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The goal of autotransplantation of teeth (ATT) is to provide the patient with a functioning tooth to replace a missing one. In dentistry, this surgery has gained significant approval and popularity; nonetheless, there is still a shortage of thorough evidence about its long-term effects. Tooth transplantation has a rich historical pedigree, and the main factors determining its success are the extra-alveolar period, proper splinting, periodontal ligament treatment, and root growth stage. With its high reported survival rate, autotransplantation is a potential therapeutic option, especially when it comes to replacing damaged anterior maxillary teeth. Collaboration between orthodontists, pediatric dentists, restorative dentists, and oral and maxillofacial surgeons is necessary for the successful execution of this treatment. The extra-alveolar period, proper splinting, periodontal ligament treatment, and the stage of root growth are the main factors that determine success. Although there are many applications for autotransplantation, a good functional and cosmetic result depends on careful patient selection and a proper surgical approach. It is not practical to replace lost teeth in children and teenagers with bridgework or implants as this may interfere with the proper development of the alveolar process and other facial bones. As such, these techniques are not recommended. Alternatively, implanting a tooth from the same person without fully forming its roots might be a good substitute. This method promotes improved mastication, speech, dentofacial development, aesthetics, and arch form integrity by enabling unhindered alveolar growth and root development. Although tooth autotransplantation has not been widely used in clinical dentistry, it is currently seen as a viable option that can replace traditional prosthetics and implant rehabilitation in both financial and medical terms. This review examines several benefits, possible iatrogenic harms, side effects, and important variables that might affect the result of the transplant, in addition to suitable criteria for the best-case selection. It also offers recommendations based on the literature., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ajay et al.)

When dealing with a partially edentulous patient requiring rehabilitation for a distal extension, the situation becomes challenging if the patient is unwilling to consider placing implants or using a removable prosthesis. A patient with partial tooth loss may find it difficult to receive a satisfactory repair, especially if the missing teeth are at the back. The surrounding gum tissue and the underlying bone ridges provide support for dentures that encase natural teeth. During functional activities, these components are frequently exposed to different stresses, which can substantially affect the remaining natural teeth and bone structure. Precision attachments are complex devices made up of two parts: one incorporated into a detachable dental prosthesis and the other fastened to the natural teeth. Their function is to give the prosthetic stability and retention. A fixed partial denture is impractical when there is no distal abutment. However, by offering a combination prosthesis, this difficulty can be solved. Without requiring surgery, this method provides the benefit of a fixed prosthesis. We are presenting a case of management for a 56-year-old patient with unilateral distal extension with a combined prosthesis of acrylic retained by an extra coronal precision attachment system., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Ajay et al.)

Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is an important industrial chemical, and studies suggest its major production route - the chloride process could lead to the generation of unintentional dl-POPs. However, no relevant studies assessed the occurrence of dl-POPs associated with TiO 2 production in the industrial zones, which is mostly due to the ultra-trace level distribution of these compounds in environmental compartments. The present study explored the novel possibility of utilising foraging animal-origin foods as sensitive indicators for addressing this challenge and generated a globally beneficial dataset by assessing the background levels of dl-POPs in the vicinity of a TiO 2 production house in Southern India. Systematic sampling of foraging cow's milk and free-ranging hen's eggs was carried out from the study site, and the dl-POPs assessments were conducted utilising an in-house developed cost-effective GC-MS/MS-based analytical methodology. The median dl-POPs levels in milk and egg samples were about 3 times higher than the control samples collected from farm-fed animals and retail markets. The contaminant loads in the foraging animal-origin food samples were further traced to their presence in environmental compartments of soil and sediment and admissible degree of correlations were observed in congener fingerprints. Elevated health risks were inferred for the population in the industrial zones with weekly intakes weighing about 0.15-17 times the European Food Safety Authority-assigned levels. The consumption of foraging cow's milk was observed to have a higher contribution towards the hazard indices and cancer risk estimates and were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for children. The study also presents a critical validation of the GC-MS/MS-based method for the purpose of regulatory monitoring of dl-POPs, which could be of practical significance in economies in transition., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

COVID-19 has aggravated the biomedical waste generation all over the world and the concern for its safe disposal is on the rise. The vast majority of healthcare systems employ incineration as their treatment method considering its agility to reduce the waste volume by up to 95-96% and high-temperature inactivation of infectious biological materials. However, incinerator emission is a significant contributor of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) according to various national inventories across the globe. Bio-Medical Waste Incinerators (BMWIs) are the dominant form of incinerator plants in developing nations and hence BMWI emissions were found to contribute lion's share of national dioxins inventories in most of these countries. The Stockholm Convention on POPs played a key role in imbibing significant urge on the dl-POPs monitoring studies of incinerators internationally and on controlling the average incinerator emission levels. Though many national/international agencies endorse a stringent incinerator stack emission standard of 0.1 ngTEQ/Nm 3 , there are some differences observed in nation-to-nation regulatory scenarios. This paper reviews and reports on the dioxins emission and health risk studies associated with bio-medical waste incineration over the last three decades (1990-2020) with a comprehensive spatial and temporal emission trend analysis. An overview of important national and international regulations, national inventories and emission factors for the biomedical waste incineration sector is also reviewed in detail. The study observes that continuous regulatory monitoring and logical relaxations can enhance the performance of the existing facilities ensuring low emissions and minimal risk., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Little information exists on the fate and impacts of boats constructed of fibreglass reinforced plastic (FRP) once they reach their end-of-life. In this study, the number of abandoned fishing boats constructed of FRP or constructed of plywood-wood and sheathed by FRP has been determined along the coast of Kerala, India, and chemical emissions have been estimated when boats are burned as a means of disposal. A total of 292 abandoned boats were observed across eight coastal transects constructed around selected landing centres, with abandonment ranging from 13 to 48 per km (average = 29 km -1 ). This results in the generation of 1420 kg of FRP debris (glass mat and epoxy resin) per km of coastline. A controlled combustion experiment, simulating open burning, revealed that 63% of original boat mass is emitted to the atmosphere, with the remainder forming a burnt residue. Total concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emitted and remaining were found to be 2.6 ng Nm -3 and 249.6 μg kg -1 , respectively, with respective calculated toxicity equivalence (TEQ) levels of 437.6 pg TEQ Nm -3 in air emissions and 26.6 μg TEQ kg -1 in the residue. These figures are equivalent to the total emission from FRP boat burning of about 17,000 μg TEQ t -1 . Burning also generates significant quantities of potentially toxic metals, with resulting concentrations of Co, Cr and Cu close to or exceeding soil guideline values. The study calls for a greater awareness of the impacts arising from boat abandonment and burning amongst fishermen, and guidelines or regulatory protocols regarding safe and sustainable boat disposal or recycling., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The paper reports on an innovative application of dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (dl-POPs) emission trends as a measure of environmental performance for designing feasible municipal solid waste management (MSWM) schemes. MSWM systems are highly dependent on the income status and the population density and it is quintessential for developing countries to devise strategies suiting to its characteristics rather than simply adapting successful processes/technologies in developed nations. Hence a lower-middle-income, high-density populated state of India - Kerala, which represents the typical scenario of majority of towns in developing countries was selected as the verification study site. Annual inventorisation of dl-POPs for the current scenario of the state was developed as a spatial model at the lowest administrative block level using geographical information system for the easy and effective comparative assessment. Further, a dl-POPs emission based MSWM scheme which could reduce up to 65% of emissions from current scenario has been developed and compared it with contemporary life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) schemes in terms of green-house gas emissions (GHG) and landfill area requirements as environmental performance validation. Daily exposure dose of dl-POPs were predicted from the per-capita annual emission associated with different MSWM schemes and hazard quotients were also calculated to provide an overview of the health risk posed by the emissions. The predicted health risk factors were observed to be 5 times higher than the threshold level in current scenario whereas 10 times reduction in dose levels could be achieved through the proposed scheme of MSWM., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The paper reports an update to the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) annual emission inventory of India from open burning of municipal solid wastes (MSW) through the generation of nation-specific emission factors for air (EF air ) and burned residue (EF land ) vectors. The MSW characteristics and modes of disposal practiced in Indian cities exhibits subtle variations from that of developed nations due to differences in food habits, living standards and climatic conditions. The annual emission calculations based on EFs from hitherto studies simulating conditions prevailing in developed countries can lead to anomalous accounting of emission levels. It is the first experimental study reported from Indian subcontinent to determine EFs of dioxins and dl-PCBs from MSW open burning by simulated combustion experiments conducted in a custom fabricated Open Burning Test Facility (OBTF) - "Burn Hut", using real dumpsite waste samples. Iso-kinetic sampling and coning and quartering methods were employed for the sampling of air and land emissions from combustion experiments. The PCDD/F's EF air ranged from 3 to 675 μg toxicity equivalence (TEQ)/ton of waste with a geometric mean (GM air ) of 67.0 μgTEQ/ton and EF land ranged from 10 to 2531 μgTEQ/ton waste (GM land - 100.0 μgTEQ/ton). The EF air and EF land of dl-PCBs ranged from 0.5 to 46 μgTEQ/ton (GM air 7.0 μgTEQ/ton) and 0.5 to 96 μgTEQ/ton of waste (GM land 6.0 μgTEQ/ton) respectively. A detailed assessment of correlations between emission and MSW composition/combustion practices were conducted along with a comparative evaluation of EF present vis-à-vis EFs reported elsewhere., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A novel, ex-situ remediation process for perchlorate contaminated soil is reported in this study. This approach comprises washing the contaminated soil with water, followed by treatment of the wash water in a bioreactor. The treated water reused for the next batch of soil, and the cycle continued. The pilot-scale treatment unit comprising of a soil washing unit (0.75 m3) and a fixed-film bioreactor (140 L), both connected in series for continuous operation for a period of three months. The bioreactor was inoculated with a novel perchlorate reducing microbial consortium comprising Serratia marcescens (Gen bank no. HM751096), Bacillus pumilus (Gen bank no. JQ820452) and Micrococcus sp. (Gen bank no. KJ410671). The microbial activity was supported by glucose (glucose/perchlorate ratio = 5), and trace mineral solution. In a typical washing cycle, 2.5 g perchlorate (KClO4) spiked in 670 kg soil was completely removed in three washing cycles, that completed in 6.3 h consuming ∼360 L water. The pooled wash water containing perchlorate at 8.5 mg/L was treated completely in the bioreactor operated at 4.5 h HRT and -200 mV ORP. Compared with both in-situ and ex-situ remediation methods reported, the present approach has many advantages for treating perchlorate contaminated soil., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)