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Two Finnish nuclear power plants are undergoing renewals of automation. One plant has already completed the turbine side digitalization in the early 2000s, and the reactor side is expected to be updated, but not fully digitalized. In the other plant, I&C upgrade is ongoing, but the details are still open. Automation modernization affects the work of maintenance personnel, and is expected to produce new training needs. Automation maintenance personnel at both plants were interviewed about their education, work tasks and tools, as well as training practices at the plants, on-the-job-learning and the challenges of I&C modernization. Besides the introduction of programmable logic and the turbine side digitalization, the basic automation has not changed much. The automation mechanics familiar with the digital automation estimated that the digital system is more informative than the analog. Failures in the digital system, however, can be more difficult to identify. The mechanics expected the use of computers and smart calibrators to play a large role in the future. The training needs described by the interviewees are categorized into four themes: 1) language skills, 2) analog vs. digital systems, 3) use of computers and new technology, 4) retirement of personnel. Two additional categories were recognized: emerging collaboration and multi-skilled workers. Interestingly, knowledge on analog automation may pose a greater challenge than of digital, because analog automation is no longer taught in engineering studies, and the automation modernization does not necessarily lead to completely digital I&C systems. This paper describes the current training needs, practices and expectations of automation maintenance personnel. These results will be discussed from the perspective of future training needs and challenges.

Media business environment has gone through changes, which will in the long term affect and guide changes in magazine business. One of the very topical issues relating to the changing media use habits is the environmental effects of both print and digital media. In this study, our interest was mainly in how a paper producer and a media house may work together towards a common goal of sustainable print products and how the consumers respond to the co-operation. The consumer views on the environmental sustainability were collected utilizing an on-line cocreation platform. The participants were invited to the on-line workspace to share ideas, discuss and give feedback about the concepts of ethical partnership and different ways to communicate about it that were presented as narratives. The participants found the ethical partnership between paper producer and media house a desirable concept. The prerequisites for credible ethical partnership include: true impact, noble motivation and extensive definition of company responsibility. The participants were most satisfied with the concept which required active participation of readers/consumers and increased their knowledge and understanding on a well-defined case concerning sustainability. The result indicates that in successful sustainable actions the readers would like to be identified as active partners instead of treating them as passive audience. In addition, they appreciate the increase of knowledge in the area of the action. Journalistic content is found as a trustworthy source of knowledge.

User experience (UX) evaluation is typically based on either open evaluation or predefined measures. In our study, we tested a new UX evaluation method by combining both approaches in a collaborative evaluation. When evaluating a digital newspaper over six weeks, the users were asked to describe the reading experience in their own words on an online platform shared among the test participants. General statements were formulated based on user-defined attributes and rated by all users on a numeric scale at different stages of the test period. This method resulted with quantitative data of even entirely new experience measures that would not have been found in predefined sets of UX categories.

There are many simultaneous forces shaping magazine markets and changing the core business logic applied. On one hand, we are experiencing media convergence, wherein the traditional media industry is becoming integrated with the telecommunications industry and information technology. This is shaping consumers' media-use habits and opening the markets to new competitors. At the same time, the advertising markets react to the changing economic climate and increasing amount of online media content. As a consequence of all of this, the power is shifting from media companies to people. Consumers have an ever increasing selection of content that they can consume when and where they want. In his report on the changing media market, Snellman [1] states that the media industry has shifted from scarcity to an era of abundance where the supply of content is concerned. Thanks to the Internet, television content, radio programmes, music, and games are widely available. This challenges the traditional media-business models built on scarcity and permanently alters the market set-up. The vast majority of media revenue still is grounded in traditional businesses, such as subscriptions to printed newspapers and magazines, and advertising revenue [2, 3]. However, growing impact of the Internet seems inevitable. According to Snellman [1], we probably have seen only the beginning of a major change in communications services, with the most significant changes being yet to come. The field of competition, consumer trends, and technology are driving the continuous development of communication services toward more and more individualised service experiences, and the new services will take advantage of diverse new possibilities, such as large masses of data, positioning, and large variety in sensors.

This study aims to understand consumer attitudes towards augmented reality (AR) applications. The work was carried out with students and professionals in Finland and Canada as users, in order to investigate the similarities and differences between Finnish and Canadian consumers, following up on a study conducted by Gauttier and Schubert (2011), which was conducted in France and Russia. To understand the consumer attitudes towards AR applications, focus group interviews were carried out in both Finland and Canada. The Finnish group was composed of participants from Nordic countries. The focus group interviews were analysed and statements for testing were drawn from the analysis. Q-sort analysis was then used for further testing.AR is seen as offering great potential for innovation. People would like to try the applications and would also find time for using them. AR is still a new technology for applications targeted toward consumers. The study participants valued the pragmatic aspects of the experience more than the hedonic ones, which is typical for new technologies. The expectations placed on AR applications are clearly high. In the results minor differences between countries were identified, however, users in both regions were very positive towards the use and future development of the technology. Moreover, using Q- sort methodology allowed the researchers to develop a framework of six user types. This framework can be used for further research as well as being useful for marketers who need to target specific groups of consumers.

There are many simultaneous forces shaping the magazine market and changing the core business logic. On the one hand we experience media convergence, where the traditional media industry is integrating with the telecommunications industry and information technology. On the other hand the advertising market reacts to the changing economic climate and increasing amount of online media content. The Internet has had a tremendous effect on the media use habits of the consumers and the use of printed magazines is no exception. Due to digitalization and the declining trend in the consumption of printed products, the forest industry is also facing the need to change. In the Fumaga project, we looked at the future of magazines from the viewpoint of the so-called service-dominant logic, which means that the customer value (value in use) is the starting point of the development. The readers of the magazine have a central role as the customers of the magazine service. The magazine service is available through several platforms, both printed and digital, including also user communities in which the users may act as co-creators of content. Development in any part of the magazine service has an effect on how the reader experiences the service. Therefore, from the paper makers' perspective it is important to know the other actors in the network of printed magazines and collaborate with them, but it is also very important to have knowledge on the other networks in the magazine service and especially on the final customers, the readers. In the project, four case studies were carried out to find possibilities for new services from the paper maker to their customers: Hybrid media applications in magazines, New title launch, Brand experience and Service concepts for customers' processes. Turning the service possibilities pointed out during the project and in this publication into active services requires a close relationship between the paper producer and their customers in order to be able to co-create value. In some cases it may also be important to involve other players from the value chain or across networks to form strategic alliances for realizing a new service. Applying the service-dominant logic perspective would also mean that the role of the paper producer in the magazines' value chain would no longer be that of the raw material provider but also that of a consultant that offers knowledge and support into the customers' processes.

The paper and printing industry are experiencing declining volumes and they are looking for new possibilities to develop their business. We studied the acceptability of one possible service product: the community publishing concept, where communities were offered a possibility to produce printed products from content that exists in digital format.

Pakkauksen tehtävänä ei ole pelkästään tuotteen suojaaminen ja tiedon jakaminen, vaan sillä on merkittävä rooli tuotteen brändin rakentamisessa. Pakkauksen tuntuominaisuudet ovat osaltaan vaikuttamassa tuotemielikuvien syntyyn. KCL:ssä on aiemmin kehitetty menetelmä painotuotteiden tuntuominaisuuksien kuvailuun ja mittaamiseen. Tässä projektissa menetelmää kehitettiin VTT:llä edelleen pakkauksille, analogisesti pakkausten Helppo avata -testin (VTT-5631-09) mukaisesti. Kehitettyä menetelmää käytettiin kuvailemaan prototyyppipakkausten tuntuominaisuuksia. Tutkimus on osa laajempaa Tulevaisuuden elintarvikepakkaus -hanketta, jonka tavoitteena oli ideoida ja kehittää uusia elintarvikepakkausratkaisuja tulevaisuuden kuluttajille. Projektissa kehitetty menetelmä on aistinvaraisen arvioinnin nk. kuvaileva profiilimenetelmä, joka tuottaa sekä kuvailevaa että mittaustietoa tuotteiden keskeisistä tuntuominaisuuksista. Kehitystyön tuloksena syntyi pakkausten kannalta oleellisia pintaan ja käsiteltävyyteen liittyviä tuntuominaisuuksia kuvaileva sanasto, jota käyttäen projektissa koulutettu aistinvaraisen arvioinnin raati arvioi tuntuominaisuuksien voimakkuuksia toistettavasti. Kehitetyllä menetelmällä tutkittiin viisi Tulevaisuuden elintarvikepakkaus -hankkeen prototyyppipakkausta: kolme ikkunallista On-the-go-pakkausta ja kaksi Biostartti-pakkausta. Tuloksena saatiin tutkittujen pakkausten eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä kuvaavat tuntuominaisuuksien profiilit. Pakkausmuotoilu ja käytetyt materiaalit vaikuttivat näytteiden profiileihin. Pienempikokoinen On-the-go-näyte arvioitiin paremmin käteen sopivaksi kuin suurempi. Rikkoutumattomuusarvioon vaikutti ensisijaisesti näytteen muotoilu mutta myös pakkauksen koko. Kiiltävästä kartongista valmistetut näytteet tuntuivat sileämmiltä ja tahmeammilta kuin mattapintainen näyte. Pakkausten ulkonäkö ei vaikuttanut tuntuarvioihin.

Pakkaus- ja elintarviketeollisuuden intressinä on löytää uusia liiketoiminnallisesti lisäarvoa tuottavia tuotteita ja pakkauksia. Kuluttajan intressinä puolestaan on saada paremmin tarpeitaan tyydyttäviä tuotteita, palveluja tai pakkauksia. Tässä hankkeessa tavoitteena oli ideoida, kehittää, valmistaa ja testata uusia konsepteja ja prototyyppejä tulevaisuuden elintarvikepakkauksiksi integroimalla kehitysprojektiin pakkausteknologian, elintarviketeollisuuden, muotoilun ja kuluttajatutkimuksen näkökulma. Samalla pyrittiin kehittämään uusien pakkausten kuluttajalähtöistä suunnittelua ja testausta sekä tuottamaan tietoa kuluttajien toiveista tulevaisuuden pakkauksille. Hanke eteni iteratiivisesti useissa vaiheissa laajoista kokonaisuuksista suppeampiin ja lopulta kahden konkreettisen prototyyppipakkauksen valmistamiseen. Työvälineitä olivat asiantuntijatyöpajat, kuluttajatutkimukset, pakkausmuotoilun opiskelijatyöt sekä asiantuntijoiden konsultaatiot ja työtä ohjaava koordinaatio. Ensimmäisessä asiantuntijatyöpajassa tuotettiin laajalti ideoita elintarvikepakkaamisen kehittämiseksi. Näistä kiinnostavimmiksi elintarvikepakkaamisen kehitysteemoiksi valittiin pyrkimys ekologisuuteen, sopeutuminen moninaistuvien syömisen käytäntöjen luomiin tarpeisiin, pakkausten käytettävyyden parantaminen sekä uusien pakkaus-, paino- ja viestintäteknologioiden luomat mahdollisuudet pakkauksen viestinnällisten ominaisuuksien laajentamiseen. Näiden teemojen pohjalta luotiin seitsemän alustavaa esimerkkikonseptia, joita kuluttajat arvioivat ryhmäkeskustelututkimuksessa. Tutkimus tuotti tietoa siitä, minkälaisia vahvuuksia esimerkkikonsepteissa nähtiin ja millaiset seikat niissä herättivät torjuntaa tai epävarmuutta. Saatujen tietojen pohjalta pakkausmuotoilun opiskelijatöissä ja asiantuntijatyöpajassa kehiteltiin ideoita edelleen. Konkreettiset prototyyppipakkaukset päätettiin valmistaa kahdesta konseptista: On-the-go ja Biostartti. Näitä tutkittiin aistinvaraisen tuntuarvioinnin menetelmin ja lopuksi sekä laadullisessa että kvantitatiivisessa kuluttajatutkimuksessa, joissa kuluttajat mm. arvioivat prototyyppipakkauksia markkinoilla oleviin vertailupakkauksiin nähden. Tuloksena syntynyt On-the-go-prototyyppipakkaus oli suunniteltu erityisesti liikkuvan kuluttajan välipalasyömisen tilanteisiin. Prototyyppipakkaus valmistettiin kierrätettävästä kartonkimateriaalista, ja sen käytettävyyttä pyrittiin parantamaan pakkauksesta käteen jäävällä osalla, joka suojaa sormia ja tuotetta syödessä. Biostartti-prototyyppipakkauksen ideana oli puolestaan toimia käytön jälkeen kompostointijätteen keräysastiana, jossa jätteet voi kompostoida pakkauksineen. Erityisesti kolmioleivän On-the-go- ja myös lihapullien Biostartti-prototyyppipakkaukset saavuttivat hyvät arviot vertailupakkauksiinsa nähden kuluttajatutkimuksissa. Tuloksista pääteltiin, että niillä voidaan vastata varsin hyvin kuluttajan tulevaisuuden toiveisiin ympäristöystävällisemmästä, helppokäyttöisemmästä ja erityisesti välipalasyömiseen sopivasta pakkausratkaisusta. Tässä hankkeen yhteisraportissa kuvataan koko hankkeen kulku sekä jokaisesta hankkeen kahdeksasta vaiheesta toteutustapa ja keskeiset tulokset. Lopuksi pohditaan tulosten merkitystä elintarvikepakkausten kehittämisen ja hankeprosessin kannalta.

Packages are expected to carry ever more information in a limited space. One solution is hybrid media, i.e., printing intelligent elements on packages. The aim of this study was to find the best way to produce additional business for the package value chain using existing technologies for hybrid media. The approach included a technology survey of 2D applications, interviews with industrial experts from the package value chain, two industrial case pilots with user studies and a study tour of forerunner companies in Japan. Hybrid media can offer benefits in the form of cost savings, new business opportunities, added value to existing business and increased customer loyalty to all players in the value chain. The available hybrid media technologies are 2D bar codes, digital watermarks, imge recognition, fibre matrix, RFID tags and magnetic codes. The pilot tests and user studies showed that additional hybrid media services should include detailed product data, recipes, nutrient requirements and user instructions, and match user demand. Obstacles to their use are cost and complexity, and the fact that they are time-consuming. In Japan, mobile barcodes are part of everyday life. They are well known to consumers and are used on a flat-rate basis. When they were introduced, they were based on consumers' needs, not on early profit. Today, it is a win-win situation with benefits for all the players in the value chain, and many traditional printers have created completely new service concepts for their customers.