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Background: Successful early extubation (EE) after liver transplant (LT) has been shown to reduce intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay and infectious, vascular, and sedation-related complications in adults. EE may not always be feasible in children, and many may require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Limited data exists regarding the candidacy of EE, risk factors, consequences, and hospital costs of delayed extubation (DE) in pediatric LT., Methods: We conducted a retrospective review to investigate predictive factors and associated costs of EE and DE in infants and children after orthotopic LT at our institution between 2011 and 2021., Results: Of 338 LT (median age 39 months, 54% females), 246 (73%) had EE (within 24 h of LT), while 27% had DE. Age < 1 year (p = 0.0019), diagnosis of biliary atresia (0.02), abnormal pre-LT echocardiogram (0.02), and patients with ongoing hospital admission before LT (0.0001) were independently associated with DE. Hospital costs were significantly (∼3-fold) higher (p < 0.0001) in the DE group. In addition, factors associated with increased total hospital costs were age < 1 year and hospitalization before LT., Conclusion: EE post-LT is feasible and merits a trial. The prevalence of DE though modest is associated with increased resource utilization and hospital costs. Children who can be extubated early and those at risk for DE can be identified pre-operatively for optimal planning and allocation of resources., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Time-directed extubation (fast-track) protocols may decrease length of stay and cost but data on operating room (OR) extubation is limited. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of extubation in the OR versus fast-track extubation within 6 hours of leaving the operating room. Patients undergoing nonemergent STS index cases (2011-2021) who were extubated within 6 hours were identified from a regional STS quality collaborative. Patients were stratified by extubation in the OR versus fast track. Propensity score matching (1:n) was performed to balance baseline differences. Of the 24,962 patients, 498 were extubated in the OR. After matching, 487 OR extubation cases and 899 fast track cases were well balanced. The rate of reintubation was higher for patients extubated in the OR [21/487 (4.3%) vs 16/899 (1.8%), P = 0.008] as was the incidence of reoperation for bleeding [12/487 (2.5%) vs 8/899 (0.9%), P = 0.03]. There was no significant difference in the rate of any reoperation [16/487 (3.3%) vs 15/899 (1.6%), P = 0.06] or operative mortality [4/487 (0.8%) vs 6/899 (0.6%), P = 0.7]. OR extubation was associated with shorter hospital length of stay (5.6 vs 6.2 days, P < 0.001) and lower total cost of admission ($29,602 vs $31,565 P < 0.001). OR extubation is associated with a higher postoperative risk of reintubation and reoperation due to bleeding, but lower resource utilization.Future research exploring predictors of extubation readiness may be required prior to widespread adoption of this practice., Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr. Ailawadi is a consultant and advisor for Medtronic, Inc; Edwards Lifescience; Abbott Laboratories; AtriCure and Cephea Valve Technologies. Dr. Joseph is a speaker for Angiodynamics. Dr. Yarboro has received honoraria for consulting and proctoring for Medtronic and has proctored for Abbott Laboratories., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Fast-track anesthesia in liver transplantation (LT) has been discussed over the past few decades; however, factors associated with immediate extubation after LT surgery are not well defined. This study aimed to identify predictive factors and examine impacts of immediate extubation on post-LT outcomes., Methods: A total of 279 LT patients between January 2014 and May 2017 were included. Primary outcome was immediate extubation after LT. Other postoperative outcomes included reintubation, intensive care unit stay and cost, pulmonary complications within 90 days, and 90-day graft survival. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors that were predictive for immediate extubation. A matched control was used to study immediate extubation effect on the other postoperative outcomes., Results: Of these 279 patients, 80 (28.7%) underwent immediate extubation. Patients with anhepatic time >75 minutes and with total intraoperative blood transfusion ≥12 units were less likely to be immediately extubated (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.89; P = 0.02; OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.21; P < 0.001). The multivariable analysis showed immediate extubation significantly decreased the risk of pulmonary complications (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.15-0.77; P = 0.01). According to a matched case-control model (immediate group [n = 72], delayed group [n = 72]), the immediate group had a significantly lower rate of pulmonary complications (11.1% versus 27.8%; P = 0.012). Intensive care unit stay and cost were relatively lower in the immediate group (2 versus 3 d; P = 0.082; $5700 versus $7710; P = 0.11). Reintubation rates (2.8% versus 2.8%; P > 0.9) and 90-day graft survival rates (95.8% versus 98.6%; P = 0.31) were similar., Conclusions: Immediate extubation post-LT in appropriate patients is safe and may improve patient outcomes and resource allocation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no funding or conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To compare the safety and resource-efficacy of the fast-track (FT) concept (extubation ≤8 hours after surgery) versus the conventional approach (non-FT, >8 hours postoperatively) in infants undergoing open-heart surgery., Methods: Infants <7 kg operated on cardiopulmonary bypass between 2014 and 2018 were analyzed. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed for group comparison (FT vs non-FT). Intensive care unit (ICU) personnel use and unit performance were evaluated. Postoperative outcome and reimbursement based on German diagnosis-related groups were compared., Results: Of 717 infants (median age: 4 months, Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery mortality score: 0.1-4), FT extubation was achieved in 182 infants (25%). After matching, 123 pairs (FT vs non-FT) were formed without significant differences in baseline characteristics. FT versus non-FT showed a significantly shorter ICU stay (in days): 1.8 (0.9-2.8) versus 4.2 (1.9-6.4), P < .01, and postoperative length of stay (in days): 7 (6-10) versus 10 (7-15.5), P < .01; significantly lower postoperative transfusion rates: 61.3% versus 77%, P < .01; and tendency toward lower early mortality: 0% versus 2.8%, P = .08. Reintubation rate did not differ between the groups (P = .7). Despite a decrease in personnel capacity (2014 vs 2018), the unit performance was maintained. The mean case-mix-index of FT versus non-FT was 8.56 ± 6.08 versus 11.77 ± 12.10 (P < .01), resulting in 27% less reimbursement in the FT group., Conclusions: FT concept can be performed safely and resource-effectively in infants undergoing open-heart surgery. Since German diagnosis-related group systems reimburse costs, not performance, there is little incentive to avoid prolonged mechanical ventilation. Greater ICU turnover rates and excellent postoperative outcomes are not rewarded adequately., (Copyright © 2020 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background In pediatric cardiac surgery, perioperative management has evolved from slow weaning of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit to "ultra-fast-track" anesthesia with early extubation (EE) in theater to promote a faster recovery. The strategy of EE has not been assessed in adults with congenital heart disease, a growing population of patients who often require surgery. Methods And Results Data were collected retrospectively on all patients >16 years of age who underwent adult congenital heart surgery in our tertiary center between December 2012 and January 2020. Coarsened exact matching was performed for relevant baseline variables. Overall, 711 procedures were performed: 133 (18.7%) patients underwent EE and 578 (81.3%) patients received conventional extubation. After matching, patients who received EE required less inotropic or vasopressor support in the early postoperative period (median Vasoactive-inotropic score 0.5 [0.0-2.0] versus 2.0 [0.0-3.5]; P <0.0001) and had a lower total net fluid balance than patients after conventional extubation (1168±723 versus 847±733 mL; P =0.0002). The overall reintubation rate was low at 0.3%. EE was associated with a significantly shorter postoperative length of stay in higher dependency care units before a "step-down" to ward-based care (48 [45-50] versus 50 [47-69] hours; P =0.004). Lower combined intensive care unit and high dependency unit costs were incurred by patients who received EE compared with patients who received conventional extubation (£3949 [3430-4222] versus £4166 [3893-5603]; P <0.0001). Conclusions In adult patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, EE is associated with a reduced need for postoperative hemodynamic support, a shorter intensive care unit stay, and lower health-care-related costs.

Lung transplantation has become an accepted therapeutic option for a select group of children with end-stage lung disease. We evaluated the impact of early extubation in a pediatric lung transplant population and its post-operative outcomes. Single-center retrospective study. PICU within a tertiary academic pediatric hospital. Patients <22 years after pulmonary transplant between January 2011 and December 2016. A total of 74 patients underwent lung transplantation. The primary pretransplantation diagnoses included cystic fibrosis (58%), pulmonary fibrosis (9%), and surfactant dysfunction disorders (10%). Of 60 patients, 36 (60%) were extubated within 24 hours and 24 patients after 24 hours (40%). A total of seven patients (11.6%) required reintubation within 24 hours. Median length of stay for the early extubation group was shorter at 3 days ([(IQR) 2.2-4.7]) compared to 5 days (IQR, 3-7) (P = .02) in the late extubation group. Median costs were lower for the early extubation group with 13,833 US dollars (IQR, 9980-22,822) vs 23 671 US dollars (IQR, 16 673-39 267) (P = .043). Fourteen patients were in the PICU prior to their transplantation; this did not affect their early extubation success. Neither did the fact of requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation before transplantation. Early extubation appears to be safe in a pediatric population after lung transplantation and is associated with a shorter LOS and decreased hospital costs. It may prevent known complications associated with mechanical ventilation., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: Unplanned extubations (UEs) in adult and pediatric populations are associated with poor clinical outcomes and increased costs. In-hospital outcomes and costs of UE in the NICU are not reported. Our objective was to determine the association of UE with clinical outcomes and costs in very-low-birth-weight infants., Methods: We performed a retrospective matched cohort study in our level 4 NICU from 2014 to 2016. Very-low-birth-weight infants without congenital anomalies admitted by 72 hours of age, who received mechanical ventilation (MV), were included. Cases (+UE) were matched 1:1 with controls (-UE) on the basis of having an equivalent MV duration at the time of UE in the case, gestational age, and Clinical Risk Index for Babies score. We compared MV days after UE in cases or the equivalent date in controls (postmatching MV), in-hospital morbidities, and hospital costs between the matched pairs using raw and adjusted analyses., Results: Of 345 infants who met inclusion criteria, 58 had ≥1 UE, and 56 out of 58 (97%) were matched with appropriate controls. Postmatching MV was longer in cases than controls (median: 12.5 days; interquartile range [IQR]: 7 to 25.8 vs median 6 days; IQR: 2 to 12.3; adjusted odds ratio: 4.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.9-9.5). Inflation-adjusted total hospital costs were higher in cases (median difference: $49 587; IQR: -15 063 to 119 826; adjusted odds ratio: 3.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-8.9)., Conclusions: UEs in preterm infants are associated with worse outcomes and increased hospital costs. Improvements in UE rates in NICUs may improve clinical outcomes and lower hospital costs., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Background: The Pediatric Heart Network Collaborative Learning Study (PHN CLS) increased early extubation rates after infant tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and coarctation of the aorta (CoA) repair across participating sites by implementing a clinical practice guideline (CPG). The impact of the CPG on hospital costs has not been studied., Methods: PHN CLS clinical data were linked to cost data from Children's Hospital Association by matching on indirect identifiers. Hospital costs were evaluated across active and control sites in the pre- and post-CPG periods using generalized linear mixed-effects models. A difference-in-difference approach was used to assess whether changes in cost observed in active sites were beyond secular trends in control sites., Results: Data were successfully linked on 410 of 428 eligible patients (96%) from four active and four control sites. Mean adjusted cost per case for TOF repair was significantly reduced in the post-CPG period at active sites ($42,833 vs $56,304, p < 0.01) and unchanged at control sites ($47,007 vs $46,476, p = 0.91), with an overall cost reduction of 27% in active versus control sites (p = 0.03). Specific categories of cost reduced in the TOF cohort included clinical (-66%, p < 0.01), pharmacy (-46%, p = 0.04), lab (-44%, p < 0.01), and imaging (-32%, p < 0.01). There was no change in costs for CoA repair at active or control sites., Conclusions: The early extubation CPG was associated with a reduction in hospital costs for infants undergoing repair of TOF but not CoA. This CPG represents an opportunity to both optimize clinical outcome and reduce costs for certain infant cardiac surgeries., (Copyright © 2019 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The clinical benefit of early extubation following congenital heart surgery has been demonstrated; however, its effect on resource utilization has not been rigorously evaluated. We sought to determine the cost savings of implementing an early extubation pathway for children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. We performed a cost savings analysis after implementation of an early extubation strategy among children undergoing congenital heart surgery at British Columbia Children's Hospital (BCCH) over a 2.5-year period. All patients undergoing one of the eight Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) benchmark operations, ASD repair, or bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis were included in the analysis (n = 370). We compared our data to aggregate STS multi-institutional data from a contemporary cohort. We estimated daily costs for ICU care, ward care, medications, imaging, additional procedures, and allied health care using an administrative database. Direct costs, indirect costs, and cost savings were estimated. Simulation methods, Monte Carlo, and bootstrapping were used to calculate the 95% credible intervals for all estimates. The mean cost savings per procedure was $12,976 and the total estimated cost savings over the study period at BCCH was $4.8 million with direct costs accounting for 91% of cost savings. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated a mean cost savings range of $11,934-$14,059 per procedure. Early extubation is associated with substantial cost savings due to reduced hospital resource utilization. Implementation of an early extubation strategy following congenital heart surgery may contribute to improved resource utilization.

Fast-track anesthesia (FTA) is difficult to achieve in neonates due to immature organ function and high rates of perioperative events. As a high-risk population, neonates require prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation, which may lead to contradictions in cases where neonatal intensive care unit resources and ventilator facilities are limited. The choice of anesthesia strategy and anesthetic can help achieve rapid postoperative rehabilitation and save hospitalization costs. The authors describe their experience with maintaining spontaneous breathing in neonates undergoing anoplasty without opioids or muscle relaxants.This retrospective chart review included neonates who underwent anoplasty in the authors' institution. Twelve neonates who underwent the procedure with atomized 5% lidocaine topical anesthesia around the glottis, combined with sevoflurane sedation and caudal anesthesia facilitating tracheal intubation without opioid and muscle relaxant comprised the FTA group. Ten neonates who underwent the intervention with routine anesthesia techniques in the same period comprised the control group (group C).The surgical success rate in the FTA group was 91.7%. There were no severe complications related to lidocaine administered around the glottis. Extubation time was significantly shorter in the FTA group than in group C (4 [2.5, 5.2] vs 81.5 [60.6, 96.8], respectively; P < .01). The duration of stay in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) was longer in group C than in the FTA group (2 [2.0, 2.6] vs 1 [0.9, 2.0], respectively; P = .006,). A statistically significant lower rate of extubation-cough was noted after endotracheal tube removal in the FTA group compared with group C (18% vs 90%, respectively; P < .001). There was no difference in the duration of anesthesia or hospitalization costs between the 2 groups. No neonates required re-intubation after extubation.On-table extubation via 5% atomized lidocaine topical anesthesia around the glottis for tracheal intubation combined with sevoflurane sedation and caudal anesthesia without opioid and muscle relaxant was feasible in neonates undergoing anoplasty. This reduced time to extubation, length of SICU stay and saved resources. A similar trend in cost savings was also found; nevertheless, more studies are needed to confirm these results.

Background: We sought to identify preoperative and intraoperative predictors of immediate extubation (IE) after open heart surgery in neonates. The effect of IE on the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), cost of postoperative ICU care, operating room turnover, and reintubation rates was assessed., Methods: Patients younger than 31 days who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (January 2010 to December 2013) at a tertiary-care children's hospital were studied. Immediate extubation was defined as successful extubation before termination of anesthetic care. Data on preoperative and intraoperative variables were compared using descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics to identify the predictors of IE. Propensity scores were used to assess effects of IE on ICU LOS, the cost of ICU care, reintubation rates, and operating room turnover time., Results: One hundred forty-eight procedures done at a median age of 7 days resulted in 45 IEs (30.4%). The IE rate was 22.2% with single-ventricle heart disease. Independent predictors of IE were the absence of the need for preoperative ventilatory assistance, higher gestational age, anesthesiologist, and shorter cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediate extubation was associated with shorter ICU LOS (8.3 versus 12.7 days; p < 0.0001) and lower cost of ICU care (mean postoperative ICU charges, $157,449 versus $198,197; p < 0.0001) with no significant difference in the probability of reintubation (p = 0.7). Immediate extubation was associated with longer operating room turnover time (38.4 versus 46.7 minutes; p = 0.009)., Conclusions: Immediate extubation was accomplished in 30.4% of neonates undergoing open heart surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass. Immediate extubation was associated with lesser ICU LOS, postoperative ICU costs, and minimal increase in operating room turnover time, but without an increase in reintubation rates. Low gestational age, preoperative ventilatory support requirement, and prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time were inversely associated with the ability to accomplish IE., (Copyright © 2016 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the attributable hospital cost, both operational and departmental, and length of stay associated with unplanned extubations in children admitted to PICU and cardiac ICU., Design: Retrospective, matched case-control study., Setting: Forty-four-bed PICU and 26-bed cardiac ICU in a 303-bed tertiary care pediatric hospital., Patients: Cases with an unplanned extubation were retrospectively identified from July 2011 to March 2013. Controls were PICU and cardiac ICU patients admitted over the same time period and were matched at a ratio of 2:1 for age and diagnosis., Interventions: None., Measurements and Main Results: Forty-eight unplanned extubations were analyzed. There were no differences in patient demographics between the two groups, except the control group had a higher severity of illness as illustrated by a larger Paediatric Index of Mortality II Risk of Mortality. Median total hospital costs were higher in those patients with unplanned extubations as compared with controls ($101,310 vs $64,618; p < 0.001). Patients with an unplanned extubation had longer median ICU length of stay (10 d vs 4.5 d; p < 0.001) and hospital length of stay (16.5 d vs 10 d, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: Pediatric patients with unplanned extubations have an associated increase in hospital costs ($36,692/case) and length of stay (6.5 d/case) as compared with age and diagnosis-matched controls. Further efforts are warranted to establish data-driven benchmarks and establishment of unplanned extubations as a critical metric for ICU quality.

Background: Abdominal aortic replacement requires an extensive incision and strict blood pressure control, making rapid extubation of the tracheal tube and pain management difficult. The effects of extubation timing on the postoperative course and medical costs in the intensive care unit (ICU) were analyzed., Methods: Patients who underwent elective abdominal aortic replacement were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into those extubated on the day of surgery (Group A) and those extubated later (Group B). Group A was subdivided into extubation in the operating room (Group A1) or in the ICU (Group A2). Intubation time in the ICU, postoperative ICU stay, hospital stay, and total ICU expenses were compared among the four groups., Results: Of the 191 patients, 95 were extubated on the day of surgery (Group A) and 96 later (Group B). The two groups differed in age and percutaneous coronary intervention history. Surgery and anesthesia durations, intraoperative infusion volume, and intraoperative bleeding amounts differed significantly in the two groups. Epidural anesthesia was given more frequently in Group A. Mean intubation time in the ICU (2.6 ± 2.8 vs 17.4 ± 5.1 hours, P < 0.01), the ICU stay (2.1 ± 0.3 vs 2.4 ± 0.8 days, P < 0.01), and the hospital stay (16.4 ± 5.2 vs 20.2 ± 12.5 days, P = 0.02) were significantly shorter, and total ICU expenses were significantly lower (1,036 ± 307 vs 1,565 ± 1,072 dollars, P < 0.01), in Group A than in Group B. Of the 95 patients in Group A, 34 were extubated in the operating room (Group A1) and 61 in the ICU (Group A2). Arrhythmia, epidural anesthesia, and the amount of intraoperative infusion amount were significantly higher, and the percentage of women significantly lower, in Group A1 (vs Group A2). Postoperative ICU and hospital stays and the ICU costs were not significantly different., Conclusion: Tracheal tube extubation on the day of abdominal aortic replacement surgery resulted in better postoperative course and lower costs than when extubation occurred later. Patients extubated in the operating room or the ICU on the day of surgery had similar postoperative courses and costs.

Objective: Prolonged intubation has been implicated in the poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. Accelerated postoperative extubation has been a quality focus, but operating room (OR) extubation after cardiopulmonary bypass is rare. We examined the outcomes and direct costs of protocolized OR extubation versus early postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) extubation after nonemergency open cardiac surgery., Methods: From January 2012 to June 2013, 652 consecutive patients who had undergone various cardiac operations, including redo and multivalve operations, were extubated within 12 hours, 165 in the OR. The OR extubation patients were propensity matched from multivariable logistic regression to derive 106 matched pairs for OR extubation versus extubation < 12 hours (group 1) and 98 independently matched pairs for OR extubation versus extubation < 6 hours (group 2)., Results: OR versus ICU extubation conveyed significant reductions in ICU hours (26.3, interquartile range [IQR], 22.0-31.0; vs 29.0, IQR, 25.0-51.0; P = .001, for group 1; 27.0, IQR, 22.0-32.0; vs 29.0, IQR, 25.0-54.0; P = .0002, for group 2) and postoperative length of stay (5 days, IQR, 4-6; vs 6 days, IQR, 5-7; P = .0008, for group 1; 5 days, IQR, 4-6; vs 6 days, IQR, 4-7; P = .0002, for group 2) but did not affect the reintubation rate (1.9% [2 of 106] vs 0.0% [0 of 106], P = .5, group 1; 3.1% [3 of 98] vs 2.0% [2 of 98], P = 1.0, group 2). OR versus ICU extubation conferred a >20% cost reduction from surgery completion to discharge ($3055, IQR, $2576-$3964; vs $3977, IQR, $3028-$4947; P = .0007, group 1; $3025, IQR, $2598-$3965, vs $3877, IQR, $2998-$5458; P = .007, group 2)., Conclusions: After cardiac surgery, OR extubation is safe and might provide improvement in length of stay and cost compared with early postoperative ICU extubation., (Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Prolonged time to extubation has been defined as the occurrence of a ≥ 15-minute interval from the end of surgery to removal of the tracheal tube. We quantified the increases in the mean times from end of surgery to exit from the OR associated with prolonged extubations and tested whether the increases were economically important (≥ 5 minutes)., Methods: Anesthesia information management system data from 1 tertiary hospital were collected from November 2005 through December 2012 (i.e., sample sizes were N = 22 sequential quarters). Cases were excluded in which the patient's trachea was not intubated or extubated while physically in the operating room (OR). For each combination of stratification variable (below) and quarter, the mean time from end of surgery to OR exit was calculated for the extubations that were not prolonged and for those that were prolonged. Results are reported as mean ± SEM, with "at least" denoting the lower 95% confidence interval., Results: The mean times from end of surgery to OR exit were at least 12.6 minutes longer for prolonged extubations when calculated with stratification by duration of surgery and prone or other positioning (13.0 ± 0.1 minutes), P < 0.0001 compared to 5 minutes (i.e., times were substantively long economically). The mean times were at least 11.7 minutes longer when calculated stratified by anesthesia procedure code (12.4 ± 0.4, P < 0.0001) and at least 11.3 minutes longer when calculated stratified by surgeon (12.4 ± 0.6, P < 0.0001)., Conclusions: We recommend that anesthesia providers document the times of extubations and monitor the incidence of prolonged extubations as an economic measure. This would be especially important for providers at facilities with many ORs that have at least 8 hours of cases and turnovers.

Purpose: The economics of the use of an anesthetic drug or device that produces benefit through reduction in operating room (OR) time depends on the day of the week and the total hours of surgical cases in the OR in which they are performed. Principally, this has to do with different durations of the regularly scheduled workday in the ORs within and among hospitals. We tested hypotheses relevant to the economic benefit of avoiding prolonged tracheal extubation times., Methods: Observational data were obtained from a multiple-specialty academic tertiary hospital that uses an anesthesia information management system. Prolonged tracheal extubation times were considered those with tracheal extubations occurring 15 min or more after the end of surgery. The assessment of prolonged tracheal extubation times was limited to cases for which the patient's trachea was intubated and extubated while physically in the OR. Percentages were calculated for each of n = 39 four-week periods. Results are reported as mean (standard error of the mean) of these percentages, and the phrases "at most/least" are used to refer to the corresponding 95% confidence limits., Results: At most, 6.1% [mean 5.5 (0.3)%] of the prolonged tracheal extubation times were attributable to cases that did not end during regular workdays from 7:00 AM-10:59 PM. At least 55.6% of prolonged tracheal extubation times occurred during cases on regular workdays and in an OR with more than eight hours of cases and turnovers [mean 57.0 (0.9)%; P < 0.0001]. This percentage was 23.8 (0.8)% larger than for all other cases., Conclusions: In the absence of an accurate facility-specific cost analysis, prolonged tracheal extubation times should not be treated as fixed costs but as resulting in proportionally increased OR variable costs.