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To review the use of recombinant activated factor VII in paediatric cardiac surgery. Retrospective chart review. Paediatric intensive care unit in a stand-alone university-affiliated children’s hospital. Cardiac surgical patients who received recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, NovoSeven; NovoNordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark) between June 2002 and June 2003 at The Children’s Hospital at Westmead. Six children undergoing cardiac surgery received rFVIIa. Recombinant activated factor VII was administered if bleeding was excessive and persisted despite appropriate investigation and attention to haemostasis by surgical and medical staff. An intravenous dose of 180 µg/kg was given and repeated 2 h later. All of the six patients responded well to rFVIIa with achievement of haemostasis. No adverse events were noted. Recombinant activated factor VII achieved haemostasis in six paediatric cardiac surgical patients. Good outcomes and no adverse events were noted in these children.

To determine the prevalence of iron depletion and deficiency, and iron-deficiency anaemia, along with risk factors for iron depletion, in Australian-born children aged 12-36 months of Arabic-speaking background.Community-based survey.Central Sydney Area Health Service (CSAHS), NSW, April to August, 1997.All children born at five Sydney hospitals between 1 May 1994 and 30 April 1996, whose mothers gave an Arabic-speaking country of birth and resided in the area served by the CSAHS.Full blood count (haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume), plasma ferritin concentration, haemoglobin electrophoresis, potential risk factors for iron depletion.Families of 641 of the 1,161 eligible children were able to be contacted, and 403 agreed to testing (response rate, 62.9% among those contacted). Overall, 6% of children had iron-deficiency anaemia, another 9% were iron deficient without anaemia, and 23% were iron depleted. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed three significant independent risk factors for iron depletion:37 weeks' gestation (odds ratio [OR], 5.88, P=0.001); mother resident in Australia for less than the median time of 8.5 years (OR, 1.96, P=0.016); and daily intake of600 mL cows' milk (OR, 3.89, P=0.001).Impaired iron status is common among children of Arabic background, and targeted screening is recommended for this group.

SUMMARY The case is reported of an infant who had a large vascular malformation involving his left arm and axillar. It was initially believed to be purely lymphatic in composition but some venous elements were identified subsequently, at operation. The lesion was unusual in that there was a total absence of skin over one area of it at birth, that it underwent spontaneous shrinkage in the early weeks of life, and that a circumferential scarring developed which led to severe functional disability of the limb. At 12 months of age the patient developed a profound cyclic thrombocytopenia that spontaneously resolved after 1 year. The cause of the platelet cycling is unresolved but might have been secondary to intermittent production by the malformation of a cytokine which was destructive against the platelets.

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. (1827: 273) (Figs. 2e–f) Primary thallus persistent, of small, compact squamules that easily erode and in some specimens remain only as a few corticate granules, rarely eroding into ecorticate soredia, epruinose; podetia common, grayish green, short; 0.5–1 (1.5) cm tall, always broadly scyphose and shaped like a cone, i.e., gradually narrowing towards their base; scyphi predominantly simple, very rarely proliferating; surface corticate only at the base, soon becoming completely decorticated; densely sorediate-granulose, the soredia generally of uniform size along the entire surface of the podetium; scyphus rarely with few corticate granules inside; old podetia commonly with large denuded areas lacking soredia; pycnidia hyaline; apothecia not seen. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ orange red, K−, C−, KC−, UV−; fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: Newly reported from the Galapagos Islands. Known from Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago Island; a common species in the humid and transition zone, rarely also in the dry zone; typically on the ground, often on plant debris or rotten wood. Notes: The species can be identified by its abundant, granulose soredia of a more or less uniform size across its podetial surface. Cladonia subsquamosa is very similar but generally has farinose soredia of less uniform size interspersed with granules and microsquamules. At first glance the species also resembles C. pyxidata, which, however, generally has broader scyphi with a corticate surface disintegrating into corticate granules, not forming ecorticate soredia. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Floreana Island, Cerro Alieri, 1°17'18"S, 90°26'60"W, 380 m, zona húmeda, rama de Macraea laricifolia, sobre corteza, 27 Mar 2006, Simbaña, W. 572 (CDS 32407), caldera of Cerro Pajas, trail at the end of road leading up to crater rim, 1°17'54.29"S, 90°27'22.5"W, humid zone, forest, on soil, 2 Jan 2010, Hillmann, G. GAL-61 (CDS 44839). Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, in the crater near fumaroles, 0°27'1"S, 91°7'19"W, 780 m, transition zone, on rock, 7 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 64790 (CDS 31365); Volcán Cerro Azul, S slope above Iguana Cove, crater on SE-slope, 800 m, humid zone, vegetation dominated by ferns and mosses, 22 June 1976, Sipman, H.J.M. L-56 (COLO 297904); Volcán Darwin, southwestern slope, above Tagus Cove, 0°13'27"S, 91°19'19.5"W, 874 m, transition zone, on soil and plant debris, 15 Nov 2007, Bungartz, F. 7727 (CDS 38231), southwestern slope, above Tagus Cove, 0°13'11.4"S, 91°19'14.1"W, 955 m, transition zone, on soil, 14 Nov 2007, Bungartz, F. 7624 (CDS 38126); Volcán Sierra Negra, El Mango, on the E-side of the dirt road, 0°53'1.7"S, 91°0'50.8"W, 162 m, transition zone, on soil, 15 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8222 (CDS 40868); Volcán Alcedo, on the crater rim near the hut, 0°26'33"S, 91°5'31"W, 1100 m, humid zone, on rock, 3 July 2006, Aptroot, A. 65255 (CDS 31841). Pinzón Island, along the trail going up from Playa Escondida, N- to W-facing cliff above a crater, 0°36'29"S, 90°40'14"W, 318 m, transition zone, on rock, 16 Feb 2006, Bungartz, F. 3659 (CDS 27477). San Cristóbal Island, rim of crater to the NW of Media Luna, inland from the NW-coast, 0°43'51"S, 89°18'55"W, 149 m, transition zone, on rock, 22 Apr 2007, Bungartz, F. 6304 (CDS 34516). Santa Cruz Island, at base of barranco on old trail, 20 m, dry zone, on rock, 11 Apr 1976, Weber, W.A. (CDS 10807, QCA), trail from above Mina Granillo Rojo, leading south towards Cerro Crocker, 0°37'45.79"S, 90°22'0.4"W, 682 m, humid zone, on soil, 29 May 2008, Bungartz, F. 8001 (CDS 39036), above Mina Granillo Rojo, on the N-side of the island, 0°37'7.5"S, 90°21'55.5"W, 607 m, transition zone, on rock, 8 July 2008, Clerc, P. 08-43 (CDS 39897). Santiago Island, summit of Cerro Gavilán, inner N- and NE-exposed crater rim, 0°12'20"S, 90°47'3"W, 840 m, humid zone, on rock, 23 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65693 (CDS 32285)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561

Cladonia subradiata (Vain.) Sandst. (1922: 230) (Fig. 6e) Primary thallus persistent or subpersistent, of thin, laciniate squamules, esorediate or with scarce granules on the lower side, epruinose; podetia common, whitish gray or grayish green to brownish, elongate, slender, 1–2 cm tall, simple to sparsely branched; tips blunt to scyphose in mature stalks; scyphi very narrow, essentially of the same diameter as the podetium; surface mostly ecorticate or basally barely corticate, typically very densely covered with isidioid microsquamules and sorediate-granulose, sometimes with few macrosquamules at the base of the podetium; pycnidia with hyaline jelly; apothecia with brown jelly. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ orange, K−, C−, KC−, UV−; fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: Known from Isabela, San Cristóbal, Pinzon and Santa Cruz Island; possibly the most common species with long, slender podetia; in the humid highlands often abundant, rarely also in the upper transition zone; often epiphytic on trunk and large branches of native and introduced trees, rarely on soil and then often near the bases of trees. Notes: Cladonia subradiata, when well developed, is best recognized by its terete, slender virtually entirely ecorticate podetia that are typically densely covered with isidioid microsquamules and granulose soredia. Specimens could then be confused with C. granulosa, C. aff. ramulosa, C. polyschypa or C. pulverulenta (see C. pulverulenta), but unlike all these species, podetia of C. subradiata are almost entirely devoid of any well developed cortex. Especially old, mature well developed podetia of Cladonia corniculata can be very similar to C. subradiata, a species that is generally more branched, totally decorticate and has microsquamules that show a transition from large, basal laciniate squamules to microsquamules and finally fine granules towards the tip. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Sierra Negra, South side of Sierra Negra crater, trail to Alemania, 0°50'57.5"S, 91°7'41.29"W, 1020 m, humid zone, on fern leaves, 16 Aug 2008, Herrera - Campos, M.A. 10695 (CDS 40433), Volcán Alcedo, outer SE-exposed slope, ca. 500 m below the crater rim, 0°27'13"S, 91°5'46"W, 1035 m, humid zone, on bark, 6 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 64854 (CDS 31430), Villamil, 150 m, 6 July 1906, Stewart, A. (336) 428 (FH 197407), near parking place at start of foot path to the crater, 0°49'47.5" S, 91°5'19.80" W, 939 m, humid zone, on wood, 8 Sept 2007, Bungartz, F. 6822 (CDS 36253). San Cristóbal Island, Cerro Partido along trail from entrance to Cerro Pelado to El Ripioso, 0°51'23"S, 89°27'37"W, 376 m, transition zone, on rock, 28 Apr 2007, Bungartz, F. 6597 (CDS 34817), SE-slope of Cerro San Joaquín, shortly below the summit, 0º53'52.4"S, 89º30'49.9'W, humid zone, on bark & bryophytes, 24 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8579 (CDS 41225). Santa Cruz Island, vicinity of Academy Bay, between first barranca and Bella Vista, transition zone, on rock, 15 Feb 1964, Weber, W.A. 176 (L-40294, COLO 193500, US), Los Gemelos, ca. 100 m S of the craters, along the road, 0°37'38.89"S, 90°23'12.4"W, 618 m, humid zone, on bark, 16 June 2010, Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1488 (CDS 44918), along trail from Media Luna to El Puntudo, 0°39'9.80"S, 90°18'59.29"W, 674 m, humid zone, on bark, 10 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8143 (CDS 40789), vicinity of Academy Bay, La Copa (= Media Luna), 500 m, humid zone, 31 Jan 1964, Itow, S. 6 (COLO 192183). Pinzón Island, along the trail going up from Playa Escondida, SW-slope of the top, 0º36'36"S, 90º40'11"W, dry zone, on cactus, 16 Feb 2006, Aptroot, A. 64070 (CDS 30631)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561

Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. (1887: 137) (Fig. 4e) Primary thallus persistent, of crenulate squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia common, grayish green to brown, with necrotic dark brown base, short to elongate, (0.8) 1–2.5 (5) cm tall; unbranched to scarcely branched; axils closed; tips blunt or more often with several closely aggregated convex, bright red apothecia, ascyphose; surface completely ecorticate with abundantly olive green to glaucescent microsquamules and granules, rarely becoming farinose sorediate; pycnidia not seen; apothecia with red jelly. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ yellow, K+ yellow, C-, KC-, UV-; thamnolic and didymic acids (chemotype II sensu Ahti 2000, no other chemotypes observed in Galapagos). Distribution and ecology: Know from Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago Island; by far the most common red-fruited species, common and possibly restricted to the humid highlands, on a variety of substrates like soil, rock or frequently also as epiphyte, typically amongst bryophytes; both on native and introduced trees. Notes: In Galapagos C. didyma may be confused with C. macilenta; both have generally greenish to brown green, ecorticate podetia with microsquamules, soredia and granules. However, C. macilenta is typically very densely sorediate and its podetia typically bear very few if any microsquamules. In contrast, C. didyma is typically densely microsquamulose and true ecorticate soredia are extremely rare. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, outer SEexposed slope and crater rim, 0°27'29"S, 91°7'19"W, 1089 m, humid zone, on wood, 5 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65102 (CDS 31684), upper NNW-exposed slope inside the crater, 0°27'27"S, 91°7'23"W, 1055 m, humid zone, on bark, 5 Mar 2006, Bungartz, F. 4092 (CDS. 28056), Sipman, H.J.M. L-46 (COLO 297915); Volcán Sierra Negra, 0°50'0"S, 91°10'0"W, 800 m, humid zone, on soil, 18 Apr 1990, Sánchez - Pinto, L. 5047 (B), Villamil, 150 m, dry zone, 6 July 1906, Stewart, A. 428 (336) (COLO 255412). San Cristóbal Island, 1905- 1906, Stewart 341 (MSC), Lago El Junco, 0°53'0"S, 89°28'0"W, humid zone, on soil, 1 Mar 1994, Follmann, G. 34995 (B-KOELN 60 0173603). Santa Cruz Island, vicinity of Academy Bay, on trail to La Copa (= Media Luna), 15 Feb 1964, Weber L-40271 (H, M, US, COLO 190028), near Puntudo, 0°38'41"S, 90°20'13"W, 750 m, humid zone, on soil, 27 May 2005, Aptroot, A. 63206 (CDS 29937), along the side of a little path to El Puntudo, 0°38'55"S, 90°20'4"W, 698 m, humid zone, on rock, 28 Dec 2005, Bungartz, F. 3301 (CDS 26956), El Puntudo, 0°44'33"S, 90°18'12.6"W, 694 m, zona húmeda, sobre corteza, 17 July 2007, Nugra, F. 412 (CDS 36161), summit of the island between El Puntudo and Cerro Crocker, 700 m, humid zone, 16 Apr 1976, Weber, W.A. (COLO 296977), path from Media Luna to El Puntudo, near El Puntudo, 0°39'8.59"S, 90°20'2.8"W, 684 m, humid zone, on bryophytes, 28 Oct 2010, Yánez-Ayabaca, A. 1537 (CDS 45030). Santiago Island, Munecho rock outcrop, 0°12'35"S, 90°46'57"W, 860 m, humid zone, on rock, 23 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65503 (CDS 32092)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["Ahti, T. (2000) Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica. Volume 78. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, 362 pp."]}

Cladonia scholanderi Abbayes (1949: 92) (Fig. 6b) Primary thallus subpersistent, of small, narrow squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia common, conspicuously yellowish green to pale yellow green, elongate, slender, 3–10 (–14.5) cm tall; unbranched to sparsely branched from the rim of narrow, open funnels; axils perforate; tips of funnel proliferations subulate; surface verrucose-arachnoid, densely granulose, but occasionally with schizidia and microsquamules; farinose soredia rare; pycnidia hyaline; apothecia not seen. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ yellow; K+ yellow, C−, KC−, UV−; thamnolic and usnic acids. Distribution and ecology: Known only from Isabela and Santa Cruz Island; known only from the humid zone, typically in fern-sedge grassland, often also part of reindeer heaths. Notes: Cladonia scholanderi is easily recognized by its long, slender, elongate, conspicuously yellowish green podetia. It is also the only Galapagos species with "bottomless" cups, i.e., cups that are not scyphose but are open funnels. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, outer Eexposed slope just below the crater rim, 0°25'17"S, 91°5'8"W, 1077 m, humid zone, basalt outcrops, on rock, 8 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65172 (CDS 31756). Volcán Sierra Negra, South side of Sierra Negra crater, trail to Alemania, 0°51'17.60"S, 91°8'55.2"W, 924 m, humid zone, on soil/rocks, 16 Aug 2008, Clerc, P. 08-237, 08- 193, 08-196 (CDS 40091, 40047, 40050), Herrera - Campos, M.A. 10707, 10704 (CDS 40445, 40442), Truong, C. 1251 (CDS 39562), Bungartz, F. 8346, 8347 (CDS 40992, 40993). Santa Cruz Island, 700 m, 1976, Weber & Lanier L-63343 (COLO, H), eastern slope below the summit of El Puntudo, 0°38'42"S, 90°20'14"W, 780 m, humid zone, on soil, 28 Feb 2006, Aptroot, A. 64673 (CDS 31247), saddle between Mount Crocker and El Puntudo, 700 m, humid zone, on rock, 18 Apr 1976, Weber, W.A. (COLO 297078)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["des Abbayes, H. (1949) Some new Cladoniae (lichens) from Panama. Bryologist 52 (2): 92 - 96."]}

Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Grognot (1863: 85) (Fig. 6d) Primary thallus persistent, abundant, dominant, forming dense cushions of thick, crenate, and grayish green squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia not observed among the Galapagos material. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ yellow; K−; C+ green, KC+ green; baeomycesic acid, strepsilin. Distribution and ecology: New to Ecuador and the Galapagos; known from Isabela and Santa Cruz Island. The nearest earlier records are from Colombia and Guatemala (Ahti 2000). In Galapagos a rare species, known only from the humid zone; found on the ground, on soil or rock, rarely also as epiphyte. Notes: The distinct cushions of thick, crenate squamules are not easily mistaken for other species of Cladonia and specimens cannot possibly be misidentified because of the conspicuous C+ green spot test reaction caused by strepsilin, a substance not known from any other Cladonia species. Specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, outer SE-exposed slope, ca. 100 m below the crater rim, 0°25'36"S, 91°5'12"W, 1146 m, humid zone, on rock, 6 Mar 2006, Bungartz, F. 4134 (CDS 28165). Santa Cruz Island, eastern slope below the summit of El Puntudo, 0°38'42"S, 90°20'14"W, 780 m, humid zone, on soil, 28 Feb 2006, Aptroot, A. 64681 (CDS 31255)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["Grognot, A. (1863) Plantes cryptogames cellulaires du departement de Saone-et-Loire. Autun, 296 pp.","Ahti, T. (2000) Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica. Volume 78. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, 362 pp."]}

Cladonia corymbosula Nyl. (1876a: 560) (Fig. 4a–b) Primary thallus persistent, of short-laciniate, thick squamules, surface scarcely pruinose, rugulose and cracked, esorediate; podetia rare, grayish green, small, 0.6–1.7 cm tall, terete to ± flattened, hyphae of the stereome relatively loose (not compact) and frequently with longitudinal cracks; tips clavate, unbranched to moderately branched, ascyphose, typically bearing closely aggregated, "turban-like" apothecia; surface ecorticate, densely sorediate-granulose; microsquamules absent; pycnidia not seen; apothecia pale brown, globular and closely aggregated and thus resembling a "turban". Spot tests and chemistry: P+ orange red, K-, C-, KC-, UV-; fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: A new record for Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. Currently known from Isabela, Santiago, and Santa Cruz Island; known from the humid zone only, on rock or thin soil; possibly quite rare, but the basal squamules lacking the characteristic podetia might be overlooked. Notes: The species can easily be recognized by its relatively short podetia topped by closely aggregated, "turban-like" apothecia. The species could be mistaken for C. peziziformis, which has similarly aggregated apothecia. Cladonia peziziformis, however, has corticate podetia, its cortex peeling off in relatively large squamules. In contrast, podetia of C. corymbosula are ecorticate, and typically sorediate; they always lack squamules. Despite previous reports, Cladonia peziziformis cannot be confirmed for the Galapagos and the reports are almost certainly based on misidentifications of C. corymbosula. Material lacking podetia is not uncommon and can often be identified if compared to the squamulose primary thalli of specimens that bear podetia. It is generally difficult, however, to distinguish clear cut characters that help identify these specimens when the characteristic podetia are missing. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, on the crater rim near the hut, 0°26'33"S, 91°5'31"W, 1100 m, humid zone, on rock, 3 July 2006, Aptroot, A. 65262 (CDS 31848). Santa Cruz Island, near Los Gemelos craters, 0°36'31"S, 90°22'4"W, 350 m, humid zone, on soil, 31 May 2005, Aptroot, A. 63384 (CDS 30130). Santiago Island, summit of Cerro Gavilán, inner N- and NEexposed crater rim, 0°12'20"S, 90°47'3"W, 840 m, humid zone, on rock, 23 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65721 (CDS 32313)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561

Cladonia dactylota Tuck. (1859: 201) (Fig. 4c–d) Primary thallus persistent, of abundant, usually ± erect and rather thick squamules, typically densely cottony sorediate on their lower surface, epruinose; podetia common, greenish gray, sometimes with dark brown necrotic parts, often elongated, 0.8–1.5 (–2.5) cm tall, unbranched to slightly branched; axils closed; tips commonly with narrow and irregular scyphi that sometimes present small marginal proliferations, rarely ascyphose and then acute; surface completely corticate and densely sorediate, soredia farinose, developing into distinctly delimited tuberculose soralia, generally forming bellow the scyphi, less commonly also along the podetial stalk; macrosquamules absents from the podetia, restricted to the basal squamules of the primary thallus; pycnidia with hyaline jelly, apothecia with brown jelly. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ golden yellow, K-, C-, KC-, UV-; psoromic acid and traces of 2'- O - demethylpsoromic and fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: New to Galapagos; reported here from Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago Island; a common species in the humid zone, sometimes also found in the transition zone; on soil or rock and often among plant debris. Notes: The species can easily be recognized by its tuberculose soralia with abundantly farinose soredia in combination with a very characteristic P+ golden yellow spot test reaction caused by psoromic acid. The primary thallus of the species is also very distinct with its stout, ± erect squamules that have a cottony sorediate lower surface. The species can thus even be identified if its podetia are missing. Sepected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, on crater rim NW of hut at highest point, 0°25'51"S, 91°5'16"W, 1190 m, humid zone, on soil, 5 May 2006, Aptroot, A. 64830 (CDS 31405). Pinta Island, on top of the highest point of the island, 0°35'3"N, 90°45'12"W, 625 m, humid zone, on rock and plant debris, 26 Feb 2007, Bungartz, F. 5748 (CDS 33402). San Cristóbal Island, NE-slope of Cerro San Joaquín, shortly below the summit, 0°53'50.79"S, 89°30'49.7"W, 693 m, humid zone, on bryophytes, 24 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8587 (CDS 41233). Santa Cruz Island, near Puntudo, 0°38'41"S, 90°20'13"W, 750 m, humid zone, on soil, 27 May 2005, Aptroot, A. 63169, 63202 (CDS 29900, 29933). Santiago Island, Coscojo, 0°13'12"S, 90°45'45"W, 725 m, transition zone, on soil, 24 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65567 (CDS 32155)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on pages 16-17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561

Cladonia arbuscula subsp. boliviana (Ahti) Ahti & DePriest (2001: 500) (Figs. 1c–d) Primary thallus evanescent; podetia forming cushions, slender, whitish gray, up to 12 cm tall, sparsely branched; branching pattern anisotomic, dichotomous, rarely trichotomous, principal axes easily distinguishable; axils occasionally perforate; tips typically slightly brown; surface ecorticate, barely verruculose; algal clumps (glomerules) often observed on the surface of old podetia; pycnidia with hyaline jelly; apothecia brown. Spot tests and chemistry: P−, K−, C−, KC−, UV−; all Galapagos material examined contains only usnic acid (chemotype II of Ahti 2000). Distribution and ecology: Currently known only from a single collection from the humid zone of Isabela Island; forming lichen heaths in sunny, wind- and rain-exposed habitat among ferns (Pteridium arachnoideum, Pernettya howellii, Lycopodium sp.). Notes: The species is similar to C. confusa f. bicolor, but that species differs by thinner, more densely branched podetia and a ramification pattern where no principal axes can clearly be distinguished. The axil perforation observed in the Galapagos material of C. arbuscula subsp. boliviana is not mentioned by Ahti (2000). Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, 1970, Prichard (H, LSU), Volcán Sierra Negra, close to the southern crater rim, along the trail to Alemania, 0°51'12.69"S, 91°8'40.5"W, 1055 m, humid zone, on soil, 16 Aug. 2008, Bungartz, F. 8338 (CDS 40984).

Cladonia aff. ramulosa (With.) J.R. Laundon (1984: 225) (Fig. 6a) Primary thallus persistent, of ascendant and crenulate squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia common, slender, whitish gray or greenish gray sometimes with brown areas but not necrotic, elongate; 0.6–4 cm tall, simple; axils close; tips initially blunt but soon developing into narrow, very irregular, shallow and typically proliferating scyphi; surface mostly corticate but with small denuded areas; patches of the cortex flaking off as microsquamules, these eventually disintegrating into ecorticate soredia, typically becoming densely sorediate, but lacking corticate granules; pycnidia not seen; apothecia with brown jelly. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ red, K−, C−, KC−, UV−; fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: Currently known from Isabela, Pinta, San Cristóbal, and Santa Cruz; common throughout the humid zone, on soil or rock, often among plant debris and bryophytes. Notes: Specimens of C. aff. ramulosa can be extremely similar to C. pulverulenta and poorly developed specimens cannot always be identified with certainty; see the diagnostic differences discussed there. Although Cladonia ramulosa s.str. was reported by Ahti (2000) for South America, it may generally be questioned whether this species even occurs in this continent as preliminary molecular studies suggest that most South American specimens previously identified as C. ramulosa actually belong to at least one, possibly several distinct, yet still undescribed species. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Cerro Azul, S-slope above Iguana Cove, 300 m, humid zone, on wood, 22 June 1976, Sipman, H. J.M. L-39 (COLO 297923); Volcán Sierra Negra, trail climbing up to Sierra Negra crater, 0°49'41.39"S, 91°5'30.10"W, 967 m, humid zone, on wood, 14 Aug 2008, Herrera - Campos, M.A. 10548 (CDS 40284); El Mango, on the E-side of the dirt road, 0°53'1.7"S, 91°0'50.79"W, 162 m, transition zone, on soil, 15 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8185 (CDS 40831). Pinta Island, E-slope of the highest crater, on highest rim of highest crater, 650 m, humid zone, on rock, 10 July 1976, Sipman, H. J.M. L-139 (COLO 297821); E-slope of the highest crater, 550 m, humid zone, in open mossy Zanthoxylum forest, nearly vertical SE-exposed rock face, on rock, 10 July 1976, Sipman, H. J.M. L-138 (COLO 297822). San Cristóbal Island, Wreck Bay, SE-side of the main mountain, 600 m, humid zone, on rock and moist earth, 6 July 1906, Stewart, A. 426 (COLO 255411); Cerro Colorado, enclosure for Calandrinia galapagosa near the viewpoint on the top, 0°54'58"S, 89°26'5"W, 130 m, transition zone, on rock, 29 Apr 2007, Bungartz, F. 6737 (CDS 34981) Santa Cruz Island, base of El Puntudo, humid zone, summit grassland, large boulders strewn about, on rock, 16 June 1972, Weber, W.A. (COLO 256035), along trail from Media Luna to El Puntudo, 0°39'9.80"S, 90°19'59.29"W, 724 m, humid zone, on bark, 10 Aug 2008, Clerc, P. 08-105B, 08-125A (CDS 46961, CDS 39979), vicinity of Academy Bay, La Copa (= Media Luna), humid zone, 15 Feb 1964, Weber, W.A. 86, 96, 426 (COLO 195014, 192067, 193444)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["Laundon, J. R. (1984) The typification of Withering's neglected lichens. Lichenologist 16: 211 - 239. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 002428298400044 X","Ahti, T. (2000) Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica. Volume 78. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, 362 pp."]}

Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. (1870: 167) (Figs. 1a–b) Primary thallus not seen, evanescent, of lobulate-papillate squamules (according Ahti, 2000); pseudopodetia erect, forming cushions or dense mats, dark brown or pale yellowish, 4–4.5 cm tall, hollow, terete to ± flattened or angulate, some parts, when older, densely branched; branching anisotomic, dichotomous; surface corticate, glossy or matt; usually abundantly perforate; perforations frequently ellipsoid; pycnidia with hyaline jelly; apothecia not seen. Spot tests and chemistry: P−, K− or + yellow, C−, KC−, UV−; barbatic and 4- O -demethylbarbatic acid (chemotype I). Distribution and ecology: Currently know only from the humid zone in the highlands of Isabela and Santa Cruz; on bare, sunny, exposed soil, often along trails and in reindeer lichen heaths. Notes: The cushions or dense mats of this species may at first be mistaken for a reindeer lichen but, the genus Cladia is easily recognized because it has completely corticate pseudopodetia with abundant ellipsoid perforations. According to Ahti (2000) the fertile pseudopodetia typically represent the thickest branches. Fertile material was, however, not encountered among the Galapagos specimens and this observation cannot be confirmed here. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Cerro Azul, S-slope above Iguana Cove, crater on SE-slope, 800 m, humid zone, 22 June 1976, Sipman, H.J.M. L-58 (L, COLO 297902). Santa Cruz Island, SE of El Puntudo, W of Mt. Crocker, 1972, Weber L-55403 (DUKE, H, TUR), saddle between Mt. Crocker and El Puntudo, 750–800 m, 1976, Weber & Lanier, Lich. Exs. COLO 497 (DUKE, H, TUR, U, QCA, FH 197181, COLO 297764), NE-slope of El Puntudo, 0°38'39.10"S, 90°20'7.90"W, 813 m, humid zone, on open soil among Cladonia spp. 10 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8151 (CDS 40797), along the trail from Media Luna to El Puntudo, at a small stream crossing the trail, 0°39'4"S, 90°20'5"W, 690 m, humid zone, bare ground along the footpath, 28 Jan 2006, Bungartz, F. 3971 (CDS 27901)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["Ahti, T. (2000) Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica. Volume 78. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, 362 pp."]}

Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst. (1929: 1847) (Fig. 4f) Primary thallus subpersistent, of crenulate squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia common, greenish gray but with some brown parts, not melanotic; 0.6–1.5 cm tall, unbranched; always scyphose; scyphi moderately widened, sometimes branching and proliferating from the margin; surface along the stalk initially corticate, but towards the rim soon becoming verruculose–granular, often intermingled with scarce microsquamules; both granules and ecorticate soredia develop inside the cup; pycnidia hyaline; apothecia not seen. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ orange red, K−, C−, KC−, UV+ whitish blue; fumarprotocetraric and grayanic acid. Distribution and ecology: New to Galapagos; known from Isabela and Santa Cruz Island; moderately common and restricted to the humid zone, typically on soil or over rocks with thin soil layer, often among plant debris or bryophytes. Notes: Easily recognized by its UV+ whitish blue reaction caused by grayanic acid. Superficially similar to C. subsquamosa, but that species differs in its secondary chemistry (fumarprotocetraric acid instead of grayanic acid) and its podetial surface is always more densely covered with propagules (microsquamules, granules and soredia). Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Sierra Negra, South side of Sierra Negra crater, trail to Alemania, 0°50'57.5"S, 91°7'41.3"W, 1020 m, humid zone, on soil, 16 Aug 2008, Herrera - Campos, M.A. 10700 (CDS 40438). Santa Cruz Island, near Puntudo, 0°38'41"S, 90°20'13"W, 750 m, humid zone, on soil, 27 May 2005, Aptroot, A. 63195 (CDS 29926)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561

Cladonia subsquamosa Kremp in Warming (1874 [1873]: 336) (Fig. 6f) Primary thallus subpersistent, laciniate squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia common, grayish green, sometimes brown with age, 0.8–2.5 (–3) cm tall, always scyphose and shaped like a cone; cups, when well developed, abundantly and repeatedly proliferating (forming 1-2 tiers); surface slightly corticate at the base, otherwise decorticated, basally typically ±finely squamulose, becoming microsquamulose, densely granulose or farinose sorediate; pycnidia with hyaline jelly; apothecia with brown jelly. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ red, K−, C−, KC−, UV−; fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: Currently know from Floreana, Isabela, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, and Santa Cruz Island. The most common of the Galapagos "pixie cup" lichens; most common and often abundant in the humid zone, less common in the transition and rarely in the dry zone; on a wide variety of substrates (rock, soil, among plant debris and bryophytes, as epiphyte on trunks, branches, twigs and even fern fronds). Notes: The cone-shaped cups of C. subsquamosa much resemble C. chlorophaea but unlike this species, cups of C. subsquamosa typically proliferate and the podetia are covered in a variety of propagules (true soredia, granules, microsquamules, even squamules). In C. chlorophaea propagules are all farinose ecorticate soredia of relatively uniform size and the cups do typically not proliferate. Cladonia pyxidata and C. grayi are also similar, but the first species has broader scyphi that do generally not proliferate and coarser, corticate granules, and the latter has a verruculose-granular surface and instead of fumarprotocetraric acid (P+ red, UV−) contains grayanic acid (P−, UV+ bluish white). For a more detailed discussion refer to the notes of C. pyxidata. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, on the crater rim near the hut, 0°26'33"S, 91°5'31"W, 1100 m, humid zone, on bark, 3 July 2006, Aptroot, A. 65236 (CDS 31822), on soil, 7 Mar 2006, Aptroot, A. 65240 (CDS 31826) Volcán Darwin, southwestern slope, above Tagus Cove, 0°13'28.19"S, 91°19'17.9"W, 872 m, transition zone, on plant debris, 15 Nov 2007, Bungartz, F. 7760 (CDS 38266). Volcán Sierra Negra, mirador El Mango, SE side of island, 0°53'1.39"S, 91°0'48.4"W, 161 m, transition zone, on bryophytes, 15 Aug 2008, Herrera - Campos, M.A. 10582 (CDS 40319). Floreana Island, Asilo de la Paz, Cerro Wittmer, trail in between cliffs, 1°18'50"S, 90°27'13.8"W, humid zone, on detritus, 3 Jan 2010, Hillmann, G. GAL-91, 93, 11 (CDS 44888, 44860, 44871). Pinzón Island, along the trail going up from Playa Escondida, N- to W-facing cliff above a crater, 0°36'29"S, 90°40'14"W, 318 m, transition zone, dry zone, on rock, 16 Feb 2006, Bungartz, F. 3661 (CDS 27479), lava, on rock, 16 Feb 2006, Aptroot, A. 64004 (CDS no. 30565). San Cristóbal Island, Wreck Bay, 610 m, humid zone, on soil, 6 July 1905, Stewart 429 (337) (CAS-DS 640539), 1906, Stewart 7340 (FH), NE-slope of Cerro San Joaquín, shortly below the summit, 0°53'50.79"S, 89°30'49.7"W, 693 m, humid zone, on soil, 24 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8582 (CDS 41228), Cerro Colorado, enclosure for Calandrinia galapagosa near the viewpoint on the top, 0°54'58"S, 89°26'5"W, 130 m, transition zone, on rock, 29 Apr 2007, Bungartz, F. 6736 (CDS 34980), 15 May 2006, Jaramillo, P. 2876 C (CDS 38791). Santa Cruz Island, along trail from Media Luna to El Puntudo, 0°39'37.79"S, 90°20'0.9"W, 682 m, humid zone, on soil, 28 Dec 2005, Bungartz, F. 3271 (CDS 26910), near Puntudo, 0°38'41"S, 90°20'13"W, 750 m, humid zone, on wood, 27 May 2005, Aptroot, A. 63164 (CDS 29895), between Academy Bay and Bella Vista, 150 m, humid zone, 24 Jan 1964, Weber, W.A. 139 (COLO 192784), vicinity of Academy Bay, 120 m, transition zone, on wood, 15 Feb 1964, Itow, S. 29 (COLO 192154), between Academy Bay and Bellavista, 150 m, on rock, 24 Jan 1964, Weber, W.A. (FH 197403)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["Warming, J. E. B. (1874) [1873] Symbolae ad Floram Brasiliae centralis cognoscendam, particulae 1 - 10. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i KJObenhavn, ser. 3, 5: 356 - 399."]}

Cladonia confusa f. confusa (Figs. 3a, c–d) Podetia yellowish to green gray, with pale brown tips. Spot tests and chemistry: P−, K−, C−, KC+ yellow, UV+ bright greenish white; perlatolic and usnic acids (perlatolic acid rarely absent and then UV–, see notes below). Distribution and ecology: Known from Fernandina, Isabela, Pinta, Pinzón, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and Santiago Island. The most common Galapagos reindeer lichen. Often the dominant taxon in lichen heaths of the humid highlands, where it can form gigantic cusions up to several meters in diameter. Few specimens have also been collected in humid habitats at lower altitudes, in the transition or even dry zone. Notes: The large mayority of specimens of C. confusa f. confusa contains perlatolic acid and thus fluoresces a bright greenish white under UV light. This is not the case, however, for some specimens that also morphologically differ from typical C. confusa f. confusa. These specimens that lack perlatolic acid contain an unidentified substance that forms a pale spot at R f 1−2 in solvent A. Morphologically the latter two chemotypes are very similar and extremely difficult to distinguish. The atypical chemotype generally appears to have ± finer, but relatively compact podetia, almost exclusively dichotomously ramified, with a rather "bumpy" surface, covered with broad, relatively flat, closely adjoining packets of algae, giving the podetia a overall rather roughened surface aspect (see inset of Fig. 3d). In contrast, typical Cladonia confusa f. confusa (Fig. 3c) is characterized by mostly trichotomous ramifications, although specimens frequently also have dichotomously ramified podetia. In fact the majority of the terminal branches are dichotomous, only further down ramifications become increasinly trichotomous. Overall these typical specimens also have a more slender, less stout, less densely ramified appearance, though individual podecia are generally slightly thicker, i.e., generally somewhat broader in diameter. The different surface seems to be perphaps the most diagnostic morphological character of the two chemotypes: typical C. confusa f. confusa has packets of granular algae dispersed on an arachnoid stereome. Its surface appears overall rather smooth, though somewhat cottony and less compact, and as if peppered with granular packets of algae wrapped in hyphae. The other chemotype has a much more uneven surface and seems to lack the granular packets of algae; instead the packets of algae seem to be more closely incorporated into the stereome surface, causing the "bumpy" appearance. Nevertheless, how consistently these characters indeed correlate with the two chemotypes is quite diffcult to assess. To some extent the differences appear quite transient and we therefore hesitate to describe a new species here based on these rather inconspicous characters. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Fernandina Island, W-side, 335 m, transition zone, 15 Feb 1964, Cavagnaro (COLO 193423); green strip on SW slope, 4 Feb 1964, Cavagnaro 26 (duplicate ex US to H, dupl. to CDS). Isabela Island, Volcán Alcedo, outer SE-exposed slope, ca. 2.5 km below the crater rim, 0°26'20"S, 91°4'35"W, 784 m, transition zone, on rock, 7 Mar 2006, Bungartz, F. 4293 (CDS 28365), rim of caldera of Volcán Alcedo, S-side of crater on way to the fumaroles, 700 m, humid zone, on ground, 11 May 1976, Weber, W.A. (COLO 297127); Volcán Cerro Azul, S slope above Iguana Cove, 750 m, humid zone, 22 June 1976, Sipman, H.J.M. L-36 (COLO 297925, H, M, U, US), 700 m, humid zone, on rock, 22 June 1976, Sipman, H.J.M. L-43 (COLO 297918); Volcán Darwin, Cerro Beagle, dry zone, 15 June 1984, Luong, T.T. (CDS 10884), mountain E of Tagus Cove, 910 m, humid zone, Snodgrass, R.E. (CAS-DS 682613), southwestern slope, above Tagus Cove, 0°13'43.29"S, 91°19'47.3"W, 724 m, transition zone, on soil, 12 Nov 2007, Ertz, D. 11822 (CDS 37181); Volcán Sierra Negra, South side of Sierra Negra, trail to Alemania, 0°50'57.5"S, 91°7'41.3"W, 1020 m, humid zone, on soil, 16 Aug 2008, Herrera - Campos, M.A. 10694 (CDS 40432, 10702, 40440), close to the southern crater rim, along the trail to Alemania, 0°51'12.69"S, 91°8'40.5"W, 1055 m, humid zone, on soil and plant debris, 16 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8345 (CDS 40991). Pinta Island, on top of the highest point of the island, 0°35'3"N, 90°45'12"W, 625 m, humid zone, on soil, 26 Feb 2007, Bungartz, F. 5742 (CDS 33393), E-slope of the highest crater, on highest rim of highest crater, 650 m, humid zone, on rock, 10 July 1976, Sipman, H.J.M. L-140 (COLO 297820, H, U). Pinzón Island, from the NE-coast to the highest summit, 350 m, transition zone, on rock, 2 July 1976, Sipman, H.J.M. L-95 (COLO 297865). San Cristóbal Island, Cerro San Joaquín, 0°53'49.5"S, 89°30'47.7"W, 691 m, humid zone, 24 Aug 2008, Herrera-Campos, M.A. 450 (CDS 43341), Volcán Santo Tomás, borde del cráter 0°50'0"S, 91°2'0"W, 1 Feb 1994, Follmann, G. 35302 (B-KOELN 60 0173576), bordering lake at El Junco, humid zone, on rock, 21 May 1976, Lanier, J. (COLO 298430), Wreck Bay, Stewart, A. 431 (339) (CAS-DS 640456, FH 197384), Anonymous collector 4759 (FH 197386), NE-slope of Cerro San Joaquín, shortly below the summit, 0°53'50.79"S, 89°30'49.7"W, 693 m, humid zone, on bryophytes, 24 Aug 2008, Bungartz, F. 8586 (CDS 41232). Santa Cruz Island, below El Puntudo, 720 m, humid zone, on soil, 18 Apr 1976, Weber, W.A. (CDS 10835), near Puntudo, 0°38'41"S, 90°20'13"W, 750 m, humid zone, on soil, 27 May 2005, Aptroot, A. 63203 (CDS 29934), along the trail from Media Luna to El Puntudo, at a small stream crossing the trail, 0°39'4"S, 90°20'5"W, 690 m, humid zone, on soil, 28 Feb 2006, Ziemmeck, F. 734 (CDS 27863), at the base of the eastern slope below the summit of El Puntudo, 0°38'42"S, 90°20'14"W, 780 m, humid zone, on soil, 28-Feb-2006, Bungartz, F. 3985 (CDS 27915), due N of Academy Bay, 610 m, humid zone, 20 Feb 1964, De Roy, A. (distributed by Weber as Lich. Exs. no. 105 to COLO 185829, H, M, NY, US, CAS-DS nos. 629519, 681394)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561

Cladonia cartilaginea Müll. Arg. (1880: 260) (Fig. 2c) Primary thallus evanescent or subpersistent, of laciniate squamules, esorediate, epruinose; podetia common, whitish gray, elongate, 0.5 – 1.5 (–2) cm tall, unbranched to slightly branched; axils closed; tips blunt, ascyphose; surface completely ecorticate; moderately covered with granules, ecorticate soredia and scarce microsquamules; macrosquamules confined to the base of the podetia; pycnidia with hyaline jelly; apothecia not seen. Spot tests and chemistry: P+ orange red, K−, C−, KC−, UV−; fumarprotocetraric acid. Distribution and ecology: A new record for Galapagos; currently known only from Santa Cruz Island. Previously reported from high mountains of Prov. Pichincha in Ecuador (Ahti 2000). In Galapagos apparently restricted to the humid zone, where the species has been found on a variety of subtrates: among bryophytes on the ground, as an epiphyte on native trees like Scalesia pedunculata or introduced trees like Cinchona pubescens, and even in the crevices of the windows of an old abandonned car. Notes: The species is morphologically and chemically extremely similar to C. subradiata, but the podetia of C. subradiata are characterized by a surface densely covered of isidioid microsquamules and granulose soredia. Podetia of C. cartilaginea, in contrast, are overall only sparsely covered by granules interspersed occasionally by few microsquamules. Cladonia corniculata is also quite similar it shares the ecorticate podetia and same propagules, but unlike C. cartilaginea it is typically more abundantly branched, esorediate and shows a gradual transition from large, laciniate basal squamules to crowded, finely dissected microsquamules along the podetium that eventually become granulose towards the tip. Selected specimens examined: ECUADOR. GALAPAGOS: Santa Cruz Island, tras del Puntudo, ex finca de Don Benito, 0°38'23.18"S, 90°19'57.24"W, 732 m, sobre corteza, 28 Dec 2006, Nugra, F. 240 (CDS 33156), vicinity of Academy Bay, La Copa (= Media Luna), 15 Feb 1964, Weber, W.A. 426 (COLO 193443)., Published as part of Yánez-Ayabaca, A., Ahti, T. & Bungartz, F., 2013, The Family Cladoniaceae (Lecanorales) in the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-33 in Phytotaxa 129 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.129.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5085561, {"references":["Ahti, T. (2000) Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica. Volume 78. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, 362 pp."]}

The purpose of this study was to determine the iron status of preschool children in Sydney. We assessed 678 children aged 9 to 62 months living in 32 randomly selected census collection districts in central and southern Sydney for iron status using plasma ferritin; of these 678 children, 542 had zinc protoporphyrin tests, red cell indices and haemoglobin tests. Risk factors for iron deficiency were assessed by an administered questionnaire. Overall, the prevalence of iron depletion was 10.5 per cent, iron deficiency 2.8 per cent and iron deficiency anaemia 1.1 per cent. The 24-to-35-month age group (176 children) had the highest prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia of 3.0 per cent, although iron depletion (18.7 per cent) and iron deficiency (5.4 per cent) were highest among the 9-to-23-month age group (182 children). Low iron status was related to age of under 24 months (odds ratio (OR) 2.86, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.72 to 4.76). After adjustment for this age effect, the consumption of red meat fewer than four times a week was significantly associated with iron depletion (OR 2.27, CI 1.25 to 4.17) and there was a tendency for children who were being given a vitamin supplement to be less likely to be iron depleted (OR 4.00, CI 0.95 to 16.67). Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia do not represent a major public health problem in preschool children in Sydney. However, for children in the age range of 12 to 36 months there is scope for interventions to further reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia.

Summary- Background: Limited data are available on how often basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are clinically diagnosed without histological confirmation and how they are treated. Objectives Within the framework of the EPIDERM project, an audit was conducted in four European countries to study the occurrence of clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation and to investigate how these are treated. Methods: In the Netherlands, Scotland, Finland and Malta studies were performed within different timeframes. Patients with one or more BCC(s) were selected and the number of clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation and their treatment was investigated by (manually) reviewing the (electronic) patient records and checking the (hospital) pathology databases to find evidence of histological confirmation. Results: In the Netherlands, 1089 patients with a first histologically confirmed BCC developed 1974 BCCs of which 1833 (92.9%) were histologically confirmed and 141 (7.1%) were not. A 4-month retrospective study conducted in Scotland selected 294 patients with 344 BCCs; 306 (89.0%) were histologically confirmed and 38 (11.0%) were not. A 3-month prospective study performed at the same centre in Scotland identified 44 patients who developed 58 BCCs; 44 (75.9%) of these were histologically confirmed and 14 (24.1%) were not. In Finland, there were 701 patients who developed 977 BCCs, of which 807 (82.6%) were histologically and 170 (17.4%) nonhistologically confirmed. In Malta, there were 420 patients with 477 BCCs. Only three (0.7%) of them were clinically diagnosed without histological confirmation. In the Netherlands and Finland, clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation were most often treated with cryotherapy, whereas in Scotland 5% imiquimod cream was the preferred treatment modality. Conclusions: Although the frequency of clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation differed between the four European regions (range 0.7-24.1%), this confirms that the burden of BCC in Europe is underestimated when based on data from pathology and/or cancer registries., peer-reviewed

Limited data are available on how often basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are clinically diagnosed without histological confirmation and how they are treated.Within the framework of the EPIDERM project, an audit was conducted in four European countries to study the occurrence of clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation and to investigate how these are treated.In the Netherlands, Scotland, Finland and Malta studies were performed within different timeframes. Patients with one or more BCC(s) were selected and the number of clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation and their treatment was investigated by (manually) reviewing the (electronic) patient records and checking the (hospital) pathology databases to find evidence of histological confirmation.In the Netherlands, 1089 patients with a first histologically confirmed BCC developed 1974 BCCs of which 1833 (92·9%) were histologically confirmed and 141 (7·1%) were not. A 4-month retrospective study conducted in Scotland selected 294 patients with 344 BCCs; 306 (89·0%) were histologically confirmed and 38 (11·0%) were not. A 3-month prospective study performed at the same centre in Scotland identified 44 patients who developed 58 BCCs; 44 (75·9%) of these were histologically confirmed and 14 (24·1%) were not. In Finland, there were 701 patients who developed 977 BCCs, of which 807 (82·6%) were histologically and 170 (17·4%) nonhistologically confirmed. In Malta, there were 420 patients with 477 BCCs. Only three (0·7%) of them were clinically diagnosed without histological confirmation. In the Netherlands and Finland, clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation were most often treated with cryotherapy, whereas in Scotland 5% imiquimod cream was the preferred treatment modality.Although the frequency of clinically diagnosed BCCs without histological confirmation differed between the four European regions (range 0·7-24·1%), this confirms that the burden of BCC in Europe is underestimated when based on data from pathology and/or cancer registries.

Complete hematopoietic chimerism and tolerance of a liver allograft from a deceased male donor developed in a 9-year-old girl, with no evidence of graft-versus-host disease 17 months after transplantation. The tolerance was preceded by a period of severe hemolysis, reflecting partial chimerism that was refractory to standard therapies. The hemolysis resolved after the gradual withdrawal of all immunosuppressive therapy.

Shwachman Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a genetic disorder characterized by pancreatic hypoplasia, recurrent infection and bone marrow dysfunction. Some cases have an abnormality of chromosome 7, such as isochromosome 7q (i(7q)), which may be associated with the development of leukemia. We present a boy who was diagnosed with SDS at 19 months of age. From age 5-14 years, bone marrow cytogenetics has shown a consistent abnormality - i(7q), with an intermittent separate abnormality - deletion 20q, from age 11 years. During this time, the boy has been clinically well without leukemic signs, managed conservatively. We suggest that deletion 20q may be a non random secondary change in SDS with i(7q).

Abstract 3501 Poster Board III-438 The development of high titre inhibitors remains a serious complication of treatment in patients with congenital bleeding disorders. We describe a single centre experience of the use of Rituximab (monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody) in 10 patients with congenital bleeding disorders and high titre inhibitors. Nine of the patients have severe haemophilia A (Factor VIII Disclosures: Off Label Use: Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody against CD20 that is being used for its immunomodulatory properties.