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Objectives: There is increasing evidence that physical activity (PA) can affect health outcomes, particularly in chronic disease. While pharmacologic therapy and exercise training can improve exercise capacity, increasing PA requires behavior change. This review examined clinical trials testing the effectiveness of behavioral interventions to increase PA in adults with chronic disease to inform future research in COPD., Methods: Embase and PubMed searches of studies published in English, 1995-2011., Inclusion Criteria: Adults ≥ 45 years; COPD, diabetes, heart failure, obesity; exercise or PA endpoint; behavioral intervention described in sufficient detail to permit interpretation., Results: 932 abstracts screened; 169 articles retrieved; 36 reviewed. Most were randomized trials (n = 32, 89%); 2 arms (n = 26, 72%), sample sizes 40-100 (n = 15, 42%); recruitment through clinical settings (n = 28, 78%); disease severity as primary eligibility criterion (n = 23, 64%); mean duration: 10 months (range: 1-84). Exercise intervention: aerobic activity, 30-60 min (n = 20, 56%), 3-5 times/week (n = 20, 56%). Behavioral intervention: Counseling (n = 19, 53%) with personal follow-up (n = 12, 33%)., Control Group: Exercise without behavioral intervention (n = 14, 39%) or usual care (n = 15, 42%). Significant effects were reported in 15 of 25 (60%) studies testing exercise capacity (6-minute walk, cycle, treadmill), 19 of 26 (73%) testing PA (pedometer, activity log, questionnaire), 11 of 22 (50%) measuring quality of life, and 8 of 13 (62%) capturing behavioral endpoints., Conclusions: This review provides insight into the range of designs, interventions, and outcome measures used in studies testing methods to improve PA in chronic disease with implications for designing trials in COPD., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Action observation (AO), observing another individual perform an action, has been implicated in several higher cognitive processes including forming basic motor memories. Previous work has shown that physical practice (PP) results in cortical motor representational changes, referred to as use-dependent plasticity (UDP), and that AO combined with PP potentiates UDP in both healthy adults and stroke patients. In humans, AO results in activation of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv), however, whether this PMv activation has a functional contribution to UDP is not known. Here, we studied the effects disruption of PMv has on UDP when subjects performed PP combined with AO (PP + AO). Subjects participated in two randomized crossover sessions measuring the amount of UDP resulting from PP + AO while receiving disruptive (1 Hz) TMS over the fMRI-activated PMv or over frontal cortex (Sham). We found that, unlike the sham session, disruptive TMS over PMv reduced the beneficial contribution of AO to UDP. To ensure that disruption of PMv was specifically interfering with the contribution of AO and not PP, subjects completed two more control sessions where they performed only PP while receiving disruptive TMS over PMv or frontal cortex. We found that the magnitude of UDP for both control sessions was similar to PP + AO with TMS over PMv. These findings suggest that the fMRI activation found in PMv during AO studies is functionally relevant to task performance, at least for the beneficial effects that AO exerts over motor training.