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Aim/Purpose: Our study explores the perspectives of international doctoral graduates on ‎‎(national) dissertation assessment in China.‎ Background: In the absence of national standards or in the presence of impractical ones ‎for assessing doctoral dissertations, these factors have inevitably led to what ‎‎Granovsky et al. (1992, p. 375) called “up to standard rejected” and “below ‎standard accepted.” Improving upon this debate, this study examines the ‎lived experiences of seven doctoral graduates who have completed their ‎doctoral degrees in a leading university in China.‎ Methodology: An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) method was used, which ‎entails seven participant observations, seven semi-structured e-interviews, and ‎‎29 external reviews.‎ Contribution: In the present study, we addressed the issue of doctoral dissertation assessment ‎standards ‎with a view to enhancing understanding of the quality of doctoral ‎education. It ‎emphasizes the strengths of this aspect in China and critically describes the ‎weaknesses based on the experiences of doctoral ‎graduates in China.‎ Findings: Among the major findings of this study are: (a) the external review of the ‎dissertations presented in the literature review appears to be extremely unique ‎in comparison to the countries discussed in the literature and the countries of ‎the participants (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania, and Yemen); (b) the ‎national assessment strengthens higher education on a macro level, but is ‎detrimental at the micro-level; and (c) while external reviews appear credible ‎as a policy towards the standardization of doctoral dissertation assessment, ‎this credibility evaporates when one considers the quality of reviews provided ‎and the motivation of reviewers to pass or reject a dissertation, including the ‎supervisor’s exclusion from this process.‎ Recommendations for Practitioners: Students seeking a doctoral degree or dissertation should become familiar ‎with the A-Z detail of the requirements for the degree and thesis. In addition ‎to meeting this overt requirement, their efforts must also be directed to meet ‎the covert requirements, including the requirements of the ‎external reviewers, their supervisors, and the country’s laws. There is a ‎necessity for external reviewers to rethink their decisions and attempt to ‎assess objectively, putting aside their personal views and preferences. There is ‎a need to re-examine the flexibility granted to external reviewers for making ‎decisions regarding doctoral degrees.‎ Recommendation for Researchers: Future research should consider involving an increased number of parties in ‎the conflict between doctoral students, supervisors, and external reviewers.‎ Impact on Society: The Chinese government allocates ‎substantial resources for doctoral studies for both international and local students. The spending of government funds on a doctoral student for four years or more, and then the degree is decided by an external reviewer, is uneconomical on the level of financial capital and human capital. Doctoral students are also human beings, and it does not seem ‎logical that one should judge the quality of their efforts over the course of ‎three or more years by reading the doctoral dissertation once. While they were ‎pursuing their doctoral degrees, they kept their families apart, they lived alone, ‎struggled to make it through hardships, and were easily ‎destroyed.‎ Future Research: In the future, more interviews may be conducted with respondents belonging ‎to a variety of universities in China, including Chinese students. Additionally, ‎supervisors and external reviewers (if available) should be included. Last but ‎not least, including decision-makers in Chinese higher education can give ‎future research more credibility.‎

Obesity is associated with significant morbidities and life-threatening conditions. Evidence shows that obesity in the pediatric population has increased by ten folds recently. This has been attributed to the remarkable recent alternations in socioeconomic factors and the overall increase in the incidence of obesity among the different populations. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases is usually initiated in childhood. Previous studies indicates that early identification and proper treatment of dyslipidemia in the pediatric population can significantly reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and associated morbidities. Therefore, it is vital to screen children's lipid profiles to identify dyslipidemia and apply better interventions. This can significantly reduce the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases and accelerated atherosclerosis. The present study aims to identify the diagnostic criteria and various lipid screening approaches proposed in the literature to identify dyslipidemia in children. Two main approaches for screening dyslipidemia in children were reported. These include universal and selective screening approaches. While the latter is recommended to identify high-risk children, universal screening is also recommended to identify children missed by targeted screening (usually treated by pharmacological modalities).

The polarization process, such as orientational, space charge, atomic and electronic polarization, were studied for the wood reinforced epoxy composites with different fiber weight percentages, chemical modification, and frequencies from a range of 100 Hz to 2 MHz, respectively. The dielectric test for all composite samples was conducted to identify the composite's dielectric properties to investigate the behaviors and contribution of the polarization process at different conditions. The composite's permittivity was increasing as the fiber content increasing in which this increase was high at low, medium frequencies due to interfaces and orientation polarization and low at high frequencies, which could be the reason for decreasing interfacial and orientational polarization. The increase in fiber content resulted in higher dipolar groups in the material, enhancing orientational polarization. The chemical treatments reduced the water content and strong interface bonding; hence less orientation and interfacial polarization were observed. It was evident that the frequency, fiber content, and chemical treatments directly affect the dielectric properties with an increase of 39 percent from fibers' addition. The highest observed permittivity was 3.68, which is appropriate for the low-k dielectric application, and the lowest loss observed was 0.098 observed at 20 wt% fiber loading.

The purpose of this study is to market the Nubian character and to highlight the interesting artistic aspects of the Nubian heritage and to show the world its beautiful appearance. Nubia is considered one of the most significant areas with tourism components. Such components have not been exploited efficiently, which affects negatively the local development of the region. A survey is conducted a group of tourists that viewed the Nubian characters to get acquainted with their views on the provided tourism services. The results indicate that there is an agreement which there was a high level of motivation of travelling to the Nubian society.in addition to the statements Advantages of the Nubian inheritance. Moreover, the results showed that the hotel services provided in Nubian society were characterized by high level of service, which the statement of the quality of food and decor have the highest level of services provided in Nubian. Finally, implications and recommendations are discussed based on the results

The use of telemedicine technology (TMT) has been increasing in Saudi Arabia in the past few years. However, its effectiveness is limited by levels of use (LoU) and acceptance, notably among physicians. Furthermore, there is lack of data regarding the acceptance of TMT in primary healthcare (PHC). Objective: To explore the acceptance of TMT among PHC family medicine physicians (FMP) using the technology acceptance model (TAM), and to analyze eventual external factors. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ministry of Health (MoH) primary healthcare centers (PHCCs) in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia, during June – October 2021. A cluster sampling method was used to recruit 150 FMPs. An electronic questionnaire was designed based on TAM, and comprised four subscales: current LoU, perceived usefulness or harmfulness (PUH) of TMT in primary care, perceived ease of use (PEoU), and behavioral intention to use TMT. All four subscales enabled calculation of scores. Result: All subscales showed good reliability. The mean (SD) PUH score was 61.17 (18.69) out of 100, and perceptions were significantly positive for 23 out of the 25 PUH items (mean score >0, p-value Behavioral intention model sowed PEoU to be the sole independent factor for behavioral intention (B=0.65; 95% CI = 0.54, 0.75; p Conclusion: FMPs in Riyadh have favorable perceptions towards TMT and its implementation in PHC. However, there are reservations with regards to quality care, training of healthcare professionals, financial, and social stability of the physicians. Keywords: telemedicine technology, perceived usefulness of harmfulness, behavioral intention, medical students, family medicine physicians, subscales.

Pregnancy and childbirth are experienced as physical and psychological challenges for most women. Drawing upon the McClusky'stheory of margin, we developed a 5-point Likert response scale questionnaire and collected data from29 pregnant and parenting Pakistani graduate students studying in Beijing, China. Descriptive statistical analysis techniques and a number of generated formulas based on the theory of margin were applied to the questionnaire to examine family, social, academic, financial, physical and personal factors affecting pregnant students. We also used McClusky‘s theory to analyse the questionnaire responses. Our results indicate that the margin (M=L/P) values were greater for support of husband and family, which are the largest sources of power for pregnant graduate Pakistani students. The calculated values of power were greater than those of load for the six factors, resulting into margin values of less than 1 for all these factors (family=0.379 , academic=0.73, social=0.74, financial=0.633, physical and self=0.877) . The study has implications for future research in terms of finding more plausible measures to load, power and margin in higher education, and for policy of higher education to incorporate psychological factors of pregnant graduate students.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the universality of the Gricean theory of conversational Implicature and its application to the modern standard arabic on political speeches

Purpose: To see if there is a correlation between interference and short-term memory recall and to examine interference as a factor affecting memory recalling of Arabic and abstract words through free, cued, and serial recall tasks. Method: Four groups of undergraduates in King Saud University, Saudi Arabia participated in this study. The first group consisted of 9 undergraduates who were trained to perform three types of recall for 20 Arabic abstract and concrete words. The second, third and fourth groups consisted of 27 undergraduates where each group was trained only to perform one recall type: free recall, cued recall and serial recall respectively. Interference (short-term memory interruption) was the independent variable and a number of recalled abstract and concrete words was the dependent variable. The used materials in this study were: abstract and concrete words classification form based on four factors was distributed to the participants (concreteness, imageability, meaningfulness, and age of acquisition), three oral recall forms, three written recall forms, and observation sheets for each type of recall. Also, three methods were used: auditory, visual, and written methods. Results: Findings indicated that interference effect on short-term memory recall of Arabic abstract and concrete words was not significant especially in the case of free and serial recall paradigms. The difference between the total number of recalled Arabic abstract and concrete words was also very slight. One other the hand, we came to the conclusion that Pearson’s correlation between interference at these memory recall paradigms (M: 1.66, SD= .47) and the short-term memory recall (M: 1.75, SD= .43) supported the research hypothesis that those participants with oral interruptions tended to recall slightly less Arabic abstract and concrete words, whereas those participants with no oral interruptions would tend to recall slightly more Arabic abstract and concrete words, r = .713, p< 0.01. Conclusions: Interference as a factor affecting short-term memory recall didn’t show any significant effect where there was a noticeable increase or decrease in the number of recalled words; although, it is moderately yet positively correlated to short-term memory recall. Keywords: abstract words, concrete words, words recall, free recall, cued recall, serial recall, recall effects, interference, short-term memory

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the barriers preventing staff from reporting medical errors and identifying the strategies which might encourage the staff reporting the medical errors at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Method: The data was collected using a questionnaire where random sampling was used to represent the hospitals of Riyadh city, a represented sample of 467 clinical staff (physicians , nurses) from 9 different hospitals and above from both males and females. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were used to identify the barriers and the strategies towards improvement of medical errors reporting. Results: There were actually no gender significant differences―Saudi and non-Saudi, physicians and nurses regarding response to barriers and the strategies. There were also no significant differences between types of hospitals regarding barriers and strategies reporting. r=.482>.05 and r = .701>.05. However, there was a significance difference between age structures regarding the barriers reporting. r=.000

Purpose: To see if pragmatic language development PLD is really associated with early childhood education EChE or vice versa, and if the preschoolers’ group will perform pragmatically better than the nonpreschoolers’ group due to enrollment in EChE in the Arabic version of the test of pragmatic language TOPL-2. Method: Thirty Saudi female pupils with normal abilities were purposefully selected and divided into two groups where 15 were identified as preschoolers and 15 as non-preschoolers, in the age range of 6-7 and who were attending the 1 grade elementary school level, have taken a screening test that measures pragmatic language ability PLA, namely the Arabic version of the TOPL-2 in a period of 40 minutes for each. Results and conclusions: Descriptives, frequencies and graphs’ statistical analyses were performed to test the difference between the preschoolers and non-preschoolers’ achievement in pragmatic using the Arabic test of pragmatic language A-TOPL. The means and standard deviations of the two groups were very close to one another (M: 9.53, SD: 2.29 and M: 8.20, SD: 2.40). Also, the highest percentage in both the preschoolers’ and non-preschoolers’ groups was under the average’s category (73.33 for the former and 93.33 for the latter) with only two cases under the superior category and two under above average in the preschoolers’ group and four cases under the below average category in the counterpart group. Besides, a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was computed to assess the relationship between PLD and EChE. There was a negative correlation between the two variables, r= 0-.610, n=15, and p= 0.016. A scatter-plot summarizing this result approved also a zero relationship between the two variables. Overall, there was a negative correlation between PLD and EChE. Enrollment in preschool education does neither affect nor is related to PLD.

Purpose: To identify typical and atypical pragmatic language impairment PLI manifestations and determine the strengths and weaknesses of different types of pragmatic skills using an Arabic version of Test of Pragmatic Language TOPL-2. Methods: Twelve individuals (F: 5, M: 7) clinically diagnosed with different types of developmental dysphasia DDSLI (n: 6), DLD (n: 4), LD (n: 1), and (DLAPh: 1) between 6 and 12 years old took an Arabic version of the TOPL-2. The test was administered twice to assure the consistency of the elicited data. Results: The results of the doubled-administration of the Arabic TOPL-2 are somewhat but not completely consistent. Participants manifested more atypical PLI manifestations than typical ones. There might be an intricate relationship between pragmatic competence PC and Intelligence quotient IQ test performance. The participants' PC levels did not correspond to their real ages and grades, which affected their school achievement and social lives. Finally, PLI severity seems to be controlled by the primary disorder type: congenital (developmental-dysphasia), biolinguistic (genetic) or neurolinguistic (acquired child aphasia). Conclusions: The used psycholinguistic marker, the Arabic TOPL-2, could give a proposed order for the most atypical PLI manifestations and many typical ones .

Purpose: To briefly introduce base component of transformational generative grammar (TGG). Method: The study is mainly descriptive where previous and related studies are reviewed and presented to reach a view about the base component of TGG. Results: Base component serves as input to two basic elements of language which are semantic rules and deep structure. Semantic rules give semantic representation. Deep structure leads to transformational rules or transformations which again lead to surface structure. Conclusions: Base component has been introduced and modified in different stages under standard theory (ST) and then it has been modified to extended standard theory (EST). Later on and as a recent modification of this theory, it has been introduced in terms of what is known in nowadays as revised extended standard theory (REST).

Purpose: To account for the rise and fall of transformational generative grammar (TGG). Method: The researcher followed a descriptive research approach where the presentation of this paper is totally based on previous studies accounting for TGG. Results: There were many reasons for the rise of TGG including: innovativeness of this approach, its presentation in relation to other fields like mathematics a logic, providing more reasonable answers for controversial issue in regard to language, etc.. On the other hand, there were many reason that have lead to the fall of this approach including: ambiguity resulting from integration with other fields, namely mathematics and logic, rise of sub-schools most importantly generative semantics, frequent modifications of the proposed theory, etc.. Conclusions: In spite of the fact that TGG was able to approach language innovatively but it seemed clearly to link human cognitive abilities to the proposed theory. More focus was based on the sentence level ignoring meaning and text.

Purpose: Where do phonetics and phonology meet and differ from one another as two field of linguistics? Method: The study is mainly descriptive where previous and related studies are reviewed and presented to reach a view about phonetics and phonology as similar, different or identical. Results: Phonetics and phonology are two different fields of linguistics which are related to one another. Phonetics is the concrete study of sounds. On the other hand, phonology is the abstract study of sounds. Moreover, phonetics and phonology are integrated two fields of linguistics but they are not identical. Conclusions: Phonetics is concrete in contrast to phonology which is abstract. Additionally, phonetics is learned while phonology is acquired.

Purpose: : The present paper explores whether a correlation exists between motivation and short-term memory recalling and examines motivation as a factor affecting memory recalling of Arabic concrete and abstract words through free, cued, and serial recall tasks. Method: Four groups of undergraduates at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia participated in this study. The first group consisted of 9 undergraduates who were trained to perform three types of recall for 20 Arabic abstract and concrete words. The second, third and fourth groups consisted of 27 undergraduates where each group member was trained only to perform one recall type: free recall, cued recall and serial recall respectively. Motivation was the independent variable and number of recalled abstract and concrete words was the dependent variable. The used materials in this study were: abstract and concrete words classification form based on four factors distributed to the participants (concreteness, image ability, meaningfulness, and age of acquisition), three oral recall forms, three written recall forms, and observation sheets for each type of recall. Three methods were used: auditory, visual, and written. Results: The statistical analysis indicated that the percentage of the retrieved words by the control group was slightly lower than that of the experimental group in the case of free and serial recall paradigms. In other words, the effect of motivation on short-term memory recall was found partial. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was also computed to assess the relationship between motivation (one recall trail, that is recalling only either freely, supportably (with cues), or serially [as compared to those who recalled the words freely, supportably, and serially) and short-term memory recall (recalled Arabic abstract and concrete words). The participants with a motivational stimulus tended to recall slightly more Arabic abstract and concrete words, whereas those participants with no motivational stimulus tended to recall slightly less Arabic abstract and concrete words, r = .713, p< 0.01. Conclusions: Motivation effect on short-term memory recall of Arabic abstract and concrete words was not significant especially in the case of free and serial recall paradigms. However, Pearson’s correlation supported the research hypothesis that there was a moderate positive correlation between the two variables, r = 0.713, n = 440, p = 0.000, with R2 = .508.

The purpose of the study is to see whether abstract or concrete words are better recalled in cued recall type and to measure forward and backward displayed factors in cued recall. 9 undergraduates in King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, participated in this study where they were trained to differentiate between abstract and concrete words. A list of 20 Arabic abstract and concrete words was then given to them to be classified into abstract and concrete words based on four factors: concreteness, imageability, meaningfulness and age of acquisition. An observation sheet was provided to the experiment administrator to document the observed recall effects and recalled words. Three methods were used to facilitate this experiment: auditory, visual and writing methods. The sheets were designed to measure both forward and backward recall factors. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were run to analyse the collected data. Computed referential statistical tools indicated acceptable yet significant values for the researchers-designed measures. Descriptive statistics indicated zero effect as the most frequent effect which meant that there was no advantage of abstract words (M: 10, SD: .00) over concrete words (M: 9, SD: .00) or vice versa thought a minor insignificant difference was calculated in favour of the abstractness effect. There was also no significant percentage between forward and backward recall tests (51%) for the former and (49%) for the latter. The percentage of the non-recalled words was generally less than (1%), (M: 19, SD: .00). The total number of recalled abstract words was slightly yet insignificantly higher than the total number of recalled concrete words in cued recall paradigms of Arabic abstract and concrete words recall. Also, there was no statistically significant difference between forward and backward recall tests; although, a minor noticed difference was statistically calculated. Lastly, using more than a cue in cued recall paradigms increased the chances of words recall.

Purpose: To generate generative phonological rules for the Quranic phonological rules of the Arabic mainly non-syllabic Nuun’s rules. Method: Chomsky’s and Halle’s generative rules have been taken as models where principles of this theory when formulating the generative phonological rules for the non-syllabic Nunn’s rules were followed. The data of this study were mainly a number of the examples quoted form the Holy Quran, as this study is completely related to the phonological system of the Holy Quran. Results: Results indicated that the process of formulating the generative rules started by stating the main Quranic phonological rule and then translating it into a generative phonological one with the use of distinctive features which have been used originally by Chomsky and Halle. Conclusion: It is concluded that Generative Phonology theory does apply to the Quranic Phonology rules but in one level it fails to show the representation of the rules of concealment that is, it seemed easy to order the rules and they have captured the changes required but it was first difficult to make distinctive features which can state that the non-syllabic Nuun in the case of concealment is neither assimilated nor pronounced clearly so it was dealt sometimes as assimilation and sometimes as clear pronunciation. As a result, we would have either additional rules of assimilation or clear pronunciation which is actually not true. Has it been true, then why our ancient Arab phonologists and linguists had mentioned it as a different rule (hukm) of the non-syllabic Nuun?

Purpose: To contrast and compare the simple sentence structure in the form of statement of both Standard Arabic SA and English SE Languages on the basis of Lado’s Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis CAH. Method: 500 sentences in Standard Arabic and 500 sentences in Standard English were collected randomly from published academic sources in both languages where all of them are simple and in some cases a compound or complex sentence is broken to have simple sentences. Lado’s approach and steps for contrasting two linguistic systems were identically followed: selection of source language SL (Arabic) and target language TL (English), description, comparison and prediction of potential problems classified according to the degree of importance. Results: Results indicated that SA is a free-word-order system in the case of structuring a simple sentence in the form of statement compared to the SE which proved a fixed-word-order language. Additionally and predictively, learners of both Arabic and English as foreign language (AFL), (EFL) and as Second language (ASL), (ESL) have difficulties when attempting to write a sentence. For learners of English it is more difficult as they do not have verbal, nominal and equational sentences in their written language, so they move from one type to three or [four] types of sentences in the form of statement. For Arab learners, they have serious problems in subject-verb agreement but which was not the researcher’s concern. Other problems according to this research-paper could be in translation in both cases but it is more in the case of Arab learners especially in the case of the verb (Be). Conclusions: SA allows four types of simple sentence in the form of statement with some restrictions and rules for each case (nominal, verbal, equational, and non-verbal), whereas English allows only one type which is nominal.

Purpose: To present argumentatively Spolsky’s proposed idea of exempting the field of applied linguistics from his proposed field educational linguistics and Hult’s view that only the history of educational linguistics can be inextricably linked to applied linguistics. Method: Accounting for the history of educational linguistics in terms of its origin, definitions, and issues it accounts for. Besides, the author presents his own proposed models for the field of educational linguistics to be discussed against those models proposed by Spolsky (the father of educational linguistics). Results and conclusions: Whether applied linguistics and educational linguistics are the same remains a controversial issue, but it is very clear that applied linguistics could include educational linguistics but not vice versa.

It has actually become a habit that I (teacher) am the one who talks a lot inside the classroom and you (student) are the one who talks a little and listens more inside the classroom. Needless to say, everyone’s method (strategy) is entirely different from everyone else strategy regarding teaching strategies. Yet, every learner’s ability of understanding is also entirely different from another learner’s ability of understanding. Thus, we need actually to know: why this paper is promoting for student initiation teaching strategies? What does a strategy of teaching mean? What does student-initiation mean? What are the strategies that can promote for student-initiation? What are the advantages of such an introduced approach (student-initiation)? The paper has been concluded with naming a number of the approaches, which can be used to promote for student-initiation. More importantly, a number of the strategies (both collected and suggested) based on discussion and previous studies have been suggested as strategies promoting for student-initiation. Keywords : Teaching strategies, student initiation strategies, students learning preferences, teacher teaching preferences

Purpose : To present theoretically the major schools of grammar in relation to teaching approaches of grammar in schools and using grammar in pedagogy. Method: Reviewing previous studies and related literature¾using analytical analysis to achieve the above mentioned aim of this paper. Results: Results indicated that the major schools of grammar are: traditional, structural and transformational grammars respectively due to great influence on the field of language study in general and language teaching, learning and pedagogy in particular. Besides, each school of grammar has proved more powerful for teaching certain learner’s levels: traditional grammar for non-native speakers, structural grammar for native speakers, and transformational grammar for advanced level learners in both cases native and non-native speakers. Conclusions : This study is concluded with that each and every approach of the three introduced major schools of grammar has its strengths and weaknesses and that is why a new approach that could be called pedagogical grammar has to be initiated and launched by teacher educators.

Purpose: To describe the earliest and latest morphological elements acquired by non-native speakers of Arabic language. Methods: Three young non-native speakers (a Spanish and two Beninois) were tape-recorded, twenty-minutes each and tested based on traditional classification of words in Arabic: nouns-class, verbs-class, and function-words class. Face-to-face observations were also noted down. Results: Results indicated that case-one had many problems regarding plurality, duality, gender, agreement between adjectives and nouns, number in general except simple numbers when used separately. Case-two produced a large number of the content-words, but again with many atypical ones. Case-three had only a few errors in patterns like broken-plural and diminutives. Additionally, case-one demonstrated a limited use of verbs, a very few or no function-words, case-two showed a quiet number of verbs compared to case one’s poor use of verbs, and function-words as well, and case-three proved to have good command of nouns-class, verbs-class and function-words-class. Conclusions: Cases 1-3 are alike yet dissimilar in terms of acquired and non-acquired morphological patterns. These variances were shown clear through the produced morphological patterns by each and may be affected by the period spent in the Saudi Arabia and amount of language each one of them has been exposed to.

Purpose : To investigate the fact that the theory of Conversational Implicature proposed by Austin and later on extended by Grice can be universal and can be applied to all languages of the world, an idiolect from the Arabic language in this case. Method : Thirty minutes recorded conversation between the researcher and one of his friends who are from the same governorate and they nearly share the same non-standard Arabic. Namely, they both speak the Yemeni non-standard Arabic, an idiolect spoken at Ibb governorate. After that, the researcher has transcribed the recorded speech and then translating it into English. Needless to say, the analysis of the data has been based on both Austin’s and Grice’s principles of Pragmatics , Conversational Implicature theory. Results: Illustrative examples for flouting the four maxims of speech were introduced and analyzed pragmatically. That is, it was explained in detail how the maxims of quantity, quality, manner and relation were flouted and an implicature from each was generated. Conclusions : It was concluded that the claim our speech can be systematized and it has implicatures in one way but not in another is to some extent true. Thus, this theory can be applied to other idiolects of non-standard Arabic. Keywords: Maxims of speech, Maxim of quantity, Maxim of quality, Maxim of relation, Maxim of manner, Conversational implicature theory, and Pragmatics.

The purpose of this research was to compare the results of the Arabic TOPL-2 as a psycholinguistic-marker that measures the ability of individuals with developmental dysphasia DD and the results of both the Pragmatics Profile PP and Observational Rating Scale ORS subtests from CELF-4. The method was that twenty-seven children and adolescents (F: 13, M: 14) diagnosed with delay language disorder DLD (n: 14), SLI (n: 7), language delay LD (n: 3), hearing impairment HI (n: 2) and mental retardation MR (n: 1) and who were (6-14) years old completed the two tests mentioned above. The results indicated that while the Arabic TOPL-2 identified 24 of the 27 children and adolescents with developmental dysphasia as pragmatically impaired, the Arabic CELF-4 identified only 22 in the PP and 13 in the ORS. It was concluded that a significant strength of the TOPL-2 was its measurability compared to the inclusiveness characteristic of CELF-4 subtests. Moreover, the formal battery emphasizes linguistic pragmatics more strongly than the informal battery, which includes linguistic and nonlinguistic pragmatics.

The purpose of this research was to assess the usability of an Arabic version of TOPL-2 in identifying individuals with PLIs and distinguishing them from those without PLIs. The method used in this research was that the Arabic TOPL-2 test was administered to twenty-eight individuals (F: 15-M: 13) rigorously diagnosed with DLD (n: 14), SLI (n: 8), HI (n: 2), LD (n: 2) MR (n: 1) and ADHD (n: 1) in the age-range of 6-16 years. For comparison, another twenty-eight participants (F: 14- M: 14) with typical language development in the age-range of 6-16 years also took the same test. The results indicate that, while the Arabic TOPL-2 is minimally reliable and satisfactorily valid, the internal consistency of the Arabic TOPL-2 is acceptable and its construct validity is generally moderate. It was concluded that the Arabic TOPL-2 is roughly usable and can distinguish between pragmatically impaired and unimpaired individuals. A small number of the items need to be modified for use with Arab participants.

Background: The main objective of this study was addressing the prevalence of self-medication, its causes, sources of information and medications in Ibb city, the Republic of Yemen.Methods: This study followed a survey-study method where the data was collected using a self-administrated questionnaire with stratified random sampling and simple random sampling procedures to select the study samples. A sample of 500 patients from the three major hospitals at Ibb city (AL-Thawrah, Nasser and Motherhood hospitals) were selected in this study. Both descriptive and referential analyses were used to answer the raised research questions.Results: The results indicated that 85% of the participants practiced self-medication in the last three months prior to data collection. The most reason reported for self-medication is that the drug supply in hospitals was unavailable. The most source of information about self-medication reported by respondents was pharmacists and the most source of medication was private pharmacies. Besides, more than half of the participants indicated prior knowledge regarding the dangers of self-medication. Chi-square analysis indicated that respondents who are urban, married and older than 40 years are more likely to practice self-medication.Conclusions: Educational campaigns and strict legislation measures relating to drugs dispensing from private pharmacies, supplying the governmental hospitals with the medications and facilitate access to health care services are among the necessary intervention(s) that may modify the behavior of individuals and protect them from potential dangers of self-medication.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the practical infection control procedures from the dentists’ perceptive at hospitals and dental centers at Ibb city in the Republic of Yemen. Method: The data was drawn using a researcher-made questionnaire, random sampling procedures was followed to select 252 dentists from the private, governmental, teaching hospitals and from dental centers at Ibb city in the Republic of Yemen, using a descriptive analysis. Results: The researchers found that the participating dentists agree to the weakness role of the administration regarding infection control where they varied in responding to the role of the dentists during the preparation stage and post treatment stage, but agreed to the treatment phase practices. There was a shortage in practical dealing with the medical waste management and clear shortage in the qualification and training among the nursing staff according to the collected data. The biggest problem with the reviewers who have infectious diseases and didn’t reveal their health status to the dentists with percentage 62.7% dissatisfied the current infection control management, also dissatisfied the role administration of the hospital and the Ministry of the Health. Conclusion: These findings are the first to document the practical infection control and the role of administration in Yemen. The situation is very critical and an action needs to be taken by decision-makers and health organizations.

Purpose: To see whether abstract or concrete words are better recalled in free recall type and to measure primacy and recency displayed effects in free recall paradigms. Method: 9 undergraduates in King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, participated in this study where they were trained to differentiate between abstract and concrete words. Then, a list of 20 Arabic abstract and concrete words was given to them to be classified into abstract and concrete words based on four factors: concreteness, imageability, meaningfulness, and age of acquisition. An observation sheet was provided to the experiment administrator to document observed recall effects and recalled words. Three methods were used to facilitate this experiment: auditory, visual, and hand-writing. Five of the participants were asked to recall freely only 5 Arabic abstract words and 5 concrete words. On the hand, 4 were asked to to recall freely the 10 Arabic abstract words and 10 Arabic concrete words. Results: Descriptive and referential statistics tools were run to analyse the collected date. The computed referential statistics tools indicated generally acceptable values and positive usability of the administered measures in this study. Descriptive statistics results indicated a (100) score for the frequency of zero effect over both abstractness and concreteness effects. Results also indicated a negative effect of list length of Arabic abstract and concrete words where the total number of words was recalled completely in both short and long lists of words. Finally, recency effect approved an advantage over primacy effect with (65%) for the former and only (35%) for the latter. Conclusions: There was neither an advantage for abstract words over concrete ones nor an advantage for concrete words over the abstract ones, it was a rather a zero effect. List length effect didn’t affect memory recall during free recall paradigms. Last but not the least, recency effect is more frequent than primacy effect in free recall paradigms.