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The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of quality control in the paper industry.Wood preparation, pulping, bleaching, and papermaking are all steps in the papermaking process, and eachone presents its own set of quality control challenges. The study looks at the various methods that are usedin the industry to monitor and control the quality of finished paper products. It includes laboratory testing,statistical process control, and online monitoring systems, as well as traditional and modern quality controltechniques. The study also emphasizes the significance of quality control in the paper industry, which canhave a significant impact on product performance, customer satisfaction, and profitability. Finally, the studyconcludes with a discussion of benefits in the paper industry's quality control.

This study addresses the barriers that hinder paper recycling and explores potential solutions to overcome these challenges. The barriers discussed include a lack of recycling infrastructure, inadequate education and outreach, cultural attitudes towards waste, and a lack of economic incentives. To address these barriers, governments and organizations can implement solutions such as expanding recycling infrastructure, improving education and outreach, addressing cultural attitudes through targeted messaging, and providing economic incentives. Successful implementations of these solutions in other locations or industries are also highlighted. The study emphasizes the importance of addressing these barriers to increase paper recycling rates and reduce the environmental and economic costs of low recycling rates.

In this study, the evaluability of chickpea stalks generated after harvest in chickpea production was investigated in pulp and paper production. Besides, paper production was carried out by blending the chickpea stalk fibers with primary and secondary fibers in certain proportions and the effects of chickpea stalk fibers on the paper properties were determined. Modified kraft method was used in the pulping of chickpea stalks and anthraquinone (AQ) was added to the cooking solution as a catalyst. Some chemical, mechanical and optical properties of the pulps produced with the addition of different AQ charges were compared and the optimum results were obtained from the 0.7% AQ added cooking experiment. The yield and viscosity values of the chickpea stalk pulps increased by 12.6% and 34.2%, respectively and the kappa number decreased by 46.7% with the addition of AQ to cooking liquor. Paper production was carried out by blending the fibers obtained from optimum cooking condition with primary and secondary fibers in certain rates and the effects of chickpea stalk fibers on the paper properties were examined. Depending on the amount of chickpea stalk fibers, the mechanical properties of the papers produced with secondary fibers and the optical properties of the papers produced with primary fibers improved. The strength losses that occur during the recycling of waste paper could be reduced by blending the chickpea stalk fibers with secondary fibers and it is possible to produce various paper types such as writing-printing paper by blending the short fiber chickpea stalk fibers and long fibers.

The aim of this study was to determine the microfungi and bacteria accumulated in different usage periods of paper mouth and face masks which are used for protection against microfungi and bacteria in many areas and to give antimicrobial properties to these masks by impregnating Chamomile extract with high antimicrobial properties. Disc diffusion test was applied in this study. The mouth and face masks used for different periods (3-6-12 hours) were cultured on the media to calculate the microbial load. Nutrient Agar and Malt Extract Agar were used to determine bacterial loads. Then, the paper mouth and face mask were impregnated with different concentrations of chamomile extract and microbial loads were compared. The results of the study show that the use of chamomile extract in paper mouth and face masks, where fungus flora is low and bacteria flora is rich, has the effect of reducing microbial load. These paper masks impregnated with chamomile extract concentration can be used in first aid units, clinics, surgery, dental units and so on. places can be used to prevent the spread of infection. At the same time, this study is expected to be the source of similar studies.

This study deals with the utilization of primary and secondary fibers for the office paper production. Pinus brutia (BF) and wheat straws pulps (WF) were used as primary fiber (PF), and mixed office wastes pulps were used as secondary fiber (SF). PFs were obtained from P. brutia chips and wheat straws by using kraft and soda-air cooking methods, respectively. Mixed office wastes were recycled according to INGEDE standards. Enzyme (X), oxygen (O), alkali extraction (E), hypochlorite (H), and formamidine sulphinic acid (F) bleaching stages were applied to PF and SF. The PF and SF were bleached in six stages (XOEHEH) and in three stages (XOF), respectively. Bleached PF and SF were blend in different rates (SF: 70-100%, BF and WF: 0-30%) and office papers were produced. Physical and optical properties of the papers were determined according to relevant standards. The highest physical properties (breaking length: 3.58 km, burst index: 1.51 kPa.m2 g-1) were obtained from 70% SF, 25% WF, and 5% BF blends. Papers produced only with SFs have the highest optical properties (Whiteness: 80.65 ISO%, Brightness: 94.02 ISO%, Yellowness: -20.16 E313). However, in terms of both physical and optical properties, office paper can be produced from six different PF and SF blends according to the relevant standards., Ofis kağıdı üretiminde birincil ve ikincil liflerini değerlendirilmesini ele almıştır. Kızılçam (BF) ve buğday sapı (WF) lifleri birincil lif (PF) olarak atık ofis kağıt hamurları ise ikincil lif (SF) olarak kullanılmıştır. Birincil lifler kızılçam odunundan kraft yöntemi ile buğday saplarından ise soda-hava yöntemiyle üretilmiştir. Atık ofis kağıtlarından ikincil lif üretimi Uluslararası Mürekkep Giderme Endüstrisi Birliği (INGEDE) standartlarına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. PF ve SF ağartmalarında enzim (X), oksijen (O), alkali ekstraksiyonu (E), hipoklorit (H) ve formamidin sülfinik asit (F) ağartma kademeleri kullanılmıştır. Birincil lifler altı kademede (XOEHEH), ikincil lifler ise üç kademede (XOF) ağartılmıştır. Ağartılmış PF ve SF farklı karışım oranlarında (SF: %70-100, PF: %0-30) harmanlanarak ofis kağıtları üretilmiştir. Üretilen ofis kağıtlarının mekanik ve optik özellikleri ilgili standartlara bağlı kalınarak belirlenmiştir. En yüksek mekanik özellikler (kopma uzunluğu: 3.58 km, patlama indisi 1.51 kPa.m2 g-1) %70 ikincil lif ve %30 birincil lif (%25 WF ve %5 BF) karışımlarından üretilen ofis kağıtlarında tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek optik özellikleri (beyazlık: 80.65 ISO%, parlaklık: 94.02 ISO%, sarılık: -20.16 E313) ise sadece SF kullanılarak üretilen ofis kağıtları göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, hem mekanik hem de optik özellikler açısından ofis kağıdı, ilgili standartlara göre altı farklı PF ve SF karışımından üretilebilmektedir.

The aim of this study is to compare laserjet printing and inkjet printing properties on recycled papers. In the study, we recycled reference papers prepared in accordance with the INGEDE 11p standard. After recycling the papers, we produced test papers in the laboratory environment and examined the physical and optical properties of the obtained papers. We applied calendering process at 100 oC temperature and 20 bar pressure on the obtained test papers. After this process, we printed trigromy color measurement scales with inkjet and laserjet printers on the test papers obtaine Finally, using the spectrophotometer, we determined the printing properties of both print types. When we examined the results, we determined that in most of the printability parameters, laserjet had a superior performance and was a more usable printing system. For example, while the inkjet cyan density value is 0.94, the laserjet is 1.05. While M + Y trapping value was 28.23 in inkjet, it was 92.20 in laserjet. For example, we found the Gloss value as 2.53 in inkjet and 4.23 in laserjet. While inkjet cyan print chroma value is 44.03, it is 48.09 in laserjet. In addition, we determined that laserjet printing reached a wider area as a color gamut. Based on the color measurement results of both printing types, we have determined that the printability of recycled papers is reasonable. We have determined with experimental results that laserjet printing produces better quality prints in a short time, especially in the office environment.

Purpose This study aims to examine the colour changes affecting inkjet prints after the recycling of papers. Design/methodology/approach For recycling, papers prepared with the INGEDE 11p standard are recycled four times. Pulping, storage, flotation, beating and bleaching processes are applied for each recycling, respectively. Inkjet prints are made on the obtained test papers, and colour measurements are made using an X-Rite eXact spectrophotometer according to the ISO 13655:2017 standard. These processes are applied again to the papers which are recycled four times, and the results are analyzed. In addition, the values of ΔE00 ′, ΔL′, ΔH ′ and ΔC′ are calculated according to ISO 11664-6:2014 standard by making some calculations according to obtained the L′a′b′ values. Findings It is determined that the ΔE00 value increases after each recycling in cyan magenta and yellow colour, whereas it decreases in black. The highest ΔE00 value is calculated after the fourth recycling stage is yellow with a value of 8.33. The lowest ΔE00 value detected is black with a value of 0.76 after the fourth recycling stage. This paper observes that the colour with the most variation in hue angle among recycling repetitions is black and the colour with the highest hue angle value is yellow. It is seen that repeating recycling causes increase in the chromatic values of the prints. Originality/value After the fourth recycling stage, colour changes have reached an important point and can cause important printing problems. In this case, the customer’s approval must be obtained to continue printing. This case is valid for ΔE00 values. Colour differences for print contrast, trapping and print chroma values are either not very important or are positive for quality.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of separating ink particles which are adherent to cellulose fibers from cellulose fibers after recycling. In addition, after recyclin...

Aim: It is known that the Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) does not only affect the respiratory system in the body, but also affects many vital systems. In this study, we aimed to investigate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity rates in urine samples of patients with COVID-19 infection and to evaluate the effectiveness of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in demonstrating renal involvement in patients with urinary system involvement findings. Methods: Patients who had positive COVID-19 PCR test and were hospitalized in Erciyes University pandemic wards due to COVID-19 infection between June 2020 and December 2020 were included in this prospective study. A urine PCR test was applied to all patients. In addition, PET/CT was performed in patients with no known malignancy, clean urine culture, but suspected COVID-19 urinary system involvement. Results: A total of 66 patients with a mean age of 45.4±9.1 years were included in the study. PET/CT was performed at the same time in 6 of these patients with suspected urinary system involvement. Only 1 (1.5%) of 66 patients had a positive urine PCR test. No abnormal genitourinary PET/CT findings were found in any of the patients. Conclusion: Urine PCR positivity is very rare in patients with COVID-19 infection. In addition, according to our results, it can be said that PET/CT is not an effective imaging method to show COVID-19 urinary system involvement.

"In this study, reference papers prepared in accordance with the INGEDE 11p standard (International Association of the Deinking Industry) were recycled three times. Initially, reference papers were subjected to wetting, pulping, storage, deinking, dispersing and bleaching processes. At the end of these processes, test papers were produced and their optical characteristics were examined. The brightness value of writing papers (of 80 grams) was determined to be of 86%, following the TS 11610:2017 standard. In order to bring the brightness of the produced laboratory test papers to the specified value, double-stage bleaching was applied: with 0.4% FAS in the first stage and H2O2 in the second stage. The physical and optical properties of the test papers that reached the standard brightness value were determined. Overall, the final products were recycled three times. At the end of the third recycling stage, changes in paper fibers were examined. As a result, it was observed that the breaking, tear and burst resistance of the obtained papers gradually decreased at the end of each recycling stage. In addition, because of the narrowing fiber surface, it was determined that the opacity value of the paper decreased at the end of each recycling stage. According to the fiber classification results, the fiber size shrank at the end of the third recycling stage and a large part of the fibers remained in the 200 mesh. Paper fibers are recycled 3.6 times in Europe. This rate is approximately 2.4 times higher than the world average. This study offers interesting results regarding cellulose recycling, which has gained great importance in recent years. "

Cellulose based nanomaterials have the great potential to be applied to paper as bulk additive or coating material to improve overall final properties, especially in secondary fiber. In the present work, the effect of applying different kinds of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) to papers obtained from recycled fibers using size press on physical, mechanical and barrier properties was investigated and compared with the sole use of starch as coating material. The coating process of CNF was carried out by the addition of size press grade starch to coating suspension. As a cellulose source, wheat straw was evaluated and CNF was obtained through oxidative and enzymatic pretreatments. Results indicate that starch/CNF suspension improves the overall paper properties. As a result of the deposition of coating suspension contains of 4 % wt. periodate-oxidized CNF onto paper surface, tensile and burst indices of papersheets increased as 52.2 % and 194.4 %. Significant decreases were observed in air permeability as 69.8 %. Compression tests also have been conducted to evaluate papersheets end-use properties. In comparison to the other pretreated CNF, due to is lower viscosity, applying periodate-oxidized CNF as size press significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate [1505, 5180044] This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000703585400013 2-s2.0-85108063350

Son yıllarda küresel çapta dijital teknolojinin artması, çevrimiçi uygulamaların yaygınlaşması, pandemi gibi birbirine bağlı sebeplerden dolayı, hayatın büyük bir bölümü iç mekânlarda geçmektedir. Bu nedenle yaşam konforu ve güvenliği açısından parke, lambri gibi iç mekân donatılarının radyasyon veya elektrik akımları karşısındaki yalıtım kabiliyetlerinin bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, işyeri-konut iç mimarisinde en çok kullanılan farklı özeliklerdeki lif levhalara, 8.9 mCi aktiviteli (663 keV enerjili) Cs-137 gama radyoizotop kaynağından ışınlama ve 1000 Volt doğru gerilim uygulanmıştır. Lif levhaların kalınlık, malzeme yoğunluğu ve farklı yüzey kaplama değişkenlerine bağlı, radyasyon ve elektrik yalıtım kabiliyetleri incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, lif levhaların kalınlığı, yoğunluğu ve yüzey kaplamasının, malzemelerin radyasyon ve elektriksel yalıtım kabiliyetlerini farklı oranlarda etkilediği belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, laboratuvar şartlarında genel amaçlar için ayçiçeği saplarından (Helianthus annuus L.) ve odun yongalarından muhtelif oranlarda (% 100. 75. 50. 25 ve 0) üre formaldehit tutkalı kullanılarak üretilen yonga levhaların fiziksel özellikleri incelenmiştir. Levhaların üretiminde % 65’lik üre formaldehit tutkalı, sertleştirici madde olarak % 33’lük amonyum klorür kullanılmıştır. Üretilen levhalarının pres sıcaklığı 185 oC, pres süresi 7 dk. pres basıncı 4 N/mm2, levha kalınlığı 18 mm olacak şekilde tek tabakalı levhalar üretilmiştir. Üretilen levhalar ASTM-D 1037 standardına göre değerlendirilmiştir. Ayçiçeği sapı ve odun yongası karışımından üretilen test levhalarının 650 kg/m3 özgül kütlede üretilen levhalarda 2 saat suda bekletme sonucu kalınlık artışı (KA) % 20-26, su alma miktarı (SA) % 68-84, 24 saat suda bekletme sonucu kalınlık artışı % 22-32, su alma miktarı % 81-95, 96 saat suda bekletme sonucu kalınlık artışı % 29-36, su alma miktarı % 108-120, 336 saat suda bekletme sonucu kalınlık artışı % 34-41, su alma miktarı % 112-132 olarak elde edilmiştir. İstatistik analiz sonuçları, test levhalarında su alma miktarı ve kalınlık artışlarının, ayçiçeği sapı oranının artmasıyla arttığını gösterdi. Bu data ve değerlendirmelere göre, ayçiçeği saplarının genel amaçlı yonga levha üretimi için alternatif bir hammadde olabileceği söylenebilir.

One of the most important disadvantages of the wood material, whose usage is becoming more and more widespread, is the dimensional instability that occurs in its interaction with water. Therefore, studies to improve these drawbacks of wood, remain always up to date. For the mentioned purpose in this study, some chemical, morphological, physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis woods, which were naturally dried in outdoor and indoor climate in Eastern Mediterranean (Kahramanmaraş province) atmosphere conditions of Turkey, were investigated. According to the results of the study, chemical properties of Eucalyptus woods dried indoor were measured as merely 0,23 % higher than dried ones outdoor. The results of morphological measurements indicated that the fiber dimensions of eucalypt wood dried in indoor were average 1,48 % lower than the ones dried out outdoor. Also, as a result of statistical analysis, it was found that there were significant differences (ρ < 0,000) between the physical properties of Eucalyptus wood samples indoor and outdoor according to the t-test. At the same time, as a result of the t-test applied to determine the effect of drying conditions on mechanical properties of Eucalyptus wood, modulus of elasticity, compression, tensile, dynamic bending and shear strength did not cause any significant difference between indoor and outdoor, while bending and Janka hardness strengths showed significant differences at ρ < 0,000 level. Finally, when the data obtained as a whole is considered, it can be said that testing of Eucalyptus wood which requires a very sensitive drying in different climates has important contributions on the subject. Regarding eucalypts, which has a high distribution area (20 million hectares) in the world, it is recommended to relevant institutions and organizations to expand and maintain such study in the future. Lastly, according to obtained data from this study, it can be said that the experiments of Eucalyptus woods which require a very delicate drying in different environments provide important contributions on the subject.

The effects of cellulase enzymes (Trichoderma reesei) in flotation deinking of mixed office wastes (MOW) on the deinking efficiency, physical and optical properties of the papers were investigated....

Bu çalışmada, soymuk lifleri alınmış kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.) saplarının kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretiminde kullanımı ve üretilen kağıtların bazı mekanik ve optik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Soymuk liflerinden arındırılmış kenevir saplarının kimyasal bileşenleri ve lif morfolojik özellikleri belirlenerek kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretimine uygunluğu tespit edilmiştir. Kenevir saplarının holoselüloz, selüloz ve lignin içerikleri sırasıyla %79.7, %52.0 ve %22.2, lif uzunluğu, lif genişliği ve lümen çapı ise sırasıyla 0.60 mm, 28.8 µm ve 13.4 µm bulunmuştur. Bu veriler doğrultusunda, kenevir saplarından Kraft yöntemi ile pişirme yapılarak kağıt hamuru üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kenevir saplarından elde edilen kağıt hamurunun verimi, kappa numarası ve viskozite değerleri sırasıyla %48.2, 39 ve 1400 cm3/gr olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu hamurlardan üretilen kağıtların kopma uzunluğu ve parlaklık değerleri ise sırasıyla 6.87 km ve 33.34 %ISO olarak ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, soymuk liflerinden arındırılmış kenevir saplarından yüksek verimde ve mukavemette kağıt hamuru üretimi gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Aynı zamanda, kağıt hamurları düşük kappa numarasına ve yüksek viskozite değerine sahip olduğundan ağartılması kolay olmaktadır., In this study, the use of bast fibers removed hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) stalks in pulp and paper production and some physical and optical properties of the produced papers were investigated. The chemical components and fiber morphological properties of hemp stalks free of bast fibers were determined and their suitability for pulp and paper production was examined. The holocellulose, cellulose and lignin contents of the hemp stalks were 79.7%, 52.0% and 22.2%, respectively, while fiber length, fiber width and lumen diameter were 0.60 mm, 28.8 µm and 13.4 µm, respectively. In line with these data, pulp production was carried out by cooking the hemp stalks with the Kraft cooking method. The yield, kappa number and viscosity values of pulp obtained from hemp stalks were determined as 48.2%, 39 and 1400 cm3/g, respectively. The breaking length and brightness values of the papers produced from these pulps were measured as 6.87 km and 33.34% ISO, respectively. Consequently, high yield and strength pulps can be produced from hemp stalks free of bast fibers, and since it has a low kappa number and high viscosity, it can be easily bleached.

In this study, Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum were evaluated as raw material for pulp and paper production. 12 different sodium borohydride (NaBH4) added cooking trials were performed for each sample and kraft method was used for pulp production. Pulp properties, such as yield, kappa number and viscosity, and physical properties, such as breaking length and burst index, were determined for each trial. Besides, the effects of active alkali and NaBH4 on the pulp and paper properties were also examined. Optimum cooking conditions were obtained by using 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-free cooking experiments and 0.5 % NaBH4 and 18 % active alkali for NaBH4-added cooking experiments. In NaBH4-added pulping condition, the screened yield, kappa number and viscosity of R. luteum were found to be 43.4 %, 40.1 and 949 cm3/g1, respectively. The respective values for R. ponticum were 41.9 %, 44.5 and 885 cm3/g1. The screened yields of R. luteum and R. ponticum increased by about 2.8 % and 5.3 %, respectively, with 5 % addition of NaBH4 compared to NaBH4-free cooking experiments. Furthermore, with the addition of NaBH4, the kappa numbers decreased while the viscosity increased. The physical properties of the produced papers were also improved by using NaBH4 in cooking liquor. According to the obtained results, it was found that R. luteum and R. ponticum species can be evaluated for pulp and paper production., U ovom je radu istražena mogućnost uporabe biljaka Rhododendron luteum i Rhododendron ponticum kao sirovine za proizvodnju celuloze i papira. Za svaki uzorak provedeno je 12 različitih ispitivanja kuhanja s natrijevim borhidridom (NaBH4), a celuloza je proizvedena kraft postupkom. Za svako ispitivanje određena su svojstva celuloze poput prinosa, kappa broja i viskoznosti, te fizička svojstva kao što su duljina lomljenja i indeks pucanja papira. Osim toga, ispitani su učinci aktivne lužine i NaBH4 na svojstva celuloze i papira. Optimalni uvjeti kuhanja postignuti su upotrebom 18 % aktivne lužine za eksperimentalno kuhanje bez NaBH4 i upotrebom 0,5 % NaBH4 i 18 % aktivne lužine za eksperimentalno kuhanje s dodatkom NaBH4. U proizvodnji celuloze iz biljke R. luteum s dodatkom NaBH4 utvrđeno je da prinos prosijavanja iznosi 43,4 %, da je kappa broj 40,1, a viskoznost 949 cm3/g, dok su vrijednosti za celulozu dobivenu iz biljke R. ponticum redom 41,9 %, 44,5 i 885 cm3/g. Prinos prosijavanja biljaka R. luteum i R. ponticum uz dodatak 5 % NaBH4 povećao se oko 2,8 % i 5,3 % u usporedbi s eksperimentalnim kuhanjem bez dodatka NaBH4. Nadalje, uz dodatak NaBH4 smanjuju se kappa brojevi, a viskoznosti se povećavaju. Fizička svojstva proizvedenih papira također se poboljšavaju dodavanjem NaBH4 tekućini za kuhanje. Iz dobivenih je rezultata utvrđeno da se biljke R. luteum i R. ponticum mogu upotrebljavati u proizvodnji celuloze i papira.

PURPOSE In our study, tumor heterogeneity was evaluated using the parameters skewness and kurtosis on pretreatment Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT to assess therapy responses of lesions in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP NETs) treated with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). METHOD We retrospectively studied the texture analysis with relatively simple first-order parameters skewness and kurtosis on pretreatment Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT from 22 patients (eight females, 14 males; with a mean age: 54 ± 11 years) with GEP NETs who were treated with 2-6 therapy cycles of Lu-177 DOTA-TATE. A total of 326 lesions of 22 patients were evaluated in terms of treatment response by Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT examination performed before and after treatment. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to assess skewness and kurtosis to discriminate between responder and nonresponder lesions. RESULT A total of 326 lesions of 22 patients were evaluated and 137 lesions responded partially or completely to the treatment, 189 lesions did not respond to treatment, remained stable or progressed. The skewness and kurtosis values of the lesions which did not respond to the PRRT were significantly higher than those with response to PRRT treatment (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). However, ROC curves provided a moderate area under the curve value for skewness and a relatively low value for kurtosis (0.619 and 0.518, respectively). CONCLUSION Texture analysis using skewness and kurtosis of the lesions on pretreatment Ga-68 DOTA-TATE PET/CT was able to predict their responsiveness to PRRT.

This study aimed to evaluate eggshell wastes, which have the potential to turn into high value-added products in paper industry. Membrane-removed eggshell wastes were subjected to certain processes of washing, drying, grinding, and sieving. The final product of eggshell calcium carbonate (ECC) was used in office paper production as filler, and its possible effect on physical and optical properties of papers was investigated. Mixed office wastes were turned pulp using as raw material of office paper production. Moreover, the effects of ECC was compared with the use of industrial calcium carbonates of ground (GCC) and precipitated (PCC) forms as filler. Breaking lengths of the papers were shown to reduce up to 65.2, 76.6, and 64.1% by a 30% usage of GCC, PCC, and ECC fillers, respectively. PCC and GCC were more effective in improved optical properties of papers than ECC. The brightness values were measured to be 96.8, 98.4, and 93.1 ISO% with a 30% dosage of GCC, PCC, and ECC fillers, respectively. These results suggested that ECC can be used as filler in paper industry.

Rejenere lifler, selüloz veya protein esaslı doğal polimerlerden elde edilen yapay liflerdir. Bu liflerin polimerleri lif haline dönüştürülürken kimyasal yapılarında değişiklik oluşmaz sadece fiziksel yapıları değişir. Dünyada, rejenere viskoz rayon lifi üretiminde hammadde olarak en çok kayın ve ladin ağaçları kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, rejenere lif üretiminde kızılçam ağacı kullanılmış olup bu ağaç Türkiye’de en geniş yayılım alanlarına sahip ve en çok yetişen iğne yapraklı ağaç türüdür. Rejenere lif üretimi için öncelikle Kraft-KBH4(potasyum borhidrür) metodu ile ham selüloz elde edilmiş daha sonra bu ham selülozdan standartlara bağlı kalınarak α-selüloz(alfa selüloz-saf selüloz) elde edilmiş ve son aşamada ise bu saf selülozdan yaş lif çekim yöntemiyle rejenere viskoz rayon lifi üretilmiştir. Elde edilen saf selülozdan yaklaşık %90-95 verimde ve istenilen özelliklerde rejenere viskoz rayon lifi üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Migfer kartonlar, tamamen oluklu mukavva atiklarindan, kullanim alanina gore 165 ile 450 g/m2 araliginda uretilen ve bobin gobegi (temizlik kagitlari, masura vb.) olarak kullanilan bir karton cesididir. Migfer kartonlarin uretimi sirasinda kalenderleme islemi uygulanmamaktadir. Bu calismada, migfer kartonlarin yuzey ozelliklilerini iyilestirmek icin farkli sicaklik, basinc ve sure altinda karton yuzeylerine kalenderleme islemi uygulanmistir. Calismada 165, 275 ve 400 g/m2 migfer kartonlara 110, 130, 150 ve 170 oC sicakliklarda, 3 ve 5 saniye surelerde ve 10, 15, 20 ve 25 bar basinc altinda kalenderleme islemi uygulanmistir. Daha sonra kartonlarin yuzey ozelliklerinden yuzey puruzlulugu, kat ayrimi ve hava gecirgenligi ozellikleri belirlenerek kalenderleme kosullarinin bu ozellikler uzerine etkileri belirlenmistir. Calisma sonucunda, kalenderleme isleminin migfer kartonlara uygulanmasinin puruzluluk, kat ayrimi ve hava gecirgenligi gibi yuzey ozellikleri uzerinde olumlu bir etki gosterdigi tespit edilmis olup kalenderleme islemi uygulanan migfer kartonlara uygulanacak baskinin kalitesini de artiracagi dusunulmektedir.

It is very important that the shielding material used in radiation treatment and imaging centers can effectively protect against radiation and that this material is cost-effective. Therefore, studies are underway on the development of different types of shielding materials. In this study, radiation absorption properties of sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) and sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) coated wall papers were investigated. The beta radiation absorption properties of these elements which are applied on wall papers in different densities (100% precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), 2.5 g, 5 g, and 7.5 g amounts of Na2WO4 and Na2MoO4 and various thicknesses (0.172-0.258 mm) were investigated. The wallpapers were irradiated with 4 MeV-energized electrons and measurements were taken with the PTW brand electron detector. The linear absorption coefficients of the wallpapers were obtained and half value layer (HVL) and one-tenth value layer (TVL) were calculated from these results. According to the results, it is observed that the beta radiation absorption properties of these wallpapers increase as the density of Na2WO4 and Na2MoO4 increases and as the coating thickness increases in the coating materials used to cover the surface of the wallpapers.

Bu çalışmada endüstriyel ürün imalatında sıkça kullanılan, Türkiye’ de yetişen bazı yerli ahşap türlerinin, CNC lazerle işlenebilme performansları araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, endüstriyel ahşap ürün imalat sektörüne yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Araştırmada 130 watt gücünde karbondioksit gazlı tüple çalışan CNC lazerle, deney örneklerine %70 watt lazer gücü ve 5 mm/s lazer kesim hızı uygulanmıştır. 3 tür yapraklı ağaç ve 3 tür iğne yapraklı ağaç olmak üzere toplam 6 farklı ağaç türü kullanılmıştır. Her bir ahşap türünün liflere dik, liflere paralel ve liflere enine yönde lazer kesim yönlerinin, yoğunluğunun ve anatomik yapısının lazer işleme performansına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak en yüksek lazer işleme performansı, düşük yoğunluklu, yıllık halkadaki yaz odunu iştirak oranı ve hücre çeper kalınlığı az olan ahşap malzemelerin, liflere dik yönde lazer kesimlerinden elde edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada kızılçam (Pinus brutia) odunu yongalarından kağıt hamuru üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine ilave edilen potasyum borhidrürün (KBH4) kağıt hamuru özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Optimum pişirme koşulunun belirlenmesi için farklı koşullarda 36 adet pişirme denemesi yapılmıştır. Üretilen kağıt hamurlarının kimyasal, fiziksel ve optik özellikleri belirlenmiş ve KBH4’ün bu özellikler üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda, pişirme çözeltisine %7 KBH4 ilavesi ile toplam verim ve viskozite değerleri sırasıyla %8.4 ve %6.4 oranlarında artarken kappa numarası ise %15.3 oranında azalmıştır. Üretilen kağıtların parlaklık derecesi, kopma uzunluğu, patlama ve yırtılma indisleri ise sırasıyla %12.2, %8.4, %30.4 ve %21.6 oranlarında artmıştır. Sonuç olarak, kızılçam odunlarından kraft yöntemi ile kağıt hamuru üretiminde ortama ilave edilen KBH4’ün kağıt hamuru özellikleri üzerine olumlu yönde etkiler gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.

Background In this study, 13 different extracts were investigated which are grown in the region of Erzurum. Objective The aim of this study was to screen various plant extracts that are known and used for medicinal purposes such as Ferula communis L., Rumex patientia L., Gundelia tournefortii L., Rheum ribes L., Asphodeline taurica, Polygonum arenastrum, Allium schoenoprasum L., and Ferula orientalis L. Materials and methods Medicinal parts of plants such as leaves, flowers, and stems were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays: Centaury and Blackthorn. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antimicrobial properties were also determined. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were investigated by the microdilution method and the agar diffusion method respectively. Results Accordingly, the results of the Rheum ribes L. plant have the highest antioxidant activity among all analyses made. But in almost all antioxidant analysis methods, the lowest antioxidant activity was found in Ferula orientalis L. According to the antibacterial analysis applied, it was found that the plant extracts were generally more effective on yeast strains than the test bacteria used; that is, most of the plants have antifungal effect. Conclusions Due to their antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, the extracts of these plants might be used as natural sources in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Aim of study: This study was carried out to evaluate canola (Brassica napus L.) stalks as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. Area of study: This work was carried out in Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Faculty of Forestry, Pulp and Paper Production Laboratory. Material and Methods: Before pulping procedure, the chemical components of the canola stalks were investigated. The holocellulose, alpha cellulose, lignin, and ash contents and NaOH (1%) and cold-hot water solubilities were determined. Modified kraft cooking method was used for pulping from canola stalk by using sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Sulfidity charge; 26, 28, 30%, and NaBH4 charge; 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5% were changed while keeping constant temperature (150 oC), time (120 min) and alkali charge (20%). For determination of the optimum pulping condition, 12 cooking experiments were performed to canola stalks. In addition, the physical and optical properties of the papers produced from the obtained pulps were also determined. Main results: The holocellulose (72.10%) and lignin (13.15%) contents of the canola stalks were found to be similar with hardwoods. The optimum cooking condition was determined as 20% active alkali, 28% sulfidity and 0.5% NaBH4 charges (as NaOH) and the total pulp yield were obtained about 44.7% in this condition. Besides, the addition of NaBH4 increased pulp yield by 24.1% and decreased kappa number by 9.7%. Research highlights: It was concluded that obtained results demonstrate the suitability of canola stalk for pulp and paper production and NaBH4 is an effective cooking additive for the pulp yield.

The printability properties of the paper can be increased by some processes applied to the surface. The use of non-recyclable materials derived from petroleum is decreasing day by day, and the demand for recyclable materials obtained from renewable sources is increasing. These materials include cellulose derivatives, starch types and polyvinyl alcohol. The materials ratios, sizes, physical and chemical properties of these materials used in the processes applied to the paper and the content of the paper will affect the strength of the paper as well as change the surface properties and significantly affect the printability. The aim of this study is to obtain better printability properties by improving the paper surface with CNF/CNF-OX coating. In this study, fluting and core board papers coated with different amounts of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/cellulose nanofiber-oxidized (CNF-OX) were produced. Surface properties, contact angle, surface energy, color and gloss of the produced papers were measured by optical microscope, goniometer, spectrophotometer and glossmeter. The papers were printed with the IGT C1 offset printability tester. As a result, in terms of printability, it was determined that CNF/CNF-OX coated papers have smoother surfaces and give better results in terms of both gloss properties and printability. [GRAPHICS] . WOS:000637661300003 2-s2.0-85103957996

In this study, the effects of potassium borohydride (KBH4) added to the cooking liquor (white liquor) in pulp and paper production from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) woods on the chemical, physical and optical properties of the pulp were investigated. Soda (NaOH) method, which is one of the environmentally friendly cooking methods, was used in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia woods. By adding 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% KBH4 to the white liquor, four different cooking experiments were carried out. The yields, kappa numbers and viscosity values of the pulps were measured with the relevant standards. Test papers were produced from each pulp and their physical and optical properties were determined. With 0.7% KBH4 added to the cooking solution, the total yield and viscosity increased by 9.54% and 10.4%, respectively compared to KBH4-free pulp, while the kappa number decreased by 9.48%. As a result of statistical analysis, it has been observed that there is no significant difference between the physical and optical properties of the papers produced from KBH4-free and KBH4-added pulps. Consequently, it was concluded that adding KBH4 to the white liquor in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia wood with soda method, positively affected the chemical properties of the pulps and did not have a significant effect on the physical and optical properties., Bu çalışmada, yalancı akasya (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) odunlarından kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine (beyaz çözelti) eklenen potasyum borhidrürün (KBH4) kağıt hamurunun kimyasal, fiziksel ve optik özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. R. pseudoacacia odunlarından kağıt hamuru üretiminde çevre dostu pişirme yöntemlerinden biri olan Soda (NaOH) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Beyaz çözeltiye %0, 0.3, 0.5 ve 0.7 KBH4 ilave edilerek dört farklı pişirme deneyi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kağıt hamurlarının verimleri, kappa sayıları ve viskozite değerleri ilgili standartlara bağlı kalınarak ölçülmüştür. Her bir deneyden elde edilen kağıt hamurlarından test kağıtları üretilerek fiziksel ve optik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Beyaz çözeltiye eklenen %0.7 KBH4 ile toplam verim ve viskozite, KBH4 içermeyen kağıt hamurlarına göre sırasıyla %9.54 ve %10.4 artarken, kappa sayısı %9,48 azalmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda KBH4 içermeyen ve KBH4 katkılı kağıt hamurlarından üretilen kağıtların fiziksel ve optik özellikleri arasında önemli bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, yalancı akasya odunlarından soda yöntemi ile kağıt hamuru üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine KBH4 ilave edilmesinin kimyasal özellikleri olumlu yönde etkilediği, fiziksel ve optik özellikler üzerinde belirgin bir etki göstermediği sonucuna varılmıştır

The influence of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was investigated as a reinforcing agent to improve strength properties of papersheets fabricated from recycled pulp fibers of mixtures of old newspapers, old magazines, and old corrugated cardboards. To determine the effects of the NFC on the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled pulp papers, cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) were isolated from wheat straw, pretreated chemically and enzymatically (NFC-OX), and then added to the bulk suspensions of papermaking pulp slurries at various percentages. The electrokinetic and drainage properties of the pulps and the mechanical and physical properties of the papersheets were analyzed and compared. As expected, the addition of NFC/NFC-OX significantly increased the strength properties of papers. Papers containing 4% of NFC-OX (periodate pretreated) presented higher increases in tensile index (43%) and burst index (59.3%) than other papers. However, a high addition of NFC/NFC-OX increased the water retention, which is undesirable for papermaking. Hence, with optimum selection of NFC/NFC-OX and process conditions, higher mechanical properties could be acquired without increasing drainage rate. Compared to the other pretreated NFC/NFC-OX types, sodium-periodate-oxidized NFC-OX samples significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505, 5180044] The authors would like to thank to KMK Paper Co. for their kind support and provision of recycled pulps. This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000616046900065

Viscose rayon fibers are obtained from purified cellulose. It is consumed that in our country around 250 thousand tons per year. It is an important product that is imported 1.5 billion dollars a year. Viscose rayon fibers are obtained from natural and renewable sources and the use of natural materials instead of petroleum sources which are depleted every day in production are important advantages both in environmental and economic terms. 96% of cotton fibers are pure cellulose. In this paper, cotton wastes were used in regenerated fiber production. Firstly, raw fibers produced by cotton wastes, then α-cellulose was produced according to the standards from this fibers and in the last stage regenerated viscose rayon fiber was produced from this α-cellulose by wet fiber spinning method in 93% yield were produced by wet fiber spinning method. It was obtained that viscose rayon fibers were found to have similar values to the properties of viscose rayon fibers imported from abroad. In general, with this raw material source, which is generally disposed of, a new product with high efficiency and high added value has been obtained., Viskoz rayon lifleri saflaştırılmış selülozdan elde edilen ve ülkemizde yılda yaklaşık 250 bin ton civarında tüketilen, 1.5 milyar dolarlık ithalatı yapılan önemli bir üründür. Viskoz rayon lifleri doğal ve yenilenebilir kaynaklardan elde edilmekte olup üretiminde her geçen gün tükenmekte olan petrol kaynakları yerine doğal materyallerin kullanılması hem çevresel hem de ekonomik anlamda önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Pamuk liflerinin %96’lık kısmı saf selülozdan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, pamuk teleflerinden standartlara bağlı kalınarak α-selüloz(alfa selüloz-saf selüloz) polimerleri elde edilmiş olup daha sonra yaş lif çekim yöntemiyle α-selülozdan %93 verimde rejenere viskoz rayon lifleri üretilmiştir. Elde edilen viskoz rayon liflerinin yurt dışından ithal edilen viskoz rayon liflerinin özelliklerine benzer değerler taşıdığı tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak atılmakta olan bu hammadde kaynağı ile yüksek verimli ve yüksek katma değerli yeni ürün elde edilmiştir.

In most uses where wood material needs impregnation or dimensional stability is essential, the properties of sapwood and heartwood should be taken into account. Also, due to the structural differences between heartwood and sapwood, differences in the strength of wood materials should be predicted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the differences between the mechanical properties of sapwood and heartwood of some important fast-growing forest trees. For this purpose, two softwoods (Pinus sylvestris) and (Pinus brutia) and two hardwoods (Populus usbekistanica) and (Eucalyptus grandis) were selected as test trees. Compression strength parallel to grain (CS ǁ), static quality value (IS), bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), tensile strength perpendicular to grain (TS⊥), shearing strength parallel to grain (SS ǁ), impact bending strength (IBS), dynamic quality value (ID) and Janka hardness values (JH) of sapwood and heartwood of test trees were determined in laboratory studies. The results of the t-test analysis showed that all mentioned mechanical properties of sapwood and heartwood of test trees were separated from each other as significant, except the shear strength of Eucalyptus, dynamic quality values of red pine and Scots pine and Janka hardness value of red pine. Finally, the results of the study revealed that the differences between sapwood and heartwood strength should be taken into account when wood species are used in constructions and other sensitive areas., U većini primjera uporabe drva u kojima je potrebna impregnacija ili je postojanost dimenzija iznimno važna treba uzeti u obzir različita svojstva drva bjeljike i srži. Usto, zbog strukturnih razlika između srži i bjeljike treba predvidjeti i razlike u njihovoj čvrstoći. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi razlike između mehaničkih svojstava srži i bjeljike nekih važnih brzorastućih šumskih vrsta drva. Stoga su za izradu uzoraka odabrane dvije vrste četinjača (Pinus sylvestris i Pinus brutia) i dvije vrste listača (Populus usbekistanica i Eucalyptus grandis). U laboratorijskim su uvjetima za uzorke drva četinjača i drva listača određena ova svojstva: tlačna čvrstoća paralelno s vlakancima (CS ǁ), vrijednost statičke kvalitete (IS), čvrstoća na savijanje (MOR), modul elastičnosti (MOE), vlačna čvrstoća okomito na vlakanca (TS⊥), smična čvrstoća paralelno s vlakancima (SS ǁ), čvrstoća drva na udarce (IBS), vrijednost dinamičke kvalitete (ID) i tvrdoća po Janki (JH). Rezultati usporedbe uz pomoć t-testa pokazali su da se istraživana mehanička svojstva drva bjeljike i srži znatno razlikuju, osim smične čvrstoće drva eukalipta, dinamičkih vrijednosti kvalitete drva crvenog bora i običnog bora te tvrdoće drva crvenog bora po Janki. Zaključno, rezultati studije pokazali su da je pri upotrebi drva brzorastućih vrsta u graditeljstvu i drugim osjetljivim područjima nužno uzeti u obzir razlike među mehaničkim svojstvima drva bjeljike i srži.