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Herein, we have reported the μ-TPSM for the synthesis of Darunavir within 41 min of total residence time with a 71% isolated yield, and an output of 0.8 g h−1.

Daprodustat is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI) being investigated for the treatment of anemia of CKD. In this noninferiority trial, we compared daprodustat administered three times weekly with epoetin alfa (epoetin) in patients on prevalent hemodialysis switching from a prior erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA).Patients on hemodialysis with a baseline hemoglobin of 8-11.5 g/dl receiving an ESA were randomized 2:1 to daprodustat three times weekly (Daprodustat three times weekly was noninferior to epoetin for mean change in hemoglobin (model-adjusted mean treatment difference [daprodustat-epoetin], -0.05; 95% confidence interval, -0.21 to 0.10). During the evaluation period, mean (SD) hemoglobin values were 10.45 (0.55) and 10.51 (0.85) g/dl for daprodustat and epoetin groups, respectively. Responders (defined as mean hemoglobin during the evaluation period in the analysis range of 10 to 11.5 g/dl) were 80% in the daprodustat group versus 64% in the epoetin group. Proportionately fewer participants in the daprodustat group versus the epoetin group had hemoglobin values either below 10 g/dl or above 11.5 g/dl during the evaluation period. Mean monthly intravenous iron use was not significantly lower with daprodustat versus epoetin. The effect on BP was similar between groups. The percentage of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between daprodustat (75%) and epoetin (79%).Daprodustat was noninferior to epoetin in hemoglobin response and was generally well tolerated.Anemia Studies in Chronic Kidney Disease: Erythropoiesis

This study focused on enhancing resilience of soybean crops to drought and salinity stresses by overexpression of GmFAD3A gene, which plays an important role in modulating membrane fluidity and ultimately influence plants response to various abiotic stresses. Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) are a class of enzymes that mediate desaturation of fatty acids by introducing double bonds. They play an important role in modulating membrane fluidity in response to various abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive analysis of GmFAD3 in drought and salinity stress tolerance in soybean is lacking. We used bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-based vector for achieving rapid and efficient overexpression as well as silencing of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase gene from Glycine max (GmFAD3) to assess the functional role of GmFAD3 in abiotic stress responses in soybean. Higher levels of recombinant BPMV-GmFAD3A transcripts were detected in overexpressing soybean plants. Overexpression of GmFAD3A in soybean resulted in increased levels of jasmonic acid and higher expression of GmWRKY54 as compared to mock-inoculated, vector-infected and FAD3-silenced soybean plants under drought and salinity stress conditions. The GmFAD3A-overexpressing plants showed higher levels of chlorophyll content, efficient photosystem-II, relative water content, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, proline content and also cooler canopy under drought and salinity stress conditions as compared to mock-inoculated, vector-infected and FAD3-silenced soybean plants. Results from the current study revealed that GmFAD3A-overexpressing soybean plants exhibited tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. However, soybean plants silenced for GmFAD3 were vulnerable to drought and salinity stresses.

Background: Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumor and these are among the most challenging to treat successfully due to their property of invasion. Objective: We have accumulated substantial evidence indicating role of Cathepsin B (Cat B) in gliomas and correlated it with the proliferative marker Ki-67 to establish its role in progression of gliomas. Methods and Material: Histological sections of 140 primary brain tumors including 62 low grade glioma, 73 high grade glioma & five autopsy brain tissue were taken and processed according to the standard protocols. Grading was done after H & E staining according to World Health Organization (WHO) grade [1]. These cases were then stained immunohistochemically for Cat B and Ki-67. Cat B was scored from 0-6 based on the % of tumor cells stained and intensity of staining, in which 0 is no staining whereas 6 is highest staining score. Ki-67 was evaluated as the percentage of positively stained tumor cell nuclei out of the total tumor cells counted (n=1000). Results: All cases having Cat B score 5-6 were High grade while cases with Cat B score 0-4 were Low grade (p &nbsp

Introduction: Hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) affects 10–15% of the chronic dialysis population. We explored baseline characteristics and predictors of ESA hyporesponsiveness in a global randomized cardiovascular outcomes study comparing an investigational hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI), daprodustat, with conventional ESA treatment. Methods: ASCEND-D (NCT02879305) recruited 2964 chronic dialysis patients receiving ESA treatment (standardized to weekly intravenous [IV] epoetin) who were iron replete at baseline. The primary ESA hyporesponsiveness definition was an ESA Resistance Index (ERI, ESA Units/kg/week/hemoglobin g/l) ≥2 or IV standardized ESA dose ≥450 Units/kg/week. Predictors of ESA hyporesponsiveness were determined using a multivariable regression model. Alternative hyporesponder definitions were explored. Results: Using the primary definition, 354 (12%) patients were ESA hyporesponsive. Geographic region, notably Latin America, lower baseline body mass index and transferrin saturation, younger age, lower albumin concentration, and a higher baseline IV iron dose were identified as strongly associated (P < 0.001) with ESA hyporesponsiveness. Additional predictors of ESA hyporesponsiveness included female sex (P = 0.010), history of heart failure (P = 0.035), longer dialysis vintage (P = 0.077), smoking status (P = 0.247), aspirin use (P = 0.121), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/ angiotensin receptor blocker use (P = 0.214). Conclusion: This is the first global HIF-PHI study to report pre-specified definitions and predictors of ESA hyporesponsiveness. While most of the predictors identified in our study have been previously reported, geographic region stands out as an unexpected finding, meriting further investigation.

This study examined the construct and latent factors of social, economic, and environmentally sustainable development and Science & technological progress across 39 economies from 2000 to 2016 using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The linear production function model was used to explore the influence of sustainable development on social-economic development and Science & technological progress using country-wise panel data. The age dependency ratio, education expenditure, female labor force, life expectancy, and gender equality were detected as crucial factors of social development. Further, FDI net inflows, gross capital formation, per capita GDP, total employers, and labor force participation rate were found to be valuable variables for increasing economic development. The use of electricity, renewable energy, and green technology in production activities would be helpful in diminishing CO2 emissions and improving environmental sustainability. High-technology exports, ICT goods exports, and R&D expenditure were perceived as essential drivers of increasing Science & technological progress. Sustainable development, Science & technological progress, environmental technology, and job creation in all sectors appeared to be vital indicators to increase social-economic development. Science & technological progress was positively associated with social-economic development, sustainable development, the share of the industrial sector in GDP, and green technology. It was noticed that factors positively related to economic, social, environmental, Science & technological development seemed beneficial to increasing sustainable development. The global economies should implement integrated policy in the social, economic, Science & technology, and environmental sectors to achieve sustainable development. Otherwise, global economies cannot reach the 17 sustainable development goals of the United Nations by 2030.

Late-stage functionalization (LSF) of active pharmaceutical ingredients can provide a straightforward approach to efficient de novo design and synthesis of drug molecules for structural activity relationship studies (SARS).

Manufacturing thiazolidinediones in a batch process is often carried out at different locations, where each successive batch collects a certain amount of intermediate followed by its transportation to another location.

Catalyst free, newly fabricated solar panel reactor for the fluctuating light condition, 20 new entry, gram scale synthesis, safe and green process, sun-light is energy source.

Sulphonated graphene oxide was used for cascade condensation and cyclization reactions towards accessing substituted pyrazolo pyrimidinones. Further, sulphonation and amination reactions were integrated through continuous flow chemistry to access PDE-5 inhibitors. Herein, we report a simple continuous synthetic platform that reduce tedious manual operations and accelerate the synthesis of several potent inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type-5. The developed platform enabled us to perform one-flow multi-step, multi-operational process to synthesize the PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil and its analogues in 32.3 min of the reaction time, with minimal human intervention and single solvent.

A novel nanotextured Ni@Cu material embedded electro-microflow reactor with minimal electrode distance has been employed to synthesize biphenyls via the construction of a new C–C bond. The reported protocol is devoid of noble metals and involves co-reductant/oxidant-free conditions in a fast manner for the synthesis of substituted/unsubstituted biphenyl systems. The electro-reactor volume was optimized for gram-scale biphenyl synthesis and further extended for an integrated total process system reducing the tedious downstream process by selective removal of unwanted chemicals/solvent. The continuous microflow synthesis of daclatasvir has now been accomplished with a good yield.

Background Anaemia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and assessment of the risks and benefits of new therapies is important. Methods The Anaemia Study in CKD: Erythropoiesis via a Novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Daprodustat-Non-Dialysis (ASCEND-ND) trial includes adult patients with CKD Stages 3–5, not using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) with screening haemoglobin (Hb) 8–10 g/dL or receiving ESAs with screening Hb of 8–12 g/dL. Participants were randomized to daprodustat or darbepoetin alfa (1:1) in an open-label trial (steering committee- and sponsor-blinded), with blinded endpoint assessment. The co-primary endpoints are mean change in Hb between baseline and evaluation period (average over Weeks 28–52) and time to first adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular (CV) event. Baseline characteristics were compared with those of participants in similar anaemia trials. Results Overall, 3872 patients were randomized from 39 countries (median age 67 years, 56% female, 56% White, 27% Asian and 10% Black). The median baseline Hb was 9.9 g/dL, blood pressure was 135/74 mmHg and estimated glomerular filtration rate was 18 mL/min/1.73 m2. Among randomized patients, 53% were ESA non-users, 57% had diabetes and 37% had a history of CV disease. At baseline, 61% of participants were using renin–angiotensin system blockers, 55% were taking statins and 49% were taking oral iron. Baseline demographics were similar to those in other large non-dialysis anaemia trials. Conclusion ASCEND-ND will define the efficacy and safety of daprodustat compared with darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of patients with anaemia associated with CKD not on dialysis.

Background The prespecified on-treatment analysis of ASCEND-ND (NCT02876835) raised concerns about a higher relative risk of cancer-related adverse events (AEs) with daprodustat vs darbepoetin in patients with anaemia of CKD. This concern was not observed in dialysis patients in ASCEND-D (NCT02879305). Methods ASCEND-ND randomized 3872 patients to daprodustat or darbepoetin. ASCEND-D randomized 2964 patients to daprodustat or conventional erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). In both studies ESA comparators used different dosing intervals (3/week, 1/week, every 2 or every 4 weeks). The prespecified on-treatment approach examined relative risks for cancer AEs up to the last dose date + 1 day. In these analyses, owing to different dosing intervals between arms, Cox models were used to estimate the daprodustat effect by various follow-up periods (censoring at last dose date, last dose date + dosing intervals, or end of study). Results In ASCEND-ND, the safety of daprodustat vs darbepoetin on cancer-related AEs depended on the duration of follow-up after last dose date: hazard ratio (HR) 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77, 1.40] at end of study [HR 1.12 (95% CI 0.81, 1.56) for last dose date + dosing interval; HR 1.50 (95% CI 1.04, 2.15) for last dose date + 1 day]. In ASCEND-D, no excess risk of cancer-related AEs was observed with any model examined. Conclusions Prespecified on-treatment analyses for cancer-related AEs appeared to result in biased risk estimates in ASCEND-ND by preferentially under-counting events from patients assigned to darbepoetin. Analyses accounting for longer darbepoetin dosing intervals, or extending follow-up, resulted in attenuation of effect estimates towards neutrality, similar to ASCEND-D, where ESA comparator dosing intervals are closer to daprodustat. Trial registration The ASCEND-ND trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02876835); the ASCEND-D trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02879305).

The effect of trade on employment growth in India is a less-discussed issue in the international economics literature. Trade has increased the employment growth in India or not is still a debatable issue for many researchers. This study explores the impact of trade on India’s employment elasticity of growth using World development Indicator data of the World Bank and KLEMS database of India from 1982 to 2016. For this purpose, it has used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model of cointegration. The result indicates that although the share of trade in the national gross domestic product (GDP) has grown, it has failed to increase employment elasticity in the country. It may occur primarily because of the high volume of Indian imports. The share of the service sector in GDP, inflation, and foreign direct investment (FDI) are other vital factors influencing the employment intensity. Therefore, based on the empirical findings, it is suggested that policymakers should focus more on export, specifically on labor-intensive export. It will undoubtedly help to improve the employment level in the country.

The determinants of delta cell mass are not known. As part of studies showing interruption of glucagon signaling (IGS) stimulates alpha cell proliferation in an amino acid (AA) -dependent manner, we noted an increase in delta cells. To investigate, we examined delta cell proliferation and mass in 3 mouse models and a human islet xenograft model. Adult mice with deletion of glucagon (Gcg-/- ) had a 4.7-fold increase in Ki67-positive delta cells (1.50±0.14% vs. 0.32±0.12%, P Disclosure C.Dai: None. A.Bradley: None. E.Spears: None. A.K.Singh: None. F.O.Oladipupo: None. R.Jenkins: None. K.C.Coate: None. A.C.Powers: None.

This study developed a global sustainable development index (GSDI), economic development index (EDI), social development index (SDI), environmental sustainability index (ESI), science and technological development index (STDI), entrepreneurship ecosystem index (EEI), and green entrepreneurship ecosystem index (GEI) for 34 countries during 2000–2019. Composite Z-score method was used to develop EDI, SDI, ESI, STDI, EEI, and GEI. It also observed the interaction among the estimated indexes using linear regression models.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Preliminary analyses suggest that absolute haemoglobin (Hb) values and rapid Hb changes may be associated with adverse outcomes in patients with anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) [1–3]. In this exploratory post-hoc analysis of the ASCEND-D trial, we investigated the association between absolute Hb values or Hb changes over 4-week periods and the occurrence of the first adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in patients with CKD on dialysis who were treated with either daprodustat or ESAs. METHOD ASCEND-D was an event-driven cardiovascular outcomes trial conducted in over 30 countries that randomized 2964 CKD patients undergoing dialysis with a baseline Hb of 8.0–11.5 g/dL to receive oral, once-daily daprodustat (1487 patients), or a conventional ESA (epoetin alfa or darbepoetin; 1477 patients). Available doses were daprodustat 1–24 mg once-daily, epoetin alfa 1500–60 000 U total weekly dose, and darbepoetin 20–400 µg total 4-weekly dose. The co-primary endpoints of non-inferiority for first occurrence of adjudicated MACE and mean Hb change from baseline to weeks 28 through 52 were met and have been reported recently [4]. MACE was a composite of death from any cause, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke. An independent clinical events committee, blind to treatment assignment, adjudicated the events. To examine the association of post-randomization absolute Hb values and Hb changes with first adjudicated MACE, we divided each patient's time in the study before a first MACE or end of follow-up into distinct 4-week intervals. We then calculated a post-randomization mean Hb value and Hb rate of increase or decrease at each 4-week interval. Separately for each treatment arm, we grouped these 4-week periods into quintiles of mean Hb values and Hb rates of increase or decrease (see Table 1), and calculated MACE rates for each quintile. This analysis did not include MACE that occurred before Week 4, as this was the time for the first scheduled post-randomization Hb collection. We used the average of Hb values imputed by the multiple imputation method to impute missing Hb values. RESULTS This analysis included 361 and 389 first MACE in the daprodustat and ESA treatment groups, respectively. When evaluating rates of the first occurrence of adjudicated MACE by absolute Hb value quintiles and irrespective of Hb change (‘All’ column in Figure 1), the MACE rate was higher in the low Hb quintile than in the high Hb quintile across both treatment groups. In the evaluation of rates of the first MACE by Hb change quintile and irrespective of absolute Hb value (‘All’ row in Figure 1), rates of MACE were comparable across Hb change quintiles within each treatment group. When MACE risk was evaluated by both absolute Hb value and Hb change quintiles, the highest MACE rate was observed in the lowest Hb quintile (Q1 row) with the largest positive change (Q5 increase column), and this was more pronounced in the ESA group. CONCLUSION This exploratory analysis suggests a possible association between Hb quintile and MACE outcome for both absolute and fluxes in Hb values. However, this analysis has several limitations including a small number of events in each quintile, possible confounding by severity of disease and the choice of assessment window. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased HIF-1 levels are associated with mortality in some cancer patients, and levels of HIF-1 may also impact response to cancer treatments. Use of recombinant human erythropoietin or its analogs [erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA)] in clinical trials in patients with cancer has been associated with increased risk of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, though the mechanism(s) for these effects is not clear. Daprodustat is an oral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that increases the secretion of endogenous erythropoietin and the production of red cells. Cardiovascular outcome trials in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring dialysis (ASCEND-D [1]; NCT02879305) and those not on dialysis (ASCEND-ND [2]; NCT028768355) have recently been published. Given the long latency with cancer events, we explored the effect of daprodustat as compared with ESA on the risk of cancer development utilizing a post-hoc modified intention-to-treat (mITT) approach, which includes events on and off treatment and provides greater protection to randomization than on-treatment approaches. METHOD Cancer-related adverse events (AEs) from the ASCEND studies were identified based on a predefined list of terms that included new cancer events or tumor progression and recurrence for patients receiving at least one dose of daprodustat or ESA (Safety Population). Patients were included into these trials as long as they had no history of cancer within 2 years prior to screening, were not currently receiving treatment for cancer and did not have a complicated kidney cyst. In addition to reporting the number and percentage of patients with cancer AEs, overall and by types, the rate per 100 person-year (PY) is also provided given differential follow-up for patients in these trials. RESULTS A total of 2964 patients were randomized in ASCEND-D and 3872 in ASCEND-ND, with ∼14 200 PY of follow-up. At baseline, patients reported a past history of cancer in 5.0% and 4.9% of patients receiving daprodustat or ESA, respectively, in ASCEND-D; and in 5.2% and 4.4% of patients receiving daprodustat or darbepoetin alfa, respectively, in ASCEND-ND. In the Safety Population, both the rate of cancer-related AEs and the rate per 100 PY were balanced for each study, with no pattern emerging regarding location or type (Table 1). Of the patients with overall cancer AEs in the Safety Population (Table 1), fatal AEs in ASCEND-D occurred in 11 patients receiving daprodustat and in 15 patients receiving ESA, which was Further analysis of the characteristics of patients with cancer AEs demonstrated that the number of patients with multiple events, the time to first onset and outcome of the event and event seriousness and severity were also similar between treatment groups for both trials. CONCLUSION In cardiovascular outcome trials comprised of patients requiring dialysis (ASCEND-D) and not requiring dialysis (ASCEND-ND) with anemia of CKD, daprodustat was not associated with an increased risk of cancer, or cancer mortality, relative to ESA. Collectively, across these trials, cancer AEs are balanced.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rapid changes in haemoglobin (Hb) following treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in patients with anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been suggested to be associated with adverse outcomes [1–3]. This exploratory post-hoc analysis was performed to investigate the association between absolute Hb values or Hb changes over a 4-week period and the occurrence of first adjudicated major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in CKD patients not on dialysis who were treated with either daprodustat or darbepoetin. METHOD ASCEND-ND was an event driven, cardiovascular outcomes trial conducted in over 30 countries that randomized 3872 CKD patients not on dialysis with baseline Hb of 8–10 g/dL if not on a prior ESA, or 8–11 g/dL if receiving an ESA, to receive either oral, once-daily daprodustat (1937 patients) or subcutaneous darbepoetin (1935 patients). Available doses were daprodustat 1–24 mg once-daily and darbepoetin 20–400 µg total 4-weekly dose. The study was recently reported to have met the co-primary endpoints of non-inferiority for first occurrence of adjudicated MACE and mean Hb change from baseline to weeks 28 through 52 [4]. MACE was a composite of death from any cause, non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal stroke, and events were adjudicated by an independent clinical events committee blinded to treatment assignment. In this exploratory post-hoc analysis, we examined the associations of post-randomization absolute Hb values and Hb changes categorized into quintiles (see Table 1) with first adjudicated MACE. Each patient's time in the study, prior to a first MACE or end of follow-up, was divided into distinct 4-week intervals, with each interval associated with a particular post-randomization Hb value and rate of change. Separately for each treatment group, these 4-week periods were grouped according to quintiles of Hb values, and MACE rates were calculated for each quintile. This analysis was repeated using quintiles derived from Hb rate of decrease and increase. MACEs that occurred prior to Week 4, the first scheduled post-randomization Hb collection, were not included in the analysis. RESULTS This analysis included 371 and 361 first occurrences of adjudicated MACE (‘first MACE’) in the daprodustat and darbepoetin treatment groups, respectively. When evaluating the rate of first MACE by absolute Hb value quintiles and irrespective of Hb change (‘All’ column in Figure 1), the MACE rate was higher in the low Hb quintile than in the high Hb quintile for both treatment groups (Figure 1). Evaluating the rate of first MACE by Hb change quintile and irrespective of absolute Hb value (‘All’ row in Figure 1), the rates of MACE were comparable across Hb change quintiles within each treatment group. When MACE risk was evaluated by both absolute Hb value and Hb change quintiles, the highest MACE rate was observed in the lowest Hb quintile (Q1 row) with the largest positive change (Q5 increase column), and this was more pronounced in the darbepoetin group. CONCLUSION This exploratory analysis suggests a possible association between Hb quintile and MACE outcome for both absolute and fluxes in Hb values. However, this analysis has several limitations including a small number of events in each quintile, possible confounding by severity of disease, and the choice of assessment window. Further studies will be needed to confirm these findings.

Background The Anemia Studies in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Erythropoiesis via a Novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Daprodustat-Dialysis (ASCEND-D) trial will test the hypothesis that daprodustat is noninferior to comparator epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa for two co-primary endpoints: hemoglobin (Hb) efficacy and cardiovascular (CV) safety. Methods We report the trial design, key demographic, clinical and laboratory findings, and baseline therapies of 2964 patients randomized in the open-label (sponsor-blinded) active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized ASCEND-D clinical trial. We also compare baseline characteristics of ASCEND-D patients with patients who are on dialysis (CKD G5D) enrolled in other large CV outcome trials (CVOTs) and in the most relevant registries. Results The median age of patients was 58 years, 43% were female; 67% were White and 16% were Black. The median Hb at baseline was 10.4 g/dL. Among randomized patients, 89% were receiving hemodialysis and 11% peritoneal dialysis. Among key comorbidities, 42% reported a history of diabetes mellitus and 45% a history of CV disease. Median blood pressure was 134/74 mmHg. The median weekly dose of epoetin was 5751 units. Intravenous and oral iron uses were noted in 64 and 11% of patients, respectively. Baseline demographics were similar to patients with CKD G5D enrolled in other CVOTs and renal patient registries. Conclusions ASCEND-D will evaluate the efficacy and safety of daprodustat compared with epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of patients with anemia with CKD G5D. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02879305. EudraCT Number: 2016-000541-31; Sponsor Protocol Number: 200807.

Cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and hashish are the primary drugs transported by a body packer, who swallows such packages. A body pusher or stuffer transports drug packages in rectum or vagina. Plain radiography is the primary imaging modality used in the evaluation of concealed drugs and has sensitivity of 85-90%. The imaging features include well-defined opacities in the bowel with crescents of air near ovoid opacities. The imaging signs include double condom sign, halo sign, parallelism sign, and tic tac sign. A low-dose CT is an efficient noninvasive and accurate technique of locating packages internally for all types of concealment.

This study assesses the association of sustainable development (SD) with environmental technologies, forest area and developmental indictors in selected 39 economies. It develops global sustainable development index (GSDI) as an integration of environmental sustainability index (ESI), economic development index (EDI) and social development index (SDI) during 2000-2016 using composite Z-score technique. Thereupon, it explores the influence of environmental technologies, deforestation, ESI, EDI and SDI on GSDI using country-wise panel data. The results infer that there exists a high inequality in SD due to diversity in socio-economic structure of selected countries. Most developed economies have a better position in SD due to their relatively better position in environmental, economic and social developmental related variables. India, South Africa and Tunisia have low values of ESI, EDI and SDI, thus, these countries are in worst position in SD. Empirical results exhibit that SD is positively associated with environmental, economic and social development, forest area and environmental technologies. It recommended that protection of forest area maintains the quantity and quality of natural resources and provide ecological security. Accessibility of electricity for all community, discovery of environmental technologies, use of green technologies in production activities may be effective to increase socio-economic, environmental and sustainable development.