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1. Calculations of Solar Shortwave Heating Rates due to Black Carbon and Ozone Absorption Using in Situ Measurements

Author

Gao, R. S, Hall, S. R, Swartz, W. H, Spackman, J. R, Watts, L. A, Fahey, D. W, Aikin, K. C, Shetter, R. E, and Bui, T. P

Subjects
Geophysics
Abstract

Results for the solar heating rates in ambient air due to absorption by black-carbon (BC) containing particles and ozone are presented as calculated from airborne observations made in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) in January-February 2006. The method uses airborne in situ observations of BC particles, ozone and actinic flux. Total BC mass is obtained along the flight track by summing the masses of individually detected BC particles in the range 90 to 600-nm volume-equivalent diameter, which includes most of the BC mass. Ozone mixing ratios and upwelling and partial downwelling solar actinic fluxes were measured concurrently with BC mass. Two estimates used for the BC wavelength-dependent absorption cross section yielded similar heating rates. For mean altitudes of 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5 km (0.5 km) in the tropics, average BC heating rates were near 0.0002 K/d. Observed BC coatings on individual particles approximately double derived BC heating rates. Ozone heating rates exceeded BC heating rates by approximately a factor of 100 on average and at least a factor of 4, suggesting that BC heating rates in this region are negligible in comparison.

Published
2008
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2. Single-Particle Measurements of Midlatitude Black Carbon and Light-Scattering Aerosols from the Boundary Layer to the Lower Stratosphere

Author

Schwartz, J. P, Gao, R. S, Fahey, D. W, Thomson, D. S, Watts, L. A, Wilson, J. C, Reeves, J. M, Darbeheshti, M, Baumgardner, D. G, Kok, G. L, Chung, S. H, Schulz, M, Hendricks, J, Lauer, A, Kaercher, B, Slowik, J. G, Rosenlof, K. H, Thompson, T. L, Langford, A. O, Loewenstein, M, and Aikin, K. C

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

A single-particle soot photometer (SP2) was flown on a NASA WB-57F high-altitude research aircraft in November 2004 from Houston, Texas. The SP2 uses laser-induced incandescence to detect individual black carbon (BC) particles in an air sample in the mass range of approx.3-300 fg (approx.0.15-0.7 microns volume equivalent diameter). Scattered light is used to size the remaining non-BC aerosols in the range of approx.0.17-0.7 microns diameter. We present profiles of both aerosol types from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere from two midlatitude flights. Results for total aerosol amounts in the size range detected by the SP2 are in good agreement with typical particle spectrometer measurements in the same region. All ambient incandescing particles were identified as BC because their incandescence properties matched those of laboratory-generated BC aerosol. Approximately 40% of these BC particles showed evidence of internal mixing (e.g., coating). Throughout profiles between 5 and 18.7 km, BC particles were less than a few percent of total aerosol number, and black carbon aerosol (BCA) mass mixing ratio showed a constant gradient with altitude above 5 km. SP2 data was compared to results from the ECHAM4/MADE and LmDzT-INCA global aerosol models. The comparison will help resolve the important systematic differences in model aerosol processes that determine BCA loadings. Further intercomparisons of models and measurements as presented here will improve the accuracy of the radiative forcing contribution from BCA.

Published
2006
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3. Transition from high- to low-NOx control of night-time oxidation in the southeastern US

Author

Edwards, Peter, Aikin, K. C., Dube, W. P., Fry, J. L., Gilman, J. B., de Gouw, J. A., Graus, M. G., Hanisco, T. F., Holloway, J., Hübler, G., Kaiser, J., Keutsch, F. N., Lerner, B. M., Neuman, J. A., Parrish, D. D., Peischl, J., Pollack, I. B., Ravishankara, A. R., Roberts, J. M., Ryerson, T. B., Trainer, M., Veres, P. R., Wolfe, G. M., Warneke, C., and Brown, S. S.

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, circulatory and respiratory physiology
Abstract

The influence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on daytime atmospheric oxidation cycles is well known, with clearly defined high- and low-NOx regimes. During the day, oxidation reactions—which contribute to the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone—are proportional to NOx at low levels, and inversely proportional to NOx at high levels. Night-time oxidation of volatile organic compounds also influences secondary pollutants but lacks a similar clear definition of high- and low-NOx regimes, even though such regimes exist. Decreases in anthropogenic NOx emissions in the US and Europe coincided with increases in Asia over the last 10 to 20 years, and have altered both daytime and nocturnal oxidation cycles. Here we present measurements of chemical species in the lower atmosphere from day- and night-time research flights over the southeast US in 1999 and 2013, supplemented by atmospheric chemistry simulations. We find that night-time oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) is NOx-limited when the ratio of NOx to BVOC is below approximately 0.5, and becomes independent of NOx at higher ratios. The night-time ratio of NOx to BVOC in 2013 averaged 0.6 aloft. We suggest that night-time oxidation in the southeast US is in transition between NOx-dominated and ozone-dominated.

Published
2017

5. Transition from high- to low-NOx control of night-time oxidation in the southeastern US

Author

Edwards, P. M., primary, Aikin, K. C., additional, Dube, W. P., additional, Fry, J. L., additional, Gilman, J. B., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Graus, M. G., additional, Hanisco, T. F., additional, Holloway, J., additional, Hübler, G., additional, Kaiser, J., additional, Keutsch, F. N., additional, Lerner, B. M., additional, Neuman, J. A., additional, Parrish, D. D., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Pollack, I. B., additional, Ravishankara, A. R., additional, Roberts, J. M., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Trainer, M., additional, Veres, P. R., additional, Wolfe, G. M., additional, Warneke, C., additional, and Brown, S. S., additional

Published
2017
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6. Airborne quantification of upper tropospheric NOx production from lightning in deep convective storms over the United States Great Plains

Author

Pollack, I. B., Homeyer, C. R., Ryerson, T. B., Aikin, K. C., Peischl, J., Apel, E. C., Campos, T., Flocke, F., Hornbrook, R. S., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Weinheimer, A. J., Riemer, D., Diskin, G., Sachse, G., Mikoviny, T., Wisthaler, A., Bruning, E., MacGorman, D., Cummings, K. A., Pickering, K. E., Huntrieser, H., Lichtenstern, M., Schlager, H., Barth, M. C., Pollack, I. B., Homeyer, C. R., Ryerson, T. B., Aikin, K. C., Peischl, J., Apel, E. C., Campos, T., Flocke, F., Hornbrook, R. S., Knapp, D. J., Montzka, D. D., Weinheimer, A. J., Riemer, D., Diskin, G., Sachse, G., Mikoviny, T., Wisthaler, A., Bruning, E., MacGorman, D., Cummings, K. A., Pickering, K. E., Huntrieser, H., Lichtenstern, M., Schlager, H., and Barth, M. C.

Abstract

The reported range for global production of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) by lightning remains large (e.g., 32 to 664mol NOx flash-1), despite incorporating results from over 30 individual laboratory, theoretical, and field studies since the 1970s. Airborne and ground-based observations from the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment in May and June 2012 provide a new data set for calculating moles of NOx produced per lightning flash, P(NOx), in thunderstorms over the United States Great Plains. This analysis utilizes a combination of in situ observations of storm inflow and outflow from three instrumented aircraft, three-dimensional spatial information from ground-based radars and satellite observations, and spatial and temporal information for intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning flashes from ground-based lightning mapping arrays. Evaluation of two analysis methods (e.g., a volume-based approach and a flux-based approach) for converting enhancements in lightning-produced NOx from volume-based mixing ratios to moles NOx flash-1 suggests that both methods equally approximate P(NOx) for storms with elongated anvils, while the volume-based approach better approximates P(NOx) for storms with circular-shaped anvils. Results from the more robust volume-based approach for three storms sampled over Oklahoma and Colorado during DC3 suggest a range of 142 to 291 (average of 194) moles NOx flash-1 (or 117–332mol NOx flash-1 including uncertainties). Although not vastly different from the previously reported range for storms occurring in the Great Plains (e.g., 21–465mol NOx flash-1), results from this analysis of DC3 storms offer more constrained upper and lower limits for P(NOx) in this geographical region.

Published
2016

7. Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from oil and natural gas production in the Bakken shale region of North Dakota

Author

Peischl, J., primary, Karion, A., additional, Sweeney, C., additional, Kort, E. A., additional, Smith, M. L., additional, Brandt, A. R., additional, Yeskoo, T., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, Conley, S. A., additional, Gvakharia, A., additional, Trainer, M., additional, Wolter, S., additional, and Ryerson, T. B., additional

Published
2016
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8. Airborne quantification of upper tropospheric NO xproduction from lightning in deep convective storms over the United States Great Plains

Author

Pollack, I. B., primary, Homeyer, C. R., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Apel, E. C., additional, Campos, T., additional, Flocke, F., additional, Hornbrook, R. S., additional, Knapp, D. J., additional, Montzka, D. D., additional, Weinheimer, A. J., additional, Riemer, D., additional, Diskin, G., additional, Sachse, G., additional, Mikoviny, T., additional, Wisthaler, A., additional, Bruning, E., additional, MacGorman, D., additional, Cummings, K. A., additional, Pickering, K. E., additional, Huntrieser, H., additional, Lichtenstern, M., additional, Schlager, H., additional, and Barth, M. C., additional

Published
2016
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9. Airborne measurements of the atmospheric emissions from a fuel ethanol refinery

Author

de Gouw, J. A., primary, McKeen, S. A., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, Brock, C. A., additional, Brown, S. S., additional, Gilman, J. B., additional, Graus, M., additional, Hanisco, T., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Kaiser, J., additional, Keutsch, F. N., additional, Lerner, B. M., additional, Liao, J., additional, Markovic, M. Z., additional, Middlebrook, A. M., additional, Min, K.‐E., additional, Neuman, J. A., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Pollack, I. B., additional, Roberts, J. M., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Trainer, M., additional, Veres, P. R., additional, Warneke, C., additional, Welti, A., additional, and Wolfe, G. M., additional

Published
2015
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10. Quantifying atmospheric methane emissions from the Haynesville, Fayetteville, and northeastern Marcellus shale gas production regions

Author

Peischl, J., primary, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, Gouw, J. A., additional, Gilman, J. B., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Lerner, B. M., additional, Nadkarni, R., additional, Neuman, J. A., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Trainer, M., additional, Warneke, C., additional, and Parrish, D. D., additional

Published
2015
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11. Quantifying sources of methane using light alkanes in the Los Angeles basin, California

Author

Peischl, J., primary, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Brioude, J., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, Andrews, A. E., additional, Atlas, E., additional, Blake, D., additional, Daube, B. C., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Dlugokencky, E., additional, Frost, G. J., additional, Gentner, D. R., additional, Gilman, J. B., additional, Goldstein, A. H., additional, Harley, R. A., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Kofler, J., additional, Kuster, W. C., additional, Lang, P. M., additional, Novelli, P. C., additional, Santoni, G. W., additional, Trainer, M., additional, Wofsy, S. C., additional, and Parrish, D. D., additional

Published
2013
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13. Ozone and alkyl nitrate formation from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill atmospheric emissions

Author

Neuman, J. A., primary, Aikin, K. C., additional, Atlas, E. L., additional, Blake, D. R., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Meinardi, S., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Parrish, D. D., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Perring, A. E., additional, Pollack, I. B., additional, Roberts, J. M., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, and Trainer, M., additional

Published
2012
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14. Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region

Author

Parrish, D. D., primary, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Mellqvist, J., additional, Johansson, J., additional, Fried, A., additional, Richter, D., additional, Walega, J. G., additional, Washenfelder, R. A., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, McKeen, S. A., additional, Frost, G. J., additional, Fehsenfeld, F. C., additional, and Herndon, S. C., additional

Published
2012
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15. Observations of ozone transport from the free troposphere to the Los Angeles basin

Author

Neuman, J. A., primary, Trainer, M., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, Angevine, W. M., additional, Brioude, J., additional, Brown, S. S., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Dube, W. P., additional, Flynn, J. H., additional, Graus, M., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Lefer, B. L., additional, Nedelec, P., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Parrish, D. D., additional, Pollack, I. B., additional, Roberts, J. M., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Smit, H., additional, Thouret, V., additional, and Wagner, N. L., additional

Published
2012
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16. Transition from high- to low-NOxcontrol of night-time oxidation in the southeastern US

Author

Edwards, P. M., Aikin, K. C., Dube, W. P., Fry, J. L., Gilman, J. B., de Gouw, J. A., Graus, M. G., Hanisco, T. F., Holloway, J., Hübler, G., Kaiser, J., Keutsch, F. N., Lerner, B. M., Neuman, J. A., Parrish, D. D., Peischl, J., Pollack, I. B., Ravishankara, A. R., Roberts, J. M., Ryerson, T. B., Trainer, M., Veres, P. R., Wolfe, G. M., Warneke, C., and Brown, S. S.

Abstract

The influence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) on daytime atmospheric oxidation cycles is well known, with clearly defined high- and low-NOxregimes. During the day, oxidation reactions—which contribute to the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone—are proportional to NOxat low levels, and inversely proportional to NOxat high levels. Night-time oxidation of volatile organic compounds also influences secondary pollutants but lacks a similar clear definition of high- and low-NOxregimes, even though such regimes exist. Decreases in anthropogenic NOxemissions in the US and Europe coincided with increases in Asia over the last 10 to 20 years, and have altered both daytime and nocturnal oxidation cycles. Here we present measurements of chemical species in the lower atmosphere from day- and night-time research flights over the southeast US in 1999 and 2013, supplemented by atmospheric chemistry simulations. We find that night-time oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) is NOx-limited when the ratio of NOxto BVOC is below approximately 0.5, and becomes independent of NOxat higher ratios. The night-time ratio of NOxto BVOC in 2013 averaged 0.6 aloft. We suggest that night-time oxidation in the southeast US is in transition between NOx-dominated and ozone-dominated.

Published
2017
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17. Supplementary material to "Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region"

Author

Parrish, D. D., primary, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Mellqvist, J., additional, Johansson, J., additional, Fried, A., additional, Richter, D., additional, Walega, J. G., additional, Washenfelder, R. A., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, McKeen, S. A., additional, Frost, G. J., additional, Fehsenfeld, F. C., additional, and Herndon, S. C., additional

Published
2011
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18. Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region

Author

Parrish, D. D., primary, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Mellqvist, J., additional, Johansson, J., additional, Fried, A., additional, Richter, D., additional, Walega, J. G., additional, Washenfelder, R. A., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, McKeen, S. A., additional, Frost, G. J., additional, Fehsenfeld, F. C., additional, and Herndon, S. C., additional

Published
2011
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19. Atmospheric emissions from the Deepwater Horizon spill constrain air-water partitioning, hydrocarbon fate, and leak rate

Author

Ryerson, T. B., primary, Aikin, K. C., additional, Angevine, W. M., additional, Atlas, E. L., additional, Blake, D. R., additional, Brock, C. A., additional, Fehsenfeld, F. C., additional, Gao, R.-S., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Fahey, D. W., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Lack, D. A., additional, Lueb, R. A., additional, Meinardi, S., additional, Middlebrook, A. M., additional, Murphy, D. M., additional, Neuman, J. A., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Parrish, D. D., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Perring, A. E., additional, Pollack, I. B., additional, Ravishankara, A. R., additional, Roberts, J. M., additional, Schwarz, J. P., additional, Spackman, J. R., additional, Stark, H., additional, Warneke, C., additional, and Watts, L. A., additional

Published
2011
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20. Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) Project

Author

Brock, C. A., primary, Cozic, J., additional, Bahreini, R., additional, Froyd, K. D., additional, Middlebrook, A. M., additional, McComiskey, A., additional, Brioude, J., additional, Cooper, O. R., additional, Stohl, A., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Fahey, D. W., additional, Ferrare, R. A., additional, Gao, R.-S., additional, Gore, W., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Hübler, G., additional, Jefferson, A., additional, Lack, D. A., additional, Lance, S., additional, Moore, R. H., additional, Murphy, D. M., additional, Nenes, A., additional, Novelli, P. C., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Ogren, J. A., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Pierce, R. B., additional, Pilewskie, P., additional, Quinn, P. K., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Schmidt, K. S., additional, Schwarz, J. P., additional, Sodemann, H., additional, Spackman, J. R., additional, Stark, H., additional, Thomson, D. S., additional, Thornberry, T., additional, Veres, P., additional, Watts, L. A., additional, Warneke, C., additional, and Wollny, A. G., additional

Published
2011
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21. Supplementary material to "Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic climate (ARCPAC) project"

Author

Brock, C. A., primary, Cozic, J., additional, Bahreini, R., additional, Froyd, K. D., additional, Middlebrook, A. M., additional, McComiskey, A., additional, Brioude, J., additional, Cooper, O. R., additional, Stohl, A., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Fahey, D. W., additional, Ferrare, R. A., additional, Gao, R.-S., additional, Gore, W., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Hübler, G., additional, Jefferson, A., additional, Lack, D. A., additional, Lance, S., additional, Moore, R. H., additional, Murphy, D. M., additional, Nenes, A., additional, Novelli, P. C., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Ogren, J. A., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Pierce, R. B., additional, Pilewskie, P., additional, Quinn, P. K., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Schmidt, K. S., additional, Schwarz, J. P., additional, Sodemann, H., additional, Spackman, J. R., additional, Stark, H., additional, Thomson, D. S., additional, Thornberry, T., additional, Veres, P., additional, Watts, L. A., additional, Warneke, C., additional, and Wollny, A. G., additional

Published
2010
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22. Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic climate (ARCPAC) project

Author

Brock, C. A., primary, Cozic, J., additional, Bahreini, R., additional, Froyd, K. D., additional, Middlebrook, A. M., additional, McComiskey, A., additional, Brioude, J., additional, Cooper, O. R., additional, Stohl, A., additional, Aikin, K. C., additional, de Gouw, J. A., additional, Fahey, D. W., additional, Ferrare, R. A., additional, Gao, R.-S., additional, Gore, W., additional, Holloway, J. S., additional, Hübler, G., additional, Jefferson, A., additional, Lack, D. A., additional, Lance, S., additional, Moore, R. H., additional, Murphy, D. M., additional, Nenes, A., additional, Novelli, P. C., additional, Nowak, J. B., additional, Ogren, J. A., additional, Peischl, J., additional, Pierce, R. B., additional, Pilewskie, P., additional, Quinn, P. K., additional, Ryerson, T. B., additional, Schmidt, K. S., additional, Schwarz, J. P., additional, Sodemann, H., additional, Spackman, J. R., additional, Stark, H., additional, Thomson, D. S., additional, Thornberry, T., additional, Veres, P., additional, Watts, L. A., additional, Warneke, C., additional, and Wollny, A. G., additional

Published
2010
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28. Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere

Author

Schwarz, J. P., primary, Gao, R. S., additional, Fahey, D. W., additional, Thomson, D. S., additional, Watts, L. A., additional, Wilson, J. C., additional, Reeves, J. M., additional, Darbeheshti, M., additional, Baumgardner, D. G., additional, Kok, G. L., additional, Chung, S. H., additional, Schulz, M., additional, Hendricks, J., additional, Lauer, A., additional, Kärcher, B., additional, Slowik, J. G., additional, Rosenlof, K. H., additional, Thompson, T. L., additional, Langford, A. O., additional, Loewenstein, M., additional, and Aikin, K. C., additional

Published
2006
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29. Correction to “Severe chemical ozone loss inside the Arctic Polar Vortex during winter 1999-2000 inferred fromin-Situairborne measurements”

Author

Richard, E. C., primary, Aikin, K. C., additional, Andrews, A. E., additional, Daube, B. C., additional, Gerbig, C., additional, Wofsy, S. C., additional, Romashkin, P. A., additional, Hurst, D. F., additional, Ray, E. A., additional, Moore, F. L., additional, Elkins, J. W., additional, Deshler, T., additional, and Toon, G. C., additional

Published
2001
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30. Severe chemical ozone loss inside the Arctic Polar Vortex during winter 1999-2000 Inferred fromin situairborne measurements

Author

Richard, E. C., primary, Aikin, K. C., additional, Andrews, A. E., additional, Daube, B. C., additional, Gerbig, C., additional, Wofsy, S. C., additional, Romashkin, P. A., additional, Hurst, D. F., additional, Ray, E. A., additional, Moore, F. L., additional, Elkins, J. W., additional, Deshler, T., additional, and Toon, G. C., additional

Published
2001
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32. Primary and secondary sources of formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas region.

Author

Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. B., Mellqvist, J., Johansson, J., Fried, A., Richter, D., Walega, J. G., Washenfelder, R. A., de Gouw, J. A., Peischl, J., Aikin, K. C., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G. J., Fehsenfeld, F. C., and Herndon, S. C.

Abstract

We evaluate the rates of secondary production and primary emission of formaldehyde (CH2O) from petrochemical industrial facilities and on-road vehicles in the Houston Texas region. This evaluation is based upon ambient measurements collected during field studies in 2000, 2006 and 2009. The predominant CH2O source (92±4% of total) is secondary production formed during the atmospheric oxidation of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs) emitted from the petrochemical facilities. Smaller contributions are primary emissions from these facilities (4±2 %), and secondary production (~3 %) and primary emissions (~1 %) from vehicles. The primary emissions from both sectors are well quantified by current emission inventories. Since secondary production dominates, control efforts directed at primary CH2O emissions cannot address the large majority of CH2O sources in the Houston area, although there may still be a role for such efforts. Ongoing efforts to control alkene emissions from the petrochemical facilities, as well as volatile organic compound emissions from the motor vehicle fleet, will effectively reduce the CH2O concentrations in the Houston region. We have not addressed other emission sectors, such as off-road mobile sources or secondary formation from biogenic hydrocarbons. Previous analyses based on correlations between ambient concentrations of CH2O and various marker species have suggested much larger primary emissions of CH2O, but those results neglect confounding effects of dilution and loss processes, and do not demonstrate the causes of the observed correlations. Similar problems must be suspected in any source apportionment analysis of secondary species based upon correlations of ambient concentrations of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2011
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