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Objective: To determine the effects of supervised tooth brushing exercise on the oral hygiene status of school going children in Peshawar. Study Design: Prospective observational study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at a girl’s government school in university town, Peshawar, from Jul to Dec 2018. Methodology: All girls between age 7-10 years with mixed dentition, minimum plaque index score 2 and gingival index score 0 were included in the study. Sixty four girls were allocated into group A (intervention) and group B (control) using computer generated random numbers. Intervention group (32 subjects) was exposed to video plus supervised tooth brushing on a cast model while control group (32 subjects) only exposed to video on brushing technique. The plaque index score was recorded for oral hygiene status as outcome measure of intervention after one month. Results: The mean age of the participants was 9.53 ± 1.08 years. There was statistically significant difference in the plaque scores of interventional and control group after one month (0.3125 ± 0.470 vs. 1.312 ± 0.644, p

A tremendous increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and its poor management is observed in almost all the developing countries. Landfilling, though undesirable, is an unavoidable disposal option with leachate generation and landfill gas (LFG) emissions as its major inescapable consequences. To evade these dismal outcomes of waste contentment, plant-soil based cover options are being studied widely. In the present study, an attempt was made to employ locally available plants for the phytoremediation of landfills. The experimental set-up was designed using 100 kg of MSW which was laid over with a thin soil layer of 30 cm. The efficiency of the laboratory-scale experimental set-up of 1 m3 volume was assessed in terms of trace element remediation and LFG oxidation. The initial and final parameters were finally assessed and compared. Plant species were found to develop a strong root zone, thereby reducing the infiltration of water into the waste mass. The present study showed a reduction in LFG emissions of 11.12%, 54.38%, and 32.12% in the deep zone, root zone, and topsoil zone, respectively. Furthermore, the study of the microbes, influencing soil chemical characteristics, could be helpful for designing an appropriate phytocover under diverse climatic conditions of India.

Talent management is the recruitment, selection, and retainment of the most talented workforce which indicates that it is an advanced field of human resource management (HRM). The prosperity of an organization depends upon its talent force. In todays dynamic and competitive world, talent management is one of the main stumbling issues that organizations face. This research study examines the reality of talent management in Pakistan; besides, the challenges in the implementation of talent management have also been investigated. This research study is qualitative; in-depth semi-structured interviews have been conducted to collect the primary data from a Pakistani public based multinational corporation. Using content analysis, the key themes were identified. The findings reveal that talent management practices lack in Pakistan, but the renowned multinational corporations follow proper procedures and policies related to talent management. Furthermore, the findings further discover that there are three major types of challenges which are being faced today by the organizations; the managerial behavioral challenges are the most important, employee behavioral challenges are the least important and the structural challenges are also essential to overcome, for the implementation of talent management. The findings from this research can be used by the management or the policymakers of different organizations to execute talent management effectively and efficiently.

Severe asthma is characterized by steroid insensitivity and poor symptom control and is responsible for most asthma-related hospital costs. Therapeutic options remain limited, in part due to limited understanding of mechanisms driving severe asthma. Increased arginine methylation, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), is increased in human asthmatic lungs. In this study, we show that PRMT5 drives allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model reproducing multiple aspects of human severe asthma. We find that PRMT5 is required in CD4+ T cells for chronic steroid-insensitive severe lung inflammation, with selective T cell deletion of PRMT5 robustly suppressing eosinophilic and neutrophilic lung inflammation, pathology, airway remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness. Mechanistically, we observed high pulmonary sterol metabolic activity, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), and Th17 responses, with PRMT5-dependent increases in RORγt’s agonist desmosterol. Our work demonstrates that T cell PRMT5 drives severe allergic lung inflammation and has potential implications for the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of severe asthma.

Sustainable and economical wastewater treatment forms a vital step towards long-term sustainability of petrochemical refineries and industries. An affordable solution to this challenge is to employ biowaste as the key consumable active component. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of activated biochar derived from cow-dung, a readily available raw material in low-resource settings, and its application for adsorption of phenol, one of the major pollutants in industrial wastewater. Adsorption parameters are optimized by using response surface methodology. Phenol adsorption equilibrium and kinetics data are well fitted to Freundlich isotherm (R

This qualitative study was conducted to investigate the perception of third-year dental students' about Kahoot! as an innovative learning, teaching, and assessment tool for the subject of Oral Pathology at the Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi. This online App was implemented as a teaching and assessment tool in both the first and second semesters during the academic year 2019. Out of 75 students, 50 were females and 25 were males. Students' opinion about Kahoot! was assessed using a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. Kahoot! has been implemented for the first time in the dental curriculum of our institution. Around 90% of the students accepted that they can easily comprehend the knowledge, challenge their mental ability, and become an attentive learner. The quizzes assisted students to identify different oral structures, histological features, and oral mucosal alteration in an interesting way. According to students' opinion, Kahoot! assist them to develop a notion of self-directed learning (69; 92%), and prepared to attempt exams confidently (68; 90%).

Organic contaminants in water are a growing environmental threat to sustainable development, with detrimental effects on the biosphere. In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused their attention on the area of bioremediation as an important tool to eliminate harmful pollutants from the environment. This review examines the application of bioremediation technologies to the removal of organic pollutants, with an emphasis on hydrocarbons and textile dyes. It applies a descriptive bibliometric analysis to study statistical practicality-vs-applicability of bioremediation of emerging organic pollutants. The paper identifies efficient pathways for bioremediation of different types of organic pollutants and outlines the potential for an eco-friendly and economical approach for the biological remediation of micropollutants by microalgae. Facts and figures on various hazardous pollutants, constraints in their current removal from water at an industrial level, and promising future solutions are carefully presented here.

Present study aims to investigate dependency of business performance on concentrated ownership structure. This study has selected non-financial sector of Pakistan for measuring relationship of performance predictors and concentrated ownership structure. Relationship between concentrated ownership structure and performance is measured directly and also with moderation of tax avoidance. Sample of study is collected from 50 non-financial companies out of more than 450 companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange. Period of data collection is 6 years starting from 2015 to 2020. Results of study are based panel regression techniques Fixed Effect & Random Effect models and other pre-estimation and post-estimation techniques including descriptive statistics, unit root, correlation analysis and Hausman test. It is found that concentrated ownership significantly influence performance of business positively while tax avoidance moderates this relationship negatively for accounting measures of performance ROA & ROE and no moderating influence is found for market measure of performance Tobin’s Q.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a business process management system in which integrated applications are used to manage business processes in a shared data environment. ERP systems usually deal with the two types of business processes, i.e., exchange and conversion. In the exchange process, economic resource, such as product, exchanges to another economic resource, such as the sales process. In a conversion process, an enterprise consumes resources in order to produce new resources, such as the distribution process. Generally, the communication between ERP applications, based on the conversion and exchange processes, is accomplished through Web services. In this context, the implementation of Web services in ERP systems is a complex task. To manage this, the business process model and notation (BPMN) are frequently utilized to simplify the development of ERP applications. However, state-of-the-art BPMN approaches usually deal with the modeling of exchange processes without considering the conversion process. Furthermore, the model transformation solution to automatically generate Web services from the BPMN models are hard to find in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, a novel framework is proposed that supports the modeling of both exchanges as well as conversion processes through BPMN. Particularly, a modeling approach is introduced to represent the ERP processes through BPMN concepts. Subsequently, the rules are developed to convert source BPMN models into target Service-oriented architecture Modeling Language (SoaML) models. Finally, transformation rules are developed to generate fully functional executable Java Web services from SoaML models. As a part of the research, a complete open-source BPMN to Web services transformation (B2W) tool is developed to automatically generate the Web services from the high-level BPMN models. The proposed framework is validated through multiple case studies. The experimental results prove that the proposed framework accurately generates Web services from the BPMN models, which eventually helps in developing the ERP systems with simplicity.

We present a model-independent measure of dynamical complexity based on simulating complex quantum dynamics using stroboscopic Markovian dynamics. Tools from classical signal processing enable us to infer the Hilbert space dimension of a complex quantum system evolving under a time-independent Hamiltonian via pulsed interrogation. We evaluate our model-independent simulation complexity (MISC) for the spin-boson model and simulated third-order pump-probe spectroscopy data for exciton transport in coupled dimers with vibrational levels. The former provides insights into coherence and population dynamics in the two-level system while the latter reveals the dimension of the singly-excited manifold of the dimer. Finally, we probe the complexity of excitonic transport in light harvesting 2 (LH2) and Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) complexes using data from two recent nonlinear ultrafast optical spectroscopy experiments. For the latter we make some model-independent inferences that are commensurate with model-specific ones. This includes estimating the fewest number of parameters needed to fit the experimental data and identifying the spatial extent, i.e., delocalization size, of quantum states occurring in this complex quantum dynamics., Comment: 21 pages, inculding 6 appendices and 10 figures

Background:To the best of our knowledge, the general population of Pakistan has never been evaluated for age-related cognitive performance. We aimed to determine the decline in cognitive abilities using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Mini-Cognition (Mini-Cog) in the three age brackets, i.e. younger, middle-aged and older adults. Methodology:This cross-sectional study was conducted over a sample of 200 subjects (both male and female) divided into three different groups with respect to their age, i.e. younger, middle-aged and older adults. For cognitive assessment, MMSE and Mini-Cog were used with predetermined cut-off values. A point was scored for each correct answer based on the participant’s familiarization of environment, memory, speech, and ability to follow instructions to read or write. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results:Based on the study findings, MMSE suggested that 2.5% of participants had severe cognitive impairment, and 23% had mild cognitive impairment. Of these, 23 participants were in between 56 to 75 years of age, indicating increased cognitive decline among older adults. The mean MMSE score was 26.58 among young adults, which further decreased to 24.06 among older adults. The results of the regression analysis displayed that age, occupational load and educational levels were independent predictors of cognitive performances (higher MMSE score) (p Conclusion:This pilot study determining the cognitive performance in different age groups yielded positive outcomes. Both MMSE and Mini-Cog findings were comparable and indicated that there was a significant age-related cognitive decline which was comparatively more pronounced among males than females. However, further descriptive studies might help in defining the appropriate and timely screening of cognitive abilities using MMSE and Mini-Cog. Link: http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/app/article/view/498/612

We make this report to check the difficulties or problems facing by those students who are doing training in medical institute. Research which they making are not an easy works when they are also doing their trainings. We take this survey in 2019-2020, with about 98 respondents to know about their problems and issues which they are facing during their research also when their trainings are going on too. We arrange survey with question answers and ask these questions to trainees who are doing their training and also doing researches. After this survey we concluded results that some of trainees show the response as on research, they are paying their expenses by themselves, funding from medical department is very less. And another point is that time they get for research is very less. In this shortage of time it is very difficult for them to arrange all material and complete out their research on time. They also said that they do not have proper training to do these types of tasks as research, so that why it becomes difficult for them. Ratios of these answers was different as respondents those who was getting difficulty in time to complete their research was about 77% and those who can’t meet their expenses to complete their task was 78% some of them ask about that they are not properly trained, they did not get training to complete this research was 80% and so on. So after this survey and results we have concluded that they should have complete knowledge about their field and proper practices and training is needed. With these types of researches, problems which are going to get highlighted should be solved. And it is also important to fulfill they requirement which respondents need to complete their tasks. Key Words: Trainees, barriers, researches, medications, clinics.

Malaria is a diseased that is caused by bites of mosquito. Malaria is a very spreading disease in all over the world also in Pakistan. Different tests conducted to diagnose this disease. Test also conducted in Lahore or all over the Pakistan on different people of age pregnant and non- pregnancy females living in urban and rural area as well. 1000 tests had conducted in 11% male 7% non-pregnant females and 8% pregnant females suffering from this disease. Patients show different signs like fever headache vomiting. Mostly malaria spreading in rural areas where proper sewerage system is not exist water standing at unpaved streets due to which new mosquitos born. It is also observed that it infects poor and middle class people who do not afford anti mosquitos. Key Words: Malaria, unpaved conditions, rural areas, developing countries, pregnant females

Self-defence is an important skill for self safety especially for women in times of danger. However, self-defence training is not accessible to many. This paper presents a framework that estimates human pose using a webcam and openpose and analyzes the pose in order to give a score and performance based review. This framework aims at teaching self defense to users. The idea is to capture the pose of the user via an RGB camera and estimate pose using openpose. Then features are extracted and the poses aligned in the temporal domain. The result of the overall pipeline is a score and natural language feedback for each feature extracted. The results show that our system performs quite well on the video dataset prepared.

The case study examines the problem of employee turnover and exploring ways of reducing it through a flexible work arrangement. The company which we have selected as “Unilever” (Karachi, Pakistan). The objective of the case study will be to provide an in-depth qualitative exploration into flexible working arrangements into the workplace for reducing employee turnover. The case study also discuss the benefits of flexible working arrangements. It begins with an introduction to Unilever and its priorities. It then discusses the introduction on the problem of employee turnover then it further describes how the flexible working arrangements were launched and the results it yielded. Findings suggested that the employees who are given opportunities to work more flexibly are more dedicated and productive employees and are better able to manage their lives outside of work. To be truly flexible and effective, a workplace its design, practices, and policies must benefit the organization and its employees' Organizations that provide more effective and flexible work environments have been shown to have more engaged, satisfied, and healthier employees with fewer intentions of looking for new employment. As workplaces become more intense, Organizations find that they must become more flexible to support employees in effectively managing their demands at work and at home and to attract, develop, reduce employee turnover and retain the employees they need to succeed.

Objective: A short pre-hospital delay, from the onset of symptoms to rapid initiation of reperfusion therapy, is a crucial factor in determining prognosis of myocardial infarction (MI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate symptoms and presentation delay times in MI patients with and without diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 3 tertiary care hospitals of Pakistan over a period of 6 months. The study sample consisted of 280 consenting individuals diagnosed with ST-elevation MI (STEMI) or Non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI), out of which 130 were diabetic and 150 were non-diabetic. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire, investigating MI symptoms along with causes and duration of pre-hospital delay within 72 hours of admission. Results: No significant difference was found in the intensity of chest pain between diabetics and non-diabetics. Atypical symptoms of MI such as anxiety (p

Water remediation is an essential component for sustainable development. Increasing population and rapid industrialization have contributed to the deterioration of water resources. In particular, effluents from chemical, pharmaceutical, petroleum industries, and anthropogenic activities have led to severe ecological degradation. Many of these detrimental pollutants are highly toxic even at low concentrations, acting as carcinogens and inflicting severe long-lasting effects on human health. This review underscores the potential applications of engineered carbon-based materials for effective wastewater treatment. It focuses on the performance as well as efficiency of activated carbon, graphene nanomaterial, and carbon nanotubes, both with and without chemical functionalization. Plausible mechanisms of action between the chemically functionalized adsorbent and pollutants are also discussed. Based on the keywords from the literature published in the recent five years, a statistical practicality-vs-applicability analysis of these three materials is also provided. The review will provide a deep understanding of the physical or chemical interactions of the wastewater pollutants with carbon materials.

In this paper, a transient study on Isolated Wind-Diesel Hybrid System (IWDHS) of 200 kW has been carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The detailed model of synchronous generator coupled to diesel engine, self-excited induction generator and load is studied and considered for analyzing the dynamic behavior of IWDHS. It has been taken into consideration that most of the time; the energy is to be provided by wind turbine in comparison to diesel generator. Instead of a fixed wind speed, the IWDHS is being supplied by variable wind speeds. that are more than its nominal value (10 m/s). This function is accomplished by using a conventional PI controller which regulates the pitch angle of the wind turbine blades during incoming varying gusts of wind. Further the system performance is improved by implementing an ANFIS controller. A controller design process is identified; it consists of generating input-output data pairs to identify the control variables range and initial fuzzy memberships, and then to tune or adapt them using an ANFIS network structure. The control objective was to extract maximum power at varying wind speeds and to limit the power as well as improve settling time at rated value at high wind speeds. The simulations have shown how advantageous an ANFIS based controller is over a conventional PI controller.

Increase in atmospheric adulteration due to exponential growth in urbanization, industrialization, and number of on-road vehicles have necessitated the need for emission-free transportation. The major challenges in the proliferation of electric vehicles are the lack of international standards. This paper presents simulation and hardware implementation of a low-cost residential EVSE based on SAE J1772 standard. This is accomplished by using Arduino microcontroller for detection and communication with an electric vehicle. The main difference of the proposed system to existing EVSE is its low cost and amperage adjustment for better load control. The resultant system is capable of detecting various states and provides communication as specified by the CCS standard. The proposed EVSE includes necessary protective features like ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), continuous monitoring of temperature, humidity, and potential earth for protection against short circuit. Simulation of the pilot circuit is done using Labcenter Electronics: Proteus software and simultaneously a hardware model was developed and tested. Results indicate system to be economical and compliant with future improvement in energy storage devices and smart grid.

Illuminating rooms is something that is taken as for granted. This paper presents an evolutionary method for solving this problem. The paper aims to find a minimalist arrangement of lamps in user-defined or random rooms such that they are optimally lit. Genetic algorithm is used to explore exponential search space of lamps placement and find those that suit the given criteria. Blender is used as a 3-D tool for this experiment. Results show promising arrangements of lamps that can be used in situations that require an emitter of signals in an obstruction filled environment.

Source code is core of Software engineering. Source code of good quality can be maintained and upgraded easily. Source code quality can be broken down in factors like maintainability, reusability, change proneness, testability and stability. These quality factors are high level representation of code quality and cannot be measured directly. Research in field of source code quality has proposed enormous amount of code metrics that measure quality in different aspects like complexity, size, coupling, cohesion and abstractness etc. This study proposes a framework named Object Oriented Code Quality Meter (OOCQM) for measuring source code quality of object-oriented code using low level code metrics and high-level quality factors. Code metrics has a proven relationship with quality factors. This relationship is used to calculate a numerical value for quality factors based on metric values. It is observed that all selected metrics has negative correlation with mapped quality factor. Quality factors scores are aggregated and used to depict quality of code in numerical form. A PHP based tool is developed to validate the results. Framework results are compared with Maintainability Index (MI) which is popular quality measure in terms of code maintainability. OOCQM measures code quality correctly as quality results are correct according to MI. This framework provides more detail at individual quality factors level. OOCQM is compared with few other tools developed for quality measurement. Comparison shows that this tool supports more quality factors analysis than other tools.

Track estimation or track smoothing is performed to minimize the errors in a tracking scenario. These errors are referred as noise in the field of tracking. Kalman filter and Interacting multiple model (IMM) filter is widely used in tracking problems since 1959. The importance and equations of Kalman Filtering (KF) are not discussed with IMM in literature although understanding KF is very important before working on IMM. In this paper the working of Kalman and its implementation in IMM is discussed along with equations in terms of time intervals t, t-1, t+1. Simulation tests were carried out and performance of IMM and KF is compared on the basis of estimation error plots. Tests are carried out on two different trajectories. KF is applied with Constant acceleration and constant velocity separately. Results indicate that KF models are not good in tracking and gives larger error rate. KF is cost effective when it comes to computations but when it comes to sensitivity of tracking, IMM is preferred to avoid error and incorrect estimates.

Objectives: To assess the readiness for eLearning in dental institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Three dental institutes affiliated with three different universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. Period: October 2016 to January 2017. Methods: Participants were all the dental students (n=789), postgraduate trainees (n=167) and faculty members (n=103) of these institutes. Data were collected using pre-validated ‘Students' E-learning Readiness Scale’ and interpreted through descriptive and non-parametric statistics. Results: The response rate was 54% (568/1059). The respondents were predominantly female (62.3%), however, most of the faculty members were male. The mean scores for the undergraduates, postgraduates and the faculty across all the subscales (technology access, online skills and relationship, motivation, online audio/video preferences, readiness for online discussions and the importance of e-learning to participants’ success) were above 3, indicating good readiness. The agreement was relatively lower in the subscales on motivation and online discussions. The mean scores of the faculty were higher than the undergraduate and postgraduate students. A comparison among genders also showed significantly higher readiness for eLearning among males than the female. Both the public and private institutes have access to technology and internet facilities. Conclusion: The undergraduate, postgraduate students and faculty from the public and private-sector institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province have good readiness for eLearning. The female students need further training in effective use of computer and internet for educational purpose. Course designers should focus on improving learners’ motivation and online interaction. Future research should compare our findings with institutions in other provinces of Pakistan.

The supervisor-trainee relationship is built upon mutual trust and goal congruence between the leader and the subordinate. It is also influenced by positive psychology among the two. We proposed a theoretical framework by combining and models that explained how ethical leadership complements the supervisor-trainee relationship to achieve mutually benefiting outcomes for both employees and businesses in terms of better work engagement as well as preventing the emotional exhaustion of employees. This is established through trust and harmony in goals as well as through a strong and positive personality of an ethical leader. To establish its validity, constructive evidence has been built upon by targeting specific sectors that include service and manufacturing through a survey based on a close-ended questionnaire. Data was collected from a sample of 200 employees from Karachi, Pakistan and was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structured equation modeling (SEM) through the software SmartPLS3. The results suggested that ethical leadership does affect employees' wellbeing, however, overall, the mediating effects were mostly insignificant. It did assert all the hypotheses that had a direct connection with ethical leadership but it showed anomic behavior in branched connections, especially in psychological capital and goal congruence branching. Hence the findings imply that ethical leadership shouldn’t be taken not as a unidirectional concept but needs to be unfolded under distinct ethical dimensions of leadership. This research encourages a deeper analysis of the first and second-order factors and their interrelated connections for future studies.

Web is playing vital role in transformation of information technology and usage of website is increasing tremendously for all sorts of people. Usability plays important role in success of websites as they are used by people with different level of computer usage experience. Usability analysis is important to make website usage smooth and increase user satisfaction. Usability is neglected due to different reasons, like short development time, lack of usability knowledge of development team. There are few frameworks proposed for the usability evaluation of specific types of websites and for specific software. After detailed study of these frameworks we proposed General, Graphical and Structural Evaluation (GGSE) a general usability evaluation framework for usability evaluation of general purpose websites. A case study is performed to validate the results of GGSE. Case study proved the effectiveness of GGSE.