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A new agaric species, Leucoagaricus thallensis, a member of La. sect. Leucoagaricus is described and illustrated from Pakistan. This species is mainly recognized by the combination of the orange-red fibrillose pileus with a white background, the fibrils on the stipe, and the volva. Data on macromorphology, micromorphology, DNA sequences (nrITS and nrLSU), habitat and comparison with closely related taxa are provided for each. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic differences separate our species from all other known species of Leucoagaricus proving its novelty. This study is the first contemporary taxonomic work on Leucoagaricus species from Noorpur Thal, district Khushab.

A new species belonging to the Rusticoides clade of Entoloma, with an omphalinoid habit is described from Pakistan with detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and molecular data. Illustrations of microcharacteristics and comparison with closely allied species are provided. Entoloma griseofibrillosus is distinguished based on a greyish brown, hygrophanous fibrillose pileus, sub-isodiametric angular spores, varying shapes of cheilocystidia and a pileipellis as a cutis. Phylogenetic estimation based on nrITS and nrLSU regions with a well-nested position of the described taxon is presented in the current study.

During surveys of macrofungi in Pakistan, eight specimens belonging to the genus Lactocollybia were collected from the plains of Punjab and foothills of Murree. Morphological studies and molecular characterization refer all collections to a single species, Lactocollybia variicystis, previously restricted to Africa and Europe; this is the first report from Asia. Except for geography, no significant differences were found among African, European, and Pakistani collections.

Pluteus variabilicolor and Volvopluteus earlei are reported as new records for the Pakistani funga, with the former representing a new record for South Asia and the latter, a second report from Asia. Morphological descriptions are accompanied by colored photographs of basidiomata and microscopic structures. Identity of both species is confirmed by ITS sequence analyses. Comparison with previous descriptions and data on their distributions are briefly discussed.

Moniliophthora pakistanica sp. nov. is described from Punjab, Pakistan, based on micro- and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. The taxon is characterized by a creamy to brownish basidiomes, a depressed or subumbonate and tomentose pileus with distinct orange to brown zones, a hairy stipe, oblong to ellipsoid basidiospores (4.7–8.5 × 4–6 μm), frequent clavate to flexuous cheilo- and pleurocystidia with apical projections, common long setiform terminal hairs in both pileipellis and stipitipellis, rhizomophs, and growth on fallen plant debris. A detailed description of macro- and microscopic characters and field photographs of collections are given. Based on our phylogenetic analysis, M. iopus is found to be a close relative of the new species. Two phylograms inferred from the datasets of nrITS and nrLSU sequences, and a comparison with phylogenetically closely related species are provided.

In recent studies, new species and sections were described in Agaricus subg. Spissicaules. We intended to update this subgenus by including all these recent taxa, some interesting sequences retrieved in GenBank, and two new collections from the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Both morphological and phylogenetic approaches were used. Maximum Likelihood tree based on rDNA ITS sequences revealed that the sequences of the new specimens from Pakistan form a clade with five sequences from India retrieved from GenBank. For the seven samples of this clade, we described the new species Agaricus radiatosquamulosus based on the morphology of the two collections from Pakistan. This new species, which belongs to the recently proposed A. sect. Fulventes was compared to the three other species of this section. Except for the small-sized A. nanofulvus, the other species are difficult to recognize without DNA sequence data. The four species differ from each other at a poly T in ITS2. In addition, each of them is distributed on different continents. Agaricus radiatosquamulosus is the first report of a species of A. subg. Spissicaules in Pakistan. In addition, a sequence from GenBank identified as A. lanatoniger matches with another sample from New Zealand in A. sect. subrutilescentes. In absence of formally published taxonomic treatment, we provisionally named these samples A. cf. lanatoniger.

Gerhardtia foliicola is reported as a new record for Pakistan. The species is characterized by a reddish brown and hygrophanous pileus, densely crowded lamellae, small sized ellipsoid basidiospores with irregular outline and occurrence on leaf litter and humus in broadleaf forests. Our phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) region clustered the Pakistani collections in the same clade with G. foliicola sequences from Japan. Detailed description of macro- and micro-characters, habitat, general distribution, and diagnostic features important for delimiting G. foliicola from closely related taxa are presented.

A novel species, Leucoagaricus fragilis, is described from the vicinity of the Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan. The taxon is characterized by white, fragile basidiomata with a light brown, umbonate disk, a radially fibrillose pileus surface rarely splitting radially, pinkish brown lamellae at maturity, a white, bent stipe that stains yellowish upon handling, an inferior annulus, sub-globose to ellipsoid basidiospores, broadly clavate to abundantly sphaeropedunculate cheilocystidia, and cylindrical pileipellis hyphae intermixed with broader clavate elements with rounded ends. Morpho-anatomical and molecular phylogenetic analyses of nrITS and nrLSU datasets confirmed a new taxon in L. sect. Piloselli. A key to the known species of Leucoagaricus in Pakistan is also provided.

Crepidotus iqbalii is described as a new species based on specimens collected from Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan. Morphological techniques and phylogenetic analyses based on nrITS sequences were used to confirm the novelty of the species. The key characters of C. iqbalii include growth on soil, a bright brown to yellow, hygrophanous pileus, a distinct central to slightly eccentric stipe, ellipsoid-amygdaliform, almost smooth to slightly verruculose basidiospores, presence of cheilo-, pileo- and caulocystidia but absence of pleurocystidia, and clamp connections present in all tissues.

During our surveys of fungi of some areas adjacent to the Cholistan desert, Punjab, Pakistan, we collected a new species in Lepiota sect. Echinatae. It was found on loamy soil under Vachellia nilotica and is described and illustrated as new based on the distinct morphology and ITS nrDNA analysis. The new species, Lepiota haroonabadensis, is characterized macroscopically by a light yellowish orange pileus covered with brown squarrose scales, bright yellowish to yellowish red stipe with pale yellow spiny scales, and rudimentary annulus; and microscopically by ellipsoid basidiospores, narrowly clavate to clavate cheilocystidia, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical or ellipsoidal elements of the pileus covering and cylindrical to globose elements of the stipe covering. A full description, color photos, line illustrations and a phylogenetic tree to show the position of the new species are provided.

Conocybe punjabensis sp. nov., a species belonging to the saprobic family Bolbitaceae, is illustrated and described from Pakistan based on morphology and molecular evidence. The species can be distinguished on the basis of medium-sized fruiting bodies, a pileus with a dark brown central disc, a fibrillose stipe, forked lamellae near pileus margin, ellipsoid angular basidiospores with an apical germ pore, cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia varying from catenulate, lecythiform to clavate, and lecythiform caulocystidia. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region also supports the recognition of this new species in Conocybe. Detailed descriptions, photographs, illustrations and comparison with allied taxa are given.