria management services. All statistically significant factors from the bivariate analysis were explored using logistic regression models, and odds ratios (ORs) with confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to predict acceptability. The 95% level was used to define statistically significant associations (p ≤ 0.05). Results All caregivers were asked questions that aided in obtaining a diagnosis of malaria. More than two-thirds of the caregivers (68%) reported that the child was tested by a CP/PPMV. Among those treated (148), 89% reported that the child was administered artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) irrespective of whether the child tested positive or negative for malaria. At the bivariate level, acceptability was greater among caregivers of children aged 13 months and older than among caregivers of children aged 0–12 months (93% vs. 76%, p = 0.004). Caregivers of children who prescribed ACT had greater acceptance than did those not prescribing ACT (92% vs. 69%, p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis revealed that these relationships held. Conclusions The adoption of the test, treat, and refer practice as a standard approach by CPs and PPMVs could replace the widespread practice of prescribing medications without conducting tests. This shift has the potential to improve the quality of malaria management services and enhance patient outcomes.

Abstract Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI/ML) models in healthcare may exacerbate health biases. Regulatory oversight is critical in evaluating the safety and effectiveness of AI/ML devices in clinical settings. We conducted a scoping review on the 692 FDA-approved AI/ML-enabled medical devices approved from 1995-2023 to examine transparency, safety reporting, and sociodemographic representation. Only 3.6% of approvals reported race/ethnicity, 99.1% provided no socioeconomic data. 81.6% did not report the age of study subjects. Only 46.1% provided comprehensive detailed results of performance studies; only 1.9% included a link to a scientific publication with safety and efficacy data. Only 9.0% contained a prospective study for post-market surveillance. Despite the growing number of market-approved medical devices, our data shows that FDA reporting data remains inconsistent. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are underreported, exacerbating the risk of algorithmic bias and health disparity.

The study investigated the influence of personality traits on career satisfaction and job performance of electrical/electronic technology education lecturers in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The study covered 10 tertiary institutions (Colleges of education and Universities) in South-West, Nigeria offering electrical/electronic technology education. The data were collected using structured questionnaire. One hundred and sixty-nine electrical/electronic technology education lecturers in 10 tertiary institutions in six states of Nigeria participated in the study. The data collected were analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, standard multiple regression and one-way ANOVA. The study revealed that extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness were significant predictor of career satisfaction. Study established that extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness were significant predictor of job performance. Furthermore, this study found that demographic profiles (gender, years of teaching experience, ranking and qualification) influence personality traits, career satisfaction and job performance of electrical/electronic technology education lecturers in tertiary institutions.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to explore perceptions of the impact of assessment feedback by international undergraduate nursing students. Research to date indicates that summative assessment feedback may impact significantly on student achievement but if it is undertaken sub optimally or does not provide students with the opportunity to engage with the process and reflexively respond, it can also be exceptionally damaging to the learning experience. Design/methodology/approach: A scoping exercise of overall student feedback experience was initially collated via the adoption of an Interpretive Phenomenological Approach (IPA). Participants were recruited via purposive sampling and the LEGO® Serious Play® method was used to collect data. Analysis with Quirkos software was used to examine the salience as well as commonality of findings as an integral part of a recognised five-step thematic analytical approach. Findings: Feedback was perceived, by students, as significantly impacting factor in relation to their overall progression, attainment and retention rates. Themes generated from the findings evidenced student perceptions that summative feedback is a positive driver and source of motivation for academic success and progression. It was perceived that levels of attainment were related to the clarity, quality and individualised nature of feedback that students received and that this was perceived to be evident in their final grades. These were accompanied by perceptions that feedback clarity also determined the potential of breaking down perceived student barriers to learning, their perceived capacity for effective assignment planning and preparation and the likelihood of them having any positive collective or individual interpersonal relationships with their tutors. Summarised, students perceived that feedback ought to lead to student empowerment in managing their studies and as such it ought to be clear, straightforward and non-ambiguous. Research limitations/implications: The methodological design of the study means that generalisability from its findings was never intended or possible. However, there may be the potential transferability of findings to similar institutions and contexts of nurse education with students who have similar demographic profiling. The study was also a means of providing an insight into the lived experience of students which could be used in the prospective adaptation of feedback mechanisms for staff at a local level within Higher Education. Practical implications: The study reveals the perceived impact of gamification as a mechanism of summative assessment as conveyed by a designated group of students. Whilst specific recommendations for change can only be made within the context specificity of the research, there may be aspects of the findings which are potentially transferable to other similar contexts of Higher Education delivery whose pedagogical approaches mirror those in operation at the institution where the research was undertaken. It became apparent that the standardisation of feedback approaches offered many opportunities to improve existing systems. The issue of monitoring workloads is also of significance in terms of the level and degree of summative assessment and feedback that academic staff can undertake. Originality/value: The study revealed the perceived magnitude of assessment feedback on progression, attainment and retention rates, alongside the perceived need for a universal feedback template and the opportunity to provide audio-video feedback. This study adds to existing knowledge in the field of pedagogic practice about both the execution of LEGO® Serious Play® as a research methodology and why the perceptions of feedback as articulated and illuminated by a group of contemporary nursing students ought to matter in the context of Higher Education.

Abstract This paper delves into a comprehensive exploration of the adoption and delivery of WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) services. Its primary focus lies on meticulously examining the challenges, enablers, and critical elements that significantly influence the effective implementation of such services. In its quest for knowledge, the paper undertakes an extensive synthesis of data, drawing from a diverse array of sources such as research studies, reports, and academic papers. These sources, complemented by real-world case studies, paint a comprehensive portrait of the current state of affairs in the world of WASH services.The analysis presented in the review emphasizes the utmost importance of addressing both the supply and demand sides of the WASH market. Acknowledging this crucial duality sheds light on the potential obstacles that might impede progress and highlights strategies and approaches to overcome these challenges and elevate the quality of WASH services. Among the reasons for non-adoption and non-compliance with WASH were the lack of proper sanitation facilities, filthy conditions in existing facilities, cultural concerns, and poor health education. An integrative approach is necessary to effectively enhance WASH uptake and adherence. To influence the prioritisation process and the ensuing adherence to WASH facilities, behavioural theories and interventions that are appropriate for the situation must be used. Therefore, the review provides insightful information about improving WASH service delivery, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive and well-rounded strategy in attaining significant influence and long-term results.

Abstract Nanomaterials are an emerging class of compounds with potential to advance technology for wastewater treatment. There are many toxic substances in industrial wastewater that are dangerous to the aquatic ecosystem and public health. These pollutants require the development of novel techniques to remove them from the environment. Iron oxide nanoparticles are being studied and develop as new technology to address the problem of environmental pollution due to their unique properties and effectiveness against different kind of pollutants. A variety of modified iron oxide nanoparticles have been developed through extensive research that mitigates the shortcomings of aggregation or oxidation and enhances their efficiency as novel remediator against environmental pollutants. In this review, we present synthetic approaches used for the preparation of iron oxide nanoparticles and their corresponding nanocomposites, along with the processes in which the materials are used as adsorbent/photocatalysts for environmental remediation. Applications explored includes adsorption of dyes, photocatalytic degradation of dyes, and adsorption of heavy metal ions. The use of iron oxides nanocomposite in real wastewater samples and recyclability of adsorbents and photocatalysts were also explored. Graphical Abstract

Mineralogical and geochemical studies of the Abakaliki Shale have been undertaken in order to constrain source rock composition and palaeoweathering conditions, as well as to deduce the provenance terrane types. The mineralogical analysis using X-ray diffraction has revealed an abundance of quartz and clay minerals (illite, chlorite and illite/smectite mixed layer) with a minor content of albite and gypsum. Geochemical data have demonstrated a depletion in SiO2, MnO, Y, Zr, Hf, U, Y, Cu, Ni, V, Ba and Cr and an enrichment in Rb, Sr, Th, Sc, Co, Zn and Pb in the Abakaliki Shale in comparison to the Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS; a proxy for the upper continental crust). Rare earth element contents generally show LREE fractionation and enrichment (LaN/YbN = 16.08–35.75 and LaN/SmN = 3.61–6.16, respectively) with a strong negative Europium anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.56–0.73). These geochemical characteristics suggest that the provenance of the Albian Abakaliki Shale lay in ancient upper continental crust composed mainly of felsic basement rocks with a minor contribution from mafic rocks. This is in contrast to earlier studies which suggested possible contribution of mafic components from Jurassic volcanigenic terrane as source rocks of the Albian shale in the southern Benue Trough. Moderate chemical weathering of the source rocks with mixed granite-granodiorite compositions is indicated by the value of the chemical index of alteration (average CIA 76.60); the plagioclase index of alteration (average PIA 85.20) and the index of compositional variability (average ICV 0.88), as well as by the Rb/Sr (0.32–0.92), K/Rb (125.36–193.55) and K/Na (1.13–2.70) ratios.

Abstract The Rare Earth Element (REE) geochemistry of siliciclastic sediment in the Ilaje area, eastern Dahomey basin, southwestern Nigeria was conducted to determine the provenance, geotectonic setting as well the REE economic potential in the sediments. Geochemical analysis results (ppm) revealed the concentration of La varies from 1.87–21.47 while Ce ranges from 1.16–45.98. Others include; Pr (1.07–39.56), Nd (0.71–26.02), Sm (0.42–12.51), Eu (0.20–4.66), Gd (0.27–8.79), Tb (0.29–3.97), Dy (0.28–3.62), Ho (0.22–2.76), Er (0.29–2.64), Tm (0.33–3.83), Yb (0.37–3.75) and Lu (0.29–3.03) respectively while the ∑REE ranges from 2.25 to 6686.75 ppm. The REE normalization plot is characterized by an inclined shape depletion indicating depletion trend. The patterns show an enriched Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) and Heavy Rare Earth Element (HREE) pattern indicating upper continental crust sourced materials. The plot also revealed a negative Eu anomaly which may be associated with plagioclase fractionation in the acidic source rocks. The high ∑REE in the sediments has uncovered the economic potential of the sediments as a useful raw material resource for technological advancement.

Introduction: Alterations of antioxidant defense, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration are common pathological occurrences associated with neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of Launaea taraxacifolia (LT), popularly known as African Wild lettuce, against neuroinflammation, memory loss, and neurobehavioral deficit. Methods: Adult Wistar rats were used following random assignment into groups 1 to 5. Group one was the normal control. Groups four to five received 40 mg/kg Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). In addition to L-NAME exposure, groups three and four received 100 and 200 mg/kg LT, whereas group five received 10 mg/kg lisinopril. The experiment lasted for five weeks. Markers of oxidative stress, neurobehavioural studies, histology, and immunohistochemistry of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), as well as anti-calbindin for staining astrocytes, microglia, and Purkinje cells were determined. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl in the L-NAME alone group were heightened compared to those treated with LT. However, treatment with LT significantly reduced neuronal oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurobehavioural changes. Quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining revealed heightened glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1), as well as anti-calbindin as indicated by astrogliosis, microgliosis, and Purkinje cell degeneration in untreated rats. Moreover, the observed ultrastructural anarchy induced by L-NAME was restored in rats treated with LT (P

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly in vascular and interventional radiology (VIR), has opened avenues for enhanced efficiency and precision. This narrative review delves into the potential applications of large language models (LLMs) in VIR, with a focus on Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and similar models. LLMs, designed for natural language processing, exhibit promising capabilities in clinical decision-making, workflow optimization, education, and patient-centered care. The discussion highlights LLMs' ability to analyze extensive medical literature, aiding radiologists in making informed decisions. Moreover, their role in improving clinical workflow, automating report generation, and intelligent patient scheduling is explored. This article also examines LLMs' impact on VIR education, presenting them as valuable tools for trainees. Additionally, the integration of LLMs into patient education processes is examined, highlighting their potential to enhance patient-centered care through simplified and accurate medical information dissemination. Despite these potentials, this paper discusses challenges and ethical considerations, including AI over-reliance, potential misinformation, and biases. The scarcity of comprehensive VIR datasets and the need for ongoing monitoring and interdisciplinary collaboration are also emphasized. Advocating for a balanced approach, the combination of LLMs with computer vision AI models addresses the inherently visual nature of VIR. Overall, while the widespread implementation of LLMs in VIR may be premature, their potential to improve various aspects of the discipline is undeniable. Recognizing challenges and ethical considerations, fostering collaboration, and adhering to ethical standards are essential for unlocking the full potential of LLMs in VIR, ushering in a new era of healthcare delivery and innovation.

The integrated approach of bibliometric mapping and literature review was adopted to critically examine the evolution of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) research climate from 2012 to 2023 using publications data recovered from the Elsevier Scopus database. The publication trends, stakeholder profiles, social networks, and thematic area analysis on CSA research were examined. Findings revealed that the publication trends on CSA research revealed an incremental pattern from 2012 to 2023. Stakeholder profile analysis identified numerous authors, affiliations, and countries actively engaged in CSA research. The most prolific researcher is Mangi L. Jat, whereas Wageningen University & Research is the most prolific affiliation. Finally, the United States is the most prolific nation. Stakeholder’s productivity was ascribed to a combination of factors ranging from access to research funding to collaborations. The most active funder of CSA research is CGIAR (Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres), which has funded 52 publications, gained 1,529 citations, and an h-index of 20. The CGIAR has greatly supported the works of highly prolific authors such as Mangi L. Jat, Hanuman S. Jat, and Suresh K. Kakraliya. Social network analysis revealed strong, active, and extensive links, particularly between nations such as the US, India, Kenya, and Ethiopia. The cluster and thematic area analyses of the CSA research landscape revealed three areas, namely, Climate-Resilient Agricultural Adoption, Climate-Responsive Agricultural Practices, and Integrated Food Systems, which are the current focus of stakeholders in the field. Overall, the study showed that CSA is a broad and interdisciplinary topic with a significant impact on the social, economic, and environmental aspects of humanity and societies across the globe.

BackgroundPonatinib and asciminib are approved for third-line therapy in chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) and are the only drugs approved for patients with the T315I mutation in the United States. In Europe, only ponatinib is approved for patients with the T315I mutation.MethodsClinical trials evaluating ponatinib or asciminib in patients with relapsed and refractory (R/R) CP-CML who failed one or more second-generation TKIs or had the T315I mutation were identified in a systematic review of medical literature databases. A matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) analysis with individual patient-level data with ponatinib was used to balance baseline characteristics between ponatinib and asciminib groups. After matching, the response rate was calculated using the MAIC weight for each patient and the difference in response rate was calculated using a two-independent proportion Z-test. Cumulative rates of BCR::ABL1IS ≤1% and major molecular response (MMR) in patients without baseline response were compared. Patients were further stratified by T315I mutation status.ResultsThe MAIC included four trials (ponatinib: NCT02467270, NCT01207440; asciminib: NCT02081378, NCT03106779). In patients without baseline response of BCR::ABL1IS ≤1%, the adjusted BCR::ABL1IS ≤1% rate difference with ponatinib vs. asciminib was 9.33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79%–17.86%; adjusted MMR rate difference: 6.84% [95% CI: −0.95%–14.62%]) by 12 months in favor of ponatinib. In patients with the T315I mutation, adjusted BCR::ABL1IS ≤1% rate difference with ponatinib vs. asciminib was 43.54% (95% CI: 22.20%–64.87%; adjusted MMR rate difference: 47.37% [95% CI: 28.72%–66.02%]) by 12 months.ConclusionAfter key baseline characteristics adjustment, cumulative BCR::ABL1IS ≤1% and MMR rates were statistically higher with ponatinib than asciminib in patients without a baseline response in most of the comparisons by 12 months. Favorable efficacy outcomes observed in ponatinib vs. asciminib were consistently stronger in the T315I mutation subgroup.

The research landscape on energy efficiency and affordable housing research (EE-AHR) was critically examined through bibliometric analysis and a literature review of Scopus-indexed publications from 2001 to 2023. Results showed that the total publications and total citations on AH are 630 documents and 4,347 citations. Document type distribution revealed articles (75.7%), conference proceedings (19.8%), and reviews (4.4%). The observably high EE-AHR metrics are attributed to stakeholders’ productivity, funding, and collaborations among other various authors, affiliations, and countries strategically involved in EE-AHR. The most prolific authors are Gurran, N. and Milligan, V., whereas UNSW Sydney is the most productive affiliation. Likewise, the most productive country is the United States, whereas China’s National Natural Science Foundation is EE-AHR’s most active funder. Social network analysis revealed that collaboration, particularly between affiliations, was critical to productivity in the EE-AHR landscape. Keywords co-occurrence identified Energy, Efficiency, Affordable Housing, Housing, and Housing Policy as the 3 top keywords. In contrast, Housing Sector Dynamics, Sustainable Housing Development, and Urban Development Planning are thematic research areas on AHR. Systemic literature review revealed that EE-AHR is multidisciplinary and impactful, particularly as it seeks to build secure, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable human settlements and cities as per the UN SDGs Goal 11. As such, it has significant potential for future research, collaboration, and growth. Nonetheless, critical research gaps (e.g., examining globalized application techniques, social outcomes, and organizational frameworks) in EE-AHR must be tackled comprehensively. Future research will also need to explore technology applications, innovative materials, social integration, environmental sustainability, and net-zero carbon goals applicable to AH.

Disclosure of board information is crucial for good governance, risk management, and stakeholder relations in the banking sector. The board of directors’ quality is crucial in setting strategic direction and ensuring effective governance. This study comparatively examined the qualities of the board of directors of listed deposit banks in Nigeria and Ghana and assessed the effects of the board qualities on the financial performance of banks in the two countries. The study used an ex post facto research design, involving 19 deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Exchange Limited and Ghanaian Stock Exchange. Data was collected from audited annual reports and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive analysis includes mean, median mode, minimum, and maximum among others while the inferential analysis includes independent t-tests and panel regression. The study reveals that the board of listed deposit money banks in the Nigerian exchange group meets more frequently and is more independent than those in the Ghanaian stock exchange, and their board size is larger than in Ghana. Board female gender diversity of listed deposit money banks on the Nigerian exchange group is not significantly lower than the board female gender diversity of firms listed on the Ghanaian stock exchange. The study reveals that board gender diversity doesn’t significantly impact the financial performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria and Ghana. However, board independence has a negative effect in Nigeria, while board meetings negatively affect performance in Nigeria. Board size also has a positive effect in Nigeria. The study recommends that directors of listed banks in Nigeria should reduce the number of their meetings or expenses of the meeting because it is reducing the profitability of the companies. The study also recommends that the banks in Ghana should provide regular training for independent directors to enhance their understanding of the industry.

Abstract Electrochemical sensors based on self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) were synthesized using metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), quantum dots (QDs) and their composite (QDs@MOFs) to modify gold electrode (AuE) that was used as electrochemical sensors for bisphenol A detection. The molecular layer was assembled on the surface of the gold electrode by adsorption and provide a highly flexible method to tailor the interfaces between analyte and the electrode. Single crystal X‐ray of the MOF revealed a six‐coordinate copper(II) ion that bidentately coordinate two molecules of p‐anisic acid and two molecules of 1H‐benzimidazole to form a distorted octahedral geometry around the copper(II) ion. Electrochemical studies revealed that under optimal conditions, the modified gold electrode sensors show excellent sensing of bisphenol A, however, QDs@MOFs modified electrode is the best sensor with the highest oxidation peak current of 8.43E‐05 μA and the lowest charge transfer resistance of 19.4 Ω within a wide concentration range of 0.1–1 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.252 μM. This could be attributed to the electrocatalytic activity of the composite (QDs@MOFs) modified sensor, and the synergistic effect of the MOFs and QDs in the composite. The LOD is comparable to other electrochemical methods of sensing BPA which indicates that QDs@MOFs modified gold electrode could be develop as sensor for BPA.

The use of nanoparticles for to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals is a rapidly expanding field in environmental sciences. However, process optimization for practical, real-world applications is still underexplored. In this work, copper sulfide nanoparticles prepared from a single-source precursor were characterized using SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The copper sulfide nanoparticles demonstrated high photocatalytic degradation efficiency of trypan blue (TB) and brilliant green (BG) dyes. The as-prepared nanoparticles efficiently removed lead(II) (Pb2+) and chromium(VI) (Cr6+) ions. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize reaction time, pH, and nanoparticle dosage. The optimal conditions for TB degradation were pH 10.91, 77.46 minutes, and 4.999 g/L, while for BG, they were pH 3, 70 minutes, and 5 g/L. For Pb2+ removal, optimal conditions were pH 7.06, 100.38 minutes, and 0.94 g/L, and for Cr6+ removal, pH 3.03, 168.20 minutes, and 0.98 g/L. Under these optimal conditions, CuS nanoparticles achieved up to 99.35% degradation for TB, 100% for BG, 100% removal for Pb2+, and 98.54% for Cr6+. ANOVA confirmed the models' significance, with high regression coefficients (R²: 0.9852 for BG, 0.9846 for TB, 0.9980 for Pb2+, and 0.9901 for Cr6+). The CuS photocatalyst remained stable over three reuse cycles, with minimal efficiency reduction (8.88% for TB and 19.01% for BG). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of copper sulfide nanoparticles in environmental remediation and highlights the practicality of using RSM to optimize nanoparticles as efficient materials to remove organic dyes and heavy metal-laden wastewater.